Key Words:
pollution, environment, the ozone layer, global warming, acid rain, car exhaust fumes, dumping industrial waste in seas and rivers,
aerosol can, CFCs, to recycle, natural resources, human resources.
Important definitions of the key words
:
People are more worried about the environment
(the air, water, and land around us) as a result of the harmful (dangerous/damaging) effects of human activity. Some of these activities cause pollution
(dirty air, land and water) and some are destroying the environment (damaging it so badly that soon parts will not exist).
The Greens
is a short name of the organization called Green Peace. It"s an international organization whose members work actively to protect the environment from damage caused by industrial processes or military activities. It is known especially for using its own boats to try to prevent governments from testing nuclear weapons, to prevent companies from pouring poisonous chemicals into the sea, and to try to save whales and other sea animals from being killed.
Here are some of the problems:
How can we help?
The given text is a sample text and we recommend you to use it while getting ready with your own stories on the topic.
Environmental Protection.
Economists have long thought of the environment as an unlimited source of resources. For thousands of years people lived in harmony with the environment but with the industrial revolution our negative influence on Nature began to increase. Large cities with thousands of steaming, polluting plants and factories can be found nowadays all over the world. The by-products of their activity pollute the air we breathe, the water we drink, the fields where our crops are grown.
There are many consequences of damaging the environment. One of them is "acid rain". Cars with their engines and factories have become the main source of air pollution in industrial areas. When factories send gases and chemicals into the air, they mix and the mixture is carried for hundreds of miles by the wind and finally, it falls back to earth. This "acid rain" kills fish and trees and slowly it kills everything.
Another consequence is destroying the ozone layer of the Earth.
The third problem is damage to wildlife. Vast forests are cut down in Africa, South America and Asia for the needs of industries in Europe and in the USA. As a result, some species of animals, birds, fish and plants have disappeared and keep disappearing.
Another problem is damage to water and soils. Dumping wastes into lakes, rivers, seas and oceans causes water pollution. Harmful wastes may also get into the soil or drain off fields that have been sprayed with pesticides.
There is another aspect of the environmental problem, the importance and urgency of which steadily grow. How country disposes of its waste may have a major effect on its future and the future of the world, too. Recycling waste and rubbish receives ever-greater care in Europe. Cans, paper and empty bottles and other things we call rubbish are accumulated in every home. Recycling process has double effect, the other part of it being - saving energy, which would have been necessary for producing new things.
In Russia and the former Soviet republics there are some areas where the environment is in a poor state. Some of them are the Aral Sea, Lake Baikal, the Kuzbass, Semipalatinsk and Chernobyl. Cotton growing in the region of the Aral Sea has used huge quantities of water, and the level of the sea has fallen by 14 yards. For decades nuclear weapons were tested near Semipalatinsk, and the ground is contaminated with radiation there. More than twenty years ago a pulp-and-paper factory was built on the shore of Lake Baikal. As a result of the pollution, more than 50 per cent of the world"s purest water has been ruined. The whole ecological system of the lake has changed greatly. After the disaster in Chernobyl the inhabitants of the nearby towns and villages had to be evacuated. Some of them died and some became invalids.
Problems of environment are no longer problems of one particular country or one particular region of a country.
One of the most serious environmental problems in large cities in Britain is sick fog, which the British so often have in autumn and in winter. In London the fog is sometimes so thick that cars run into one another. For many centuries, during the cold time of the year, the English people used coal in their fireplaces in private houses, though smoke from factories contributed a great deal to the trouble too. This kind of fog the English people used to call smog. Unusually thick smog in London in 1962 caused the death of some 4000 people. A Clean Air Act was passed in 1956, which prohibited the use of open coal fires at homes and in the city area.
Today, many scientists and ordinary people realize that the Earth is in danger. Either we stop killing the Earth or we kill ourselves. The protection of the environment is a universal concern. Active measures should be taken to create an international system of ecological security. Some progress has been made in this direction. Many people belong to Green organizations in countries all over the world. Groups like "Green Peace" have already helped to stop some animals hunting but there are so many things to be done on our planet and our life on the Earth depends only on ourselves.
Уроков: 8 Заданий: 17 Тестов: 2
В скобках Вы найдете пояснения к некоторым словам и выражениям, они даются на английском языке с той целью, чтобы Вы привыкали пользоваться англо-английским (толковым) словарем. Это поможет Вам увеличить Ваш словарный запас и развить понимание.
Ключевые слова и выражения нужно выписать в тетрадь и выучить. А также полезно учить наизусть целые предложения, в которых встречаются новые для Вас грамматические конструкции или идиоматические обороты.
Текст "Environmental Protection" поможет Вам разобраться в современной экологической обстановке и положении дел в сфере охраны окружающей среды и Вам будет легче выполнять задания.
Задания к теме 12 включают в себя упражнения как на знание ключевых слов и выражений, так и на развитие разговорных навыков, умение высказать свое мнение по данному вопросу.
The planet Earth is only a tiny part of the universe, but it’s the only place where human beings can live. People always polluted their surroundings. But until now pollution was not such a serious problem. People lived in uncrowded rural areas and did not have pollution – caused by machines. With the development of crowded industrial cities, which created huge amounts of pollutants, the problem has become more important. Today our planet is in serious danger. Acid rains, global warming, air and water pollution, and overpopulation are the problems that threaten human life on Earth. Our forests are disappearing because they are cut down or burnt. If this trend continues, one day we won’t have enough oxygen to breathe.
The seas are in danger. They are filled with poison: industrial and nuclear wastes, chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The Mediterranean is already nearly dead; the North Sea is following its fate. The Aral Sea is about to disappear. If nothing is done about it, one day nothing will be able to live in the seas. Every ten minutes one kind of animal, plant or insect dies out forever. If nothing is done about it, one million species that are alive today may soon become extinct. Air pollution is another serious problem. In Cairo just breathing the air is dangerous – equivalent to smoking two packs of cigarettes a day. The same holds true for many Russian cites.
Factories emit tons of harmful chemicals. These emissions have disastrous consequences for our planet. They are the main reason for the greenhouse effect and acid rains.
And even greater threat are nuclear power stations. We all know how tragic the consequences of the Chernobyl disaster are.
Fortunately, it’s not too late to solve these problems. We have the time, the money and even the technology to make our planet a better, cleaner and safer place. We can plant trees and create parks for endangered species. We can recycle litter. Individuals and groups of people can work together to persuade enterprises to stop polluting activities.
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Topic: Types of pollution
Тема: Виды загрязнений
Nowadays nature of the Earth is strongly influenced by people. Of course, it is a fact, that human beings inhabit only the one tenth part of the land of our planet and there are places with extremely severe conditions for a comfortable life. But even there, in Amazonia, or in the Siberian wilderness the harmful impact of human life is detected by scientists. It seems rather strange, but huge metropolises, enormous plants, different goods of civilization; people began to be committed to life in pure nature. Developed countries move harmful productions to the third world countries, residents of big cities try to purchase cottages far from . Anyway, the mankind has finally realized that pollution must be stopped or reduced, or sooner or later we will have to search for another planet to live on.
В настоящее время природа Земли сильно зависит от людей. Конечно, это факт, что человеческие существа обитают только на одной десятой части суши нашей планеты и есть места с крайне тяжелыми условиями для комфортной жизни. Но даже там, в Амазонии, или в Сибирской глуши вредное воздействие человеческой жизни обнаружено учеными. Кажется довольно странным, но создав огромные мегаполисы, огромные заводы, различные блага цивилизации, люди стали стремится к жизни в чистой природе. Развитые страны перемещение вредные производства в страны третьего мира, жители больших городов стараются приобрести коттеджи вдали от шумных мегаполисов. В любом случае, человечество наконец-то поняло, что загрязнение должно быть остановлено или сокращено, или рано или поздно нам придется искать себе другую планету для жизни.
Let’s study what kinds of pollution exist and to help the Earth. four types of pollution: air, water, soil . All of them are harmful enough to cause different diseases and to destroy ecological systems. These types are strongly connected to each other, and it is likely to observe the territory where all the variety is represented. But, anyway, let’s talk about each of them separately.
Давайте разберемся, какие виды загрязнения существуют, и что мы можем сделать, чтобы помочь Земле. Считается, что существует четыре типа загрязнения окружающей среды: воздуха, воды, почвы и шумовое загрязнение. Все они вредны достаточно, чтобы вызвать различные заболевания и разрушить экологические системы. Эти типы тесно связаны друг с другом, и вполне часто можно наблюдать за территорией, где все многообразие представлено. Но, так или иначе, давайте поговорим о каждом из них отдельно.
The first one is air pollution. Air is a substance we can’t live without. Our atmosphere consists of oxygen, ozone and carbon dioxide in a certain proportion. This proportion is ideal for healthy and comfortable breath and it shouldn’t be changed. Various contaminants in air violate the percentage of gases and add poisonous impurities. One of the most widely known drawbacks of air pollution is stratospheric ozone depletion, due to which the climate of our planet changes and terrible natural disasters happen more frequently. The major sources of pollution in big cities are . Sulfur oxides may cause acid rains and many other bad things. Various plants and power stations exhaust harmful gases; excrete toxic metals, radioactive pollutants and ammonia. Accidents on manufactories and plants increase the pollution a million times. There is a solution for these problems: people should ecological friendly fuels, on factory chimneys accidents.
Первое-это загрязнение воздуха. Воздух-это вещество, без которого мы не можем жить. Наша атмосфера состоит из кислорода, озона и углекислого газа в определенной пропорции. Такая пропорция идеальна для здорового и комфортного дыхания и она не должен быть изменена. Различные загрязнители воздуха нарушают процент газов и добавляет ядовитых примесей. Один из наиболее широко известных недостатков загрязнение воздуха - разрушение озонового слоя, благодаря чему климат нашей планеты меняется и причиной страшных стихийных бедствий. Основным источником загрязнения в больших городах являются газы автомобилей. Оксиды серы могут вызывать кислотные дожди и множество других плохих вещей. Различные заводы и электростанции выбрасывают вредные газы, токсичные металлы, радиоактивных загрязняющих веществ и аммиака. Несчастных случаев на фабриках и заводах увеличения загрязнения миллион раз. Есть решение для этих проблем: люди должны начать использовать экологические чистые виды топлива, поставил фильтр систем на заводских труб и предотвращения несчастных случаев.
Water pollution is an important problem to solve too. Life is impossible without clean water. Stocks of pure water on the Earth decrease very fast. Water pollution is also dangerous because it ruins not only the water bodies, and living creatures around it. Firstly, in rivers, lakes and oceans, like plastic bottles, paper and other things. Ship wrecks add trash to water areas. Secondly, products of oil refinement may cause a disastrous effect to water. In the place of an oil spill there is a thin membrane that doesn’t allow water to breathe and kills birds and other animals. A great number of plants and sewerage systems drain waste directly into the water bodies. According to the rules, all these organizations must build cleaning facilities, and people must utilize their wastes.
Загрязнение воды является важной задачей для решения проблемы. Жизнь невозможна без чистой воды. Запасы чистой воды на Земле уменьшаются очень быстро. Загрязнение воды также опасно, потому что это разрушает не только водоемы, но и всю растительность и живность вокруг него. Во-первых, есть много мусора в реках, озерах и океанах, как пластиковые бутылки, бумага и другие. Обломки корабля добавить мусор в акваториях. Во-вторых, продукты нефтепереработки может вызвать катастрофические последствия для поверхности воды. В месте разлива нефти существует тонкая мембрана, которая не позволяет воде "дышать" и убивает птиц и других животных. Большое количество растений и канализационных систем сливают отходы непосредственно в водные объекты. Согласно правилам, все эти организации должны построить очистные сооружения, и люди должны утилизировать свои отходы.
Soil pollution is represented by buried nuclear wastes, chemical pollution and agricultural impacts. and for people’s health after contact with such soil or after eating products that were cultivated on the polluted territory. There is also a problem of uncontrolled dumpsites that stretch over several kilometers practically near every city of the world. Scientists have invented a lot of methods to clean polluted soil. Phytoremediation, aeration and dredging are among them.
Загрязнение почв представлено захоронениями ядерных отходов, химическим загрязнением и сельскохозяйственным воздействием. В результате появляются Бэдленды, и есть опасность для здоровья населения после контакта с таким грунтом или после еды продуктов, которые выращены на загрязненной территории. Существует также проблема неконтролируемых свалок, которые тянутся на протяжении нескольких километров практически возле любого города мира. Ученые изобрели множество способов для очистки загрязненных почв. Фиторемедиация, аэрации и работы по снятию загрязненного слоя почв среди них.
Our planet Earth is only a tiny part of the universe, but nowadays it"s the only place where we can live. People have lived on our planet for many years. They lived and live on different continents, in different countries. People depend on their planet, the sun, animals and plants around them. Environment is everything in the world around us that surround and affects all life on earth, including the air, food, water, plants, animals and other.
Environment is the place where we live. Since ancient time nature has served man, being the source of his life. For thousands of years people lived in harmony with environment and it seemed to them that natural riches were unlimited. But man"s interference in nature began to increase with the development of civilization. Our ecology becomes worse and worse with every new day. Many species of animals and birds are disappearing nowadays. People destruct wildlife, cut down trees to make furniture. They forget that people can"t live without trees and plants, because they fill air with oxygen.
There are a lot of ecological problems. The most serious ecological problems are: noise from cars and buses; destruction of wildlife and countryside beauty; shortage of natural resources; the growth of population; pollution in its many forms. Water is everywhere, but there is no ocean or sea which is not used as a dump. Many rivers and lakes are poisoned too. Fish and reptiles can"t live in them. People can"t drink this water. So we have to clean the water environment. Another problem is air pollution. Air pollution influents the health of people. For example: ultraviolet radiation from the sun can cause skin cancer. Normally the ozone layer in the atmosphere protects us from such radiation, but if there are holes in the ozone layer ultraviolet radiation can get to the earth. Many scientists think that these holes are the result of air pollution. Also we have problem with nuclear pollution. Nuclear pollution cannot be seen but its effect can be terrible. To make air clear clean again we need good filters at nuclear power stations, at factories, in cars and buses.
Another problem is growth of population. They don"t have enough places to live. They need more water, more food. So it is the reason of the shortage of the natural resources. It is very difficult to solve this problem. Also one of the most serious problems is greenhouse effect. It works like this: sunlight gives us heat. Some of the heat warms the atmosphere and some of the heat goes back into space. Nowadays the heat can"t go into space. That"s why winter and summer temperatures in many places have become higher. If the temperature continues growing up the snow on the mountains and ice will melt, so the most of the earth will be under water. So every person has to understand how important it is to solve these problems, which endanger people"s life.
In recent years the number of environmental problems has increased greatly. One of the most dangerous problems for our planet is global warming which means that most climates all over the world are changing and getting warmer. It happens because we burn too much petrol resources, such as oil and coal, and the Earth heats up. This process can cause melting of the polar ice and the sea level rising in the future. If the climate changes there will be floods, heavy storms or severe droughts in different areas of the world. Cutting down on exhaust fumes from vehicles could help solve this serious problem.
Our planet is overpopulated, that’s why we are using up our natural resources – they are not endless. So the scientists have started looking for some alternate forms of energy such as water, wind, sunlight and even tides. These resources are clean, natural and unlimited. I’m glad that modern automobile industries make hybrids which use electric or solar energy instead of petrol. It would definitely help protect our environment from pollution.
There are different kinds of environmental pollution: air pollution, water pollution, land pollution. Sadly, not all human beings realize or admit that we are the ones who cause these problems and we should be the first to stop them and protect our environment. Because of the industrial revolution the air is polluted with awful chemicals; seas and oceans are poisoned with oil spills. Many rare species of flora and fauna are threatened with extinction.
We should be proud to live on our wonderful planet and understand that the consequences of pollution might be terrible and affect us and our children later. We should start recycling things made of glass, paper, plastic and aluminium. We should stop smoking and plant as many trees as we can because they can give us more oxygen. We need to drive less and use public transport in order to reduce fuel burning. We are responsible for the situation.
В последние годы число проблем окружающей среды сильно возросло. Одной из самых опасных проблем для нашей планеты является глобальное потепление, которое означает изменение климата по всему миру и его потепление. Это происходит оттого, что мы сжигаем слишком много топливных ресурсов, таких как нефть и уголь, и Земля нагревается. Этот процесс может привести к таянию полярного льда и повышению уровня моря в будущем. Если изменится климат, произойдут наводнения, сильные штормы или жестокие засухи в разных частях света. Сокращение выхлопных газов транспортных средств могло бы способствовать разрешению этой серьезной проблемы.
Наша планета перенаселена, поэтому мы расходуем до предела наши природные ресурсы – они не бесконечны. Так ученые приступили к поискам альтернативных форм энергии, таких как вода, ветер, солнечный свет и даже приливы. Эти источники чисты, естественны и бесконечны. Я рад, что современная автомобильная промышленность выпускает гибриды, использующие электрическую или солнечную энергию вместо бензина. Это обязательно поможет защите нашей среды от загрязнения.
Существуют разные виды загрязнения окружающей среды: загрязнение воздуха, воды и почвы. К сожалению, не все люди осознают или признают, что именно мы создаем эти проблемы, и мы должны быть первыми, кто остановит их и защитит наше окружение. Из-за промышленной революции воздух загрязнен ужасными химикатами; моря и океаны отравлены разливами нефти. Многие редкие виды флоры и фауны находятся под угрозой вымирания.
Нам нужно гордиться тем, что мы живем на нашей замечательной планете, и следует понимать, что последствия загрязнения могут быть страшными и воздействовать на нас и наших детей позже. Нам нужно перерабатывать изделия из стекла, бумаги, пластика и алюминия. Нужно бросать курить и сажать как можно больше деревьев для того, чтобы они вырабатывали для нас больше кислорода. Мы должны меньше водить машины и стараться пользоваться общественным транспортом, чтобы снизить количество сжигаемого топлива. Мы ответственны за ситуацию.
