Биография Наполеона Бонапарта – это жизненный путь выдающейся личности, обладающей феноменальной памятью, несомненным интеллектом, незаурядными способностями и необыкновенной работоспособностью.
Наполеон Бонапарт родился на Корсике в городе Аяччо. Это событие в семье Карло и Литиции ди Буонопарте произошло 15 августа 1769 года. Буонопарте принадлежали к небогатому дворянскому роду. Всего у родителей будущего завоевателя Европы росло восемь детей.
Отец был адвокатом, а мать посвятила свою жизнь рождению и воспитанию детей. Интересно отметить, что фамилия известной корсиканской семьи, впоследствии правящей династии Франции, в итальянском языке произносилась Буонапарте, а во французском – Бонапарт.
Получив домашнее образование, в шесть лет Наполеон отправился учиться в частную школу, а в возрасте десяти лет его перевели в Отенский колледж. Через некоторое время способный юноша переехал в небольшой французский город Бриенн и там продолжил обучение в военном училище.
В 1784 году сдал экзамены в Парижскую военную академию, после окончания которой получил звание лейтенанта и отправился на службу в артиллерию. Помимо страсти к военному делу, Наполеон много читал и писал художественные произведения. Сочинения будущего императора практически все хранятся в рукописях. Об их содержании известно не много.
Великую французскую революцию, итогом которой стало уничтожение абсолютной монархии и провозглашение Первой французской республики, Наполеон встретил восторженно.
В 1792 году он вступил в ряды самого влиятельного на то время политического движения во Франции – Якобинского клуба. Впоследствии клуб переродился в правительственный орган, а многие его члены стали видными политиками. Наполеон не был исключением.
Начиная с 1793 года, его военная карьера стремительно шла в гору: он получил звание бригадного генерала, принимал активное участие в подавлении выступления сторонников монархии, стал главнокомандующим армии, и после успехов итальянской компании – признанным полководцем. Краткая биография Наполеона Бонапарта изобилует как блистательными, так и трагическими моментами.
9 ноября 1799 года во Франции произошёл государственный переворот, итогом которого явилось падение Директории и создание нового правительства во главе с консулом, а затем и императором Наполеоном Бонапартом. Это был поворотный момент в его биографии. Его правление ознаменовалось принятием ряда успешных реформ в административно-правовой сфере, победоносными военными компаниями, в результате которых он подчинил почти всю Европу.
Для детей в 4 классе важно знать, что 1812 год явился началом неминуемой гибели империи Наполеона. Это был год, когда наполеоновская армия ступила на территорию России и вначале вела успешные завоевательные походы. Бородинское сражение изменило весь ход войны. Французы постепенно отступали. Против Наполеона создалась антифранцузская коалиция, в которую вошли Россия, Пруссия, Австрия и Швеция.
В 1814 год она вошла в Париж и наполеоновская империя была уничтожена. Сам император был выслан на остров Эльба. Но ровно через год предпринял новую попытку захватить власть. Но удача давно отвернулась от него: через сто дней он потерпел поражение в знаменитой битве при Ватерлоо. Через шесть он умер на острове св. Елены.
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Наполеон Бонапарт (Napolon Bonaparte) НАПОЛЕОН БОНАПАРТ. Портрет работы П.И.Делароша. (1769 1821), выдающийся французский полководец и государственный деятель. Наполеоне Буонапарте родился 15 августа 1769 в Аяччо (о. Корсика). Он был вторым сыном … Энциклопедия Кольера
НАПОЛЕОН I - Наполеон Бонапарт (Napoléon Bonaparte) (15.VIII.1769 5.V.1821), франц. гос. деятель и полководец, первый консул Франц. республики (1799 1804), император французов (1804 14 и 1815). Род. в г. Аяччо (Корсика) в семье корсиканского небогатого… … Советская историческая энциклопедия
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Наполеон I - Наполеон Бонапарт первый консул. Неизвестный художник. Музей ордена Почетного легиона. Париж. НАПОЛЕОН I (Napoleon) (Наполеон Бонапарт) (1769 – 1821), французский император в 1804 – 14 и в марте июне 1815. Уроженец Корсики. Начал службу в… … Иллюстрированный энциклопедический словарь
Наполеон I - Наполеон Бонапарт первый консул. Неизвестный художник. Музей ордена Почетного легиона. Париж. Наполеон Бонапарт первый консул. Неизвестный художник. Музей ордена Почетного легиона. Париж. Наполеон I () () французский император в 1804 1814 гг. и… … Энциклопедический словарь «Всемирная история»
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НАПОЛЕОН I - (Napoleon) (Наполеон Бонапарт) (1769 1821), французский император в 1804 14 и в марте июне 1815. Уроженец Корсики. Начал службу в войсках в 1785 в чине младшего лейтенанта артиллерии; выдвинулся в период Французской революции (достигнув чина… … Современная энциклопедия
Наполеон I - (Наполеон Бонапарт) (1769 1821 гг.) французский император в 1804 1814 гг. и в марте июне 1815 г. Уроженец Корсики. Начал службу в войсках в 1785 г. в чине младшего лейтенанта артиллерии; выдвинулся в период Французской революции (достигнув чина… … Исторический словарь
Наполеон I - (Napoleon) (Наполеон Бонапарт) (1769 1821). Выдающийся французский полководец, первый консул Французской республики в 1799 1804 гг., французский император в 1804 1814 и 1815 гг … 1000 биографий
Наполеон - а, муж.Отч.: Наполеонович, Наполеоновна.Производные: Наполеонка; Поля; Лёва.Происхождение: (Предположительно от греч. Neapolis, Nea polis Неаполь, Новый город.)Именины: 17 окт. Словарь личных имён. Наполеон а, м. Отч.: Наполеонович, Наполеоновна … Словарь личных имен
Napoleon I Bonaparte (ital. Napoleone Buonaparte, FR. Napoléon Bonaparte, August 15, 1769, Ajaccio, Corsica - 5 may 1821, Longwood, O. of St. Helena) - the Emperor of France 1804-1815, French military leader and statesman, who laid the foundations of the modern French state. Napoleon was born in Ajaccio on the island of Corsica, which has long been under the control of the Republic of Genoa. In 1755 Corsica overthrew the Genoese domination and since that time actually existed as an independent state under the leadership of the local landowner Pasquale Paoli, the Secretary of which was the father of Napoleon. In 1768 the Genoese Republic sold its rights to Corsica to the French king Louis XV. In may 1769 in battle Just when French troops defeated the Corsican rebels, and Paoli emigrated to England. Napoleon was born 3 months after these events. Paoli until 1790-ies remained his idol.
Napoleon was the second of 13 children of Carlo and Letizia Bonaparte, Ramolino, five of whom died at an early age. The family belonged to the minor nobility and lived on the island since the beginning of XVI century. Although in the past Carlo Buonaparte was one of the drafters of the Constitution of Corsica, he obeyed the French Supreme power, to be able to give their children education in France. This has helped him to win the favor of the French, and in 1771 Carlo was appointed assessor and became a representative of the nobility in the Corsican Parliament in Paris .
Initially the children were studied at the city school Ajaccio, later Napoleon and some of his brothers and sisters were taught writing and math Abbot. Much success Napoleon reached in mathematics. ____
The crisis of power in Paris reached its apogee to 1799, when Bonaparte was with the army in Egypt. A corrupt Directory was not able to provide the conquests of the revolution. In Italy Russo-Austrian army, commanded by Alexander Suvorov, has closed the acquisition of Napoleon, and even faced the threat of invasion by France. Under these conditions, returning from Egypt, a popular General, relying on loyal army, dispersed representative bodies and the Directory and proclaimed Under the new Constitution, legislative power is shared between the State Council, Tribunate, the Legislative body and the Senate, making her helpless and clumsy. The Executive power, on the contrary, gathered in one fist of the first Consul, that is Bonaparte. The second and third consuls had only a consultative vote. The Constitution was approved by the people at a plebiscite (about 3 million votes to 1.5 thousand) (1800). Later Napoleon pushed through the Senate a decree on poziznennoe their powers (1802), and then proclaimed himself Emperor of France (1804).
At the moment when Napoleon came to power, France was at war with Austria and England. New Italian campaign of Bonaparte resembled the first. After crossing the Alps, the French army suddenly appeared in Northern Italy, enthusiastically meet the local population. Decisive was the victory in the battle of Marengo (1800). The threat to the French border was eliminated
Napoleon I (15.08.1769 - 05.05.1821) - Emperor of the French
Napoleon I Bonaparte was a brilliant military leader and a statesman, who laid the foundation of the modern French state. He came from a family of a humble Corsican nobleman, but the heights that he reached were well noticed in the world. Napoleon was born on August 15, 1769, in Ajaccio which is the capital of Corsica. There were eight children in his family. At junior age he was sent to study in the Brienne military school in France.
In 1784 he entered the Parisian military academy and a year later joined the artillery troops. He was rather enthusiastic about the start of the French Revolution. In fact, he was appointed a Chief of artillery while returning Toulon occupied by the British. He led a brilliant operation which brought him the rank of brigadier general at the age of 24. In 1795 he became the Commander of the Italian army. The next year he got a chance to show all his leadership skills during the Italian campaign. That was the time when Napoleon gained European fame.
He was very proud of his first large victory. Soon he was sent to run more serious expeditions at the Middle East. The French army was defeated, but it wasn’t Napoleon’s fault as he left the army long before the end of the campaign. He headed to Italy to fight Suvorov’s army. By the time he returned to Paris the country was on the peak of crisis. He was rather popular among the citizens and highly respected. That’s why it was of no difficulty to stage a coup d"etat and proclaim the consulate. In 1802 he was appointed a lifelong consul and two years later - an emperor.
His internal policy was meant to strengthen the all-round personal power. He undertook a number of important reforms in the legal and administrative areas. In fact, when he came to power France was at war with some neighboring countries. That’s why he arranged another Italian campaign to eliminate the outer threats. Moreover, as a result of his military campaigns most of the Western European countries fell under the French subordination. Even Austria, Prussia and Russia were forced to enter the Union that he created.
The first years of his regime were met by French people with enthusiasm. They saw the savior of the motherland in Napoleon. However, the constant war and increasing economic crisis made people exhausted. The bourgeoisie was dissatisfied with the need to spend that much money on everlasting wars. In 1812 the Napoleon’s regime collapsed. It happened right after the Russian troops defeated his army. Two years later he was forced to abdicate. The only title he retained was that of the emperor’s. Soon he was sent into exile on the Elba Island in the Mediterranean.
His second exile, that lasted six years, was on the island of St. Helena. On May, 1821 he died there, but his ashes were brought to Paris in 1840. During his life he was married twice, but had only one heir from Marie-Louise - the Austrian emperor’s daughter. Napoleon I went down in history as an outstanding person with high intellectual abilities and amazing capacity for work.
Napoleon I, also called Napoleon Bonaparte was the greatest military genius of his era and maybe the greatest general in history. He created an empire that covered most of western and central Europe.
Early life
Napoleon was born on August 15, 1769 on the island of Corsica in the Mediterranean Sea. Because the island belonged to France Napoleon was a French citizen.
At the age of 9 he entered a French military school. While he was an average student in most subjects he was extremely good at mathematics. At 16 he graduated and became an artillery officer in the French army.
Military Career
During the French Revolution Napoleon was stationed in Paris. This was a critical time for France because the country was at war with many European countries. In that year the monarchy was overthrown and France became a republic. During the revolution Napoleon defended the new government and joined the Jacobins, a radical political group in France.
Rise to Power
In the years that followed Napoleon fought many battles in most of Europe. In 1796 he became commander in chief of all French forces in Italy. From Italy Napoleon invaded Austria, France’s most powerful enemy. As Napoleon approached Vienna, the Austrians surrendered and were forced to give up Belgium to France.
Napoleon’s victories made him very popular with the French people. He was able to convince France’s government – the Directory – that he could cut off British trade to Asia by occupying Egypt. But the British commander Horatio Nelson defeated Napoleon in the Battle of the Nile in 1798 and most of his fleet was destroyed.
Consul and Emperor
In 1799 Napoleon returned to Paris. With the help of his followers he overthrew the French government, which was very unpopular at that time because it had lost other wars. A consulate of three men was created to govern France, but Napoleon, who was the First Consul, held all the power.
As soon as he was in control of France Napoleon began to reform the country. He modernized the government, founded the Bank of France and reorganized higher education. But his greatest achievement was the Code Napoleon, a collection of laws that allowed people many liberties they had received during the Revolution. The code still forms the basis of civil law in France.
In 1804 Napoleon changed France from a consulate to an empire. He became emperor and crowned himself at the Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris.
When Napoleon seized power he began to concentrate on his dream of controlling all of Europe. In the Napoleonic Wars he fought against Prussia, Austria, Great Britain and Russia.
In 1805 Napoleon’s fleet was defeated again by Admiral Nelson at the Battle of Trafalgar, off the coast of Spain. In retaliation Napoleon tried to ruin England’s economy. He forbade countries that he controlled to trade with France but this didn’t work because they needed British goods. Although he had to give up his plan of conquering Great Britain he continued winning against other European armies on the ground.
Napoleon put his relatives on the thrones of the conquered territories. After his first marriage had ended in divorce, the emperor married Marie Louise, daughter of the emperor of Austria. Within a year they had a son whom he gave the title king of Rome.
In 1812 Napoleon invaded Russia because the Russians did not want to help blockade Britain. It turned out to be the biggest mistake of his career. When the French moved forward the Russian army retreated and burned down everything that the French might be able to use. When Napoleon finally reached Moscow, a huge fire broke out, destroying much of the city. Napoleon could do nothing but turn back. When the winter came and it started to snow most of Napoleon’s soldiers died. It was the greatest disasters in military history.
Napoleon’s Decline
Napoleon’s enemies saw their chance. One by one they rose against him. Britain, Austria and Prussia joined Russia in their fight against Napoleon. The French were defeated in the Battle of Leipzig in today’s Germany. In 1814 the enemies captured Paris and Napoleon had to give up his throne.
Napoleon was banned on the island of Elba near Corsica, where he stayed for only 10 months. In March 1815 he escaped from prison and, together with his old supporters began a march on Paris. The king fled and for a short time Napoleon once again ruled France. This period, known as the Hundred Days, ended on June 18, 1815 when Napoleon was defeated for the last time at the Battle of Waterloo, Belgium.
Final years
After this final defeat, Napoleon was taken prisoner by the British who put him on the tiny island of St. Helena in the South Atlantic. He stayed there until he died in 1821.
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