A brief chronological table of Pasternak is The best way quickly familiarize yourself with the biography of the great poet. This memo will be especially useful to schoolchildren and graduates who need to know the basic facts from the life and work of the author. The table concentrates precisely those events that had the greatest impact on further fate Boris Leonidovich.
Pasternak's biography by date includes data on the birth of the poet, his youth, personal life and creative activity, recent years the life of a popular author. Looking through it, you will learn about the most difficult stages of the fate of the figure. Here are his ups and downs, his successes and failures. One of the main works of Boris Leonidovich "Doctor Zhivago" did not go unnoticed either. You can easily find the chronological table of Pasternak's life on our website.
1890 January 29 (February 10)– Boris Pasternak was born in Moscow. Father - artist Leonid Osipovich Pasternak, mother - pianist Rosalia Isidorovna, nee Kaufman.
1908, August- Enters the Faculty of Law of Moscow University. At the same time, at the gymnasium, he is taking a composer course according to the program of the conservatory, and is preparing to take exams as an external student.
1909 May- Transferred to the philosophical department of the historical and philological faculty of the university.
1910 February- The first surviving poems of the poet, who for a long time carefully concealed his literary talent.
1911, January 10- Report "Symbolism and Immortality" in the young symbolist circle at the publishing house "Musaget".
1912, May-August– Trip to Germany;
study during the summer semester with Professor G. Cohen at the Faculty of Philosophy
Marburg University;
two week stay in Italy.
1913 April- The first publication of poems by B. L. Pasternak in the collective collection "Lyrics";
Graduates from the university with the title of Candidate of Philosophy of Moscow University.
1914
- The first collection of the futuristic group "Centrifuga" - "Rukonog" with poems and an article by B. Pasternak is published;
the first meeting with V. Mayakovsky takes place.
1916 – Release of the book of poems “Over the Barriers”.
1917
- Revolution in Russia;
B. Pasternak is working on the book "Sister is my life."
1917-1918 – Work on the story “Childhood Luvers”.
1921 - Departure of parents to Berlin.
1922
- Marriage to the artist Evgenia Vladimirovna Lurie;
Pasternak's correspondence with Marina Tsvetaeva, who at that time was living in France, began.
1922-1923 – Stay in Germany, participation in the literary life of Berlin.
1924 – The LEF magazine publishes the poem High Illness, in which B. Pasternak tries to express his understanding of the October Revolution.
1925-1930 - Work on the novel in verse "Spektorsky", where Pasternak, feeling a craving for the epic form, for the first time attempts to combine prose ("The Tale") and poetry ("Spektorsky") in one work.
1925-1926 - He writes the poem "Nine hundred and fifth year" - an epic, "inspired by time."
1926-1927
– Writes a poem “Lieutenant Schmidt”;
breaks with the LEF group, calling the work on the topic of the day of the Lefovites “handicraft semi-art”.
1931
– The autobiographical story “Certificate of Conduct” dedicated to the memory of R.M. Rilke;
marriage to Zinaida Nikolaevna Neuhaus;
a trip to Georgia, the beginning of a strong friendship with the Georgian poets Titian Tabidze and Paolo Yashvili, whose poems he translates a lot.
1932 - New love - a new creative take-off: a book of poems "Second Birth" is published.
1936 - Attacks on the poet from the loyal press are intensifying. Pasternak, trying to stay away from the official literary life, leaves for a dacha in Peredelkino, where he works on translations.
1937
- Suicide of Paolo Yashvili;
arrest and execution by the verdict of the "troika" of the NKVD Titian Tabidze.
1940
- Release of the collection "Selected Translations" from Western European poetry;
the first verses from the cycle "Peredelkino".
1941
– Translates and publishes “Hamlet”;
begins work on the translation of Romeo and Juliet.
1943 - As part of the writer's brigade B. Pasternak goes to the Bryansk Front.
1945 - The last lifetime poetic book of B. L. Pasternak “Selected Poems and Poems” is published.
1945-1955 – Work on the novel “Doctor Zhivago”.
1946, autumn- The first nomination of B. Pasternak for the Nobel Prize: he was proposed by English writers for lyrical works. In the Motherland, at that time, the poet was being frankly persecuted, his books were being destroyed, devastating articles were being published.
1953 - Released as a separate book of translation of Goethe's Faust.
1954 - Nomination for the Nobel Prize. The government of the USSR did not approve Pasternak's candidacy, suggesting Sholokhov.
1956
- Hands over the manuscript of the novel “Doctor Zhivago” to the editors of the journals “ New world” and “Banner”, almost simultaneously with this, the manuscript falls into the hands of the Milanese communist publisher J. Feltrinelli;
writes an autobiographical essay “People and situations”, the last cycle of poems “When it clears up” has begun.
1957
- A set of a book of selected poems, prepared in Goslitizdat, was scattered;
Pasternak was summoned to the Central Committee of the CPSU with a demand to stop the publication of the novel in Italy, but in November the novel was Italian saw the light, then it was translated into many other languages of the world.
1958 October 23- Awarding the Nobel Prize in Literature for the novel "Doctor Zhivago";
Literaturnaya Gazeta publishes a letter from the editorial board of Novy Mir accompanied by an editorial under the heading "Provocative outburst of international reaction";
B. Pasternak is expelled from the Writers' Union of the USSR. As a result of all this persecution, I have to refuse the award.
1959 – The poem “The Nobel Prize” is published in an English newspaper, after which B. L. Pasternak is summoned to the Prosecutor General R. A. Rudenko, charged with treason and forbidden to meet with foreigners.
) - poet, writer (February 10, 1890, Moscow - May 30, 1960, Peredelkino near Moscow). Father artist impressionistic directions, mother is a pianist. Pasternak studied music as a child. From 1909 he studied philosophy at Moscow University, in 1912 - in Marburg, Germany. He completed his university education in 1913 in Moscow.
Pasternak's first poems appeared in print in 1913. He joined the Centrifuge literary group, which was in line with futurism. His first collection of poems twin in the clouds(1914) published Aseev and Bobrov, Pasternak included most of the poems of the first collection in the second - Over the barriers(1917). The greatest recognition brought Pasternak the third collection of poems Sister my life(1922), which arose in the summer of 1917, but was not inspired by political events but experiences of nature and love. The next collection of his poems is Themes and variations(1923), after which critics recognized him as "the most significant of the young poets of post-revolutionary Russia."
Geniuses and villains. Boris Pasternak
In small epic poems year nine hundred and five (1925-26), Lieutenant Schmidt(1926-27) and Spektorsky(1931) Pasternak partly speaks of revolutionary events.
Since 1922, Pasternak has also published prose. First prose collection stories(1925) includes Childhood Luvers, II tratto di apelle, Letters from Tula And Airways. Behind him, from 1929, Pasternak's first autobiographical story appeared, dedicated to the memory of Rilke, Certificate of protection(1931); the understanding of art expressed in it is in sharp contradiction with the ideas of the then influential functionaries of the RAPP.
After a collection of new poems Second birth(1932) until 1937, several more collections were published, including previously written poems by Pasternak.
In 1934 he was invited to the board of the new Union of Writers. Since 1936, Pasternak had to go into translation work, he translates especially Shakespeare's tragedies. "His translations from Georgian poets won the favor of Stalin, and perhaps saved the poet from persecution."
After studying this chapter, the student should:
know
be able to
own
The largest poet of the 20th century, prose writer, playwright, one of the best domestic translators, Nobel Prize winner (1958) "for outstanding achievements in modern lyric poetry and the continuation of the noble traditions of great Russian prose", Boris Leonidovich Pasternak is a whole phenomenon in Russian culture. His work connected the poetic experiences of the Silver Age with the achievements of Russian literature of the Soviet period of the 1920–950s, became a guide for several generations of Russian poets - from his peers-futurists and young poets of the 1920s–1930s, who studied poetic skill with Pasternak , to a new growth of young talents that entered literature along with the "thaw". The idea of the unity of the universe, the harmonious connection between the world of nature, the world of history and the creative world of man, which runs like a red thread through all of Pasternak's work, turned out to be one of the most popular in the era of unprecedented cataclysms, the crisis of humanism, the loss of a person's sense of belonging to the surrounding reality in its natural and social manifestations.
The family of the future poet was by no means ordinary. Father - Leonid Osipovich - a famous painter, graphic artist, illustrator. Mother - Rosalia Isidorovna Kaufman, pianist, student of Rubinstein, who was forced to leave her career for the sake of her family: in addition to her eldest son Boris, who was born in Moscow on February 10 (January 29, old style) 1890, she had three more children. A warm, creative atmosphere usually reigned in the Pasternak house: among the friends of the family there were famous artists - Η. N. Ge, V. A. Serov, V. D. Polenov, I. I. Levitan, composer A. N. Skryabin. L. O. Pasternak established a trusting relationship with L. N. Tolstoy.
Up to 10-12 years old, according to him own confession, Pasternak painted. “I could become an artist if I worked,” his father claimed, however, his son’s experiments in painting did not contribute or interfere in any way, being sure that “if a person is given, he himself will get out.” The father turned out to be right: children's attempts at painting soon gave way to a real obsession with music. From the autumn of 1903, under the guidance of Yu. D. Engel, a music theorist and critic, Pasternak began serious studies, preparing for exams at the Moscow Conservatory. A. N. Scriabin himself approved the experiments of the novice composer (according to Pasternak, "he listened, supported, inspired and blessed"), but he did not welcome the young man's penchant for improvisation, not considering them a deed worthy of a serious musician. Special meaning Scriabin gave composition lessons, as well as the philosophical savvy of the future composer. It was on the advice of his idol that Pasternak transferred from the Faculty of Law to the Philosophical Department of the Philological Faculty of Moscow University (1909–1913). In the summer of 1912, Pasternak attended the seminars of the founder of the philosophical school of neo-Kantianism, Hermann Cohen, and his student Paul Natorp in Marburg (Germany), achieving notable success in this field. However, having rejected Cohen's very flattering offer to choose a career as a professional philosopher, he returned to Moscow to make the final choice in his creative destiny.
If it is true that the artist creates in order to make people love him, and this is hinted at by the line that sets the poet the task of “attracting the love of space to himself,” then Pasternak, not only in literature, but in life, was all such creativity.
There is something in common between the work of his father - the wonderful Russian painter Leonid Pasternak - and his own. The artist Leonid Pasternak captured the moment, he painted everywhere: at concerts, at a party, at home, on the street, making instant sketches. His drawings seemed to stop time. His famous portraits are alive to the extraordinary. And after all, in fact, his eldest son Boris Leonidovich Pasternak did the same in poetry: he created a chain of metaphors, as if stopping and surveying the phenomenon in its diversity. But a lot was also passed on from her mother: her complete dedication, her ability to live only by art.
At the very beginning of his poetic path, in 1912, Pasternak found very capacious words to express his poetry:
And, as in unheard-of faith,
I'm moving on this night
Where the poplar is dilapidated gray
He hung the moon boundary.
Where is labor as a revealed mystery,
Where the surf whispers apple trees,
Where the garden hangs like a piling
And holds the sky before him.
("Like a bronze brazier")
To get involved in the poetic life of Moscow, Pasternak joined the group of poets headed by Yulian Anisimov. This group was called Lyrica. And the first printed poems were those that were included in the collection "Lyrics", published in 1913. These poems were not included by the author in any of his books and were not reprinted during his lifetime.
I dreamed of autumn in the half-light of glasses,
Friends and you in their clownish crowd,
And, like a falcon that has extracted blood from heaven,
The heart descended into your hand.
But time passed, and grew old, and deafened,
And a silver frame of canvas,
Dawn from the garden doused the glass
Bloody tears of September.
But time passed and got old. And loose
Like ice, the silk chairs cracked and melted.
Suddenly, loud, you stumbled and fell silent,
And the dream, like the echo of a bell, fell silent.
I woke up. It was dark like autumn
Dawn, and the wind, moving away, carried,
Like straw running after a cart,
A ridge of birch trees running across the sky.
In 1914, his already independent collection was published, which he called "The Twin in the Clouds." The collection did not attract much attention. Only Valery Bryusov spoke approvingly of him. Pasternak himself said: “I tried to avoid romantic tunes, extraneous interest. I didn't have to rumble them off the stage. I did not achieve a distinct rhythm, dance and song, from the action of which, almost without the participation of words, legs and arms begin to move by themselves. My constant concern was for the content. It was my constant dream that the poem itself should contain something, that it should contain "a new thought or a new picture."
Poems written in those years were then partially included by Pasternak in the cycle "The Beginning Time" - the cycle with which his collections of poems usually began to open.
I grew up. Me like Ganimera
They carried bad weather, they carried dreams.
Troubles grew like wings
And separated from the earth.
I grew up. And Compline woven
The veil wrapped around me.
We admonish with wine in glasses,
The game of sad glass ...
(“I grew up. Me, like Ganimera…”)
In 1917, even before the October Revolution, the second book of poems, Over the Barriers, was published with censored exceptions. These books constituted the first period of Pasternak's work, the period of searching for his own poetic face.
Early Pasternak strove for "material expressiveness" within the framework of "objective thematism", and this was primarily carried out in the structure of the image. The poetic image corresponds to reality, but the correspondence is - special property. The image is built on the associative convergence of objects, phenomena, states. It is concrete within the local limits of the theme and at the same time conveys the inner integrity, indivisibility of life. The early period ends with the poem "Marburg".
... some were blinded by all this. Others -
That darkness seemed to gouge out an eye.
The chickens were digging in the dahlia bushes,
Crickets and dragonflies ticked like teacups.
Tiles floated, and noon watched,
Without blinking, on the bucket. And in Marburg
Who, whistling loudly, made a crossbow,
Who silently prepared for the Trinity Fair ...
It can be said, without belittling a number of other, perhaps even more perfect poems for that time, that it was in Marburg that Pasternak saw life “in a new way and, as it were, for the first time,” that is, he achieved a mature originality of poetic thought.
In 1922, a collection of poems "My sister is life" was published. And it was written mainly in 1917, at the beginning of the revolutionary period. "Summer 1917" is its subtitle. This book brought Pasternak wide fame and put him among the famous Russian poets of the post-revolutionary period. Pasternak himself perceived the collection as a statement of his own creative poetry. He wrote about this collection of his poems in the following way: "... I was completely indifferent to the name of the force that gave the book, because it was immeasurably larger than me and the poetic concepts that surrounded me."
In the summer of 1917, Pasternak traveled on a personal occasion and personally observed the seething Russia. Later, in 1956, in a manuscript entitled “My sister is life,” intended for the essay “People and Positions,” he recalled: “Forty years have passed. From such a distance and antiquity, voices are no longer heard from the crowds, day and night conferring on summer venues under the open sky, as at a daytime meeting. But even at such a distance I continue to see these meetings as silent spectacles or as frozen living pictures.
Many startled and alert souls stopped each other, flocked, crowded, thought aloud. People from the people averted their souls and talked about the most important things, about how and why to live and what ways to arrange the only conceivable and worthy existence.
The contagious universality of their rise erased the boundary between man and nature. In that famous summer of 1917, in the interval between two revolutionary periods, roads, trees and stars held meetings and orated together with the people. The air from end to end was engulfed by a hot thousand-mile inspiration and seemed to be a person with a name, seemed clairvoyant and animated.
Poetry was for him an inner, spiritual need. But money was needed. He began to earn money by translations already in 1918-1921. During this period, he translated five verse dramas by Kleist and Ben Jonson, intercomedies by Hans Sachs, lyrics by Goethe, S. van Lerbarg and the German Impressionists.
Already in the 1920s, Pasternak felt an attraction to epic forms - more precisely, to epic forms with a lyrical, very subjective content. History and his own life in the past become for him the main themes of his great works.
In 1925, Pasternak began to write a poetic novel - the poem "Spektorsky", - largely autobiographical. The poetic cycle "High Illness", the poems "The Nine Hundred and Fifth Year" and "Lieutenant Schmidt" are being created. In the fateful year 1937, the Soviet Writer publishing house published Pasternak's revolutionary poems Lieutenant Schmidt and 1905. The design of the book attracts attention: a uniform red star on a gray cover, like an overcoat of an NKVD officer. Obviously, this book was supposed to serve as "the letter of protection of the poet, something like a document certifying his" revolutionary consciousness ", civic loyalty." In 1928, the idea of his prose book The Safe Conduct appeared, which he completed only two years later. According to Pasternak himself, "these are autobiographical passages about how my ideas about art developed and what they are rooted in."
In 1931, Pasternak went to the Caucasus and wrote poems included in the Waves cycle, which reflected his impressions of the Caucasus and Georgia.
Everything will be here: experienced
And what I still live
My aspirations and principles
And seen in reality.
The waves of the sea are in front of me.
A lot of them. They can't count
Their darkness. They make noise in a minor key.
The surf, like waffles, bakes them.
("Waves")
The rebirth of Pasternak is connected with the impressions of a trip to the Urals in the summer of 1932. Much later, Pasternak recalled: “In the early thirties there was such a movement among writers - they began to travel to collective farms, collect materials for books about the new village. I wanted to be with everyone and also went on such a trip with the idea of writing a book. What I saw there cannot be expressed in words. It was such an inhuman, unimaginable grief, such a terrible disaster that it ... did not fit into the boundaries of consciousness. I got sick, I couldn’t sleep for a whole year.”
When the poet regained the gift of creative speech, his style changed beyond recognition. The outlook, the feeling of life has changed. He changed himself.
The title of the new book was On the Early Trains, after a poem written in January 1941. Here is how and this is what Pasternak now wrote about:
In the hot stuffiness of the car
I gave myself completely
A rush of innate weakness
And sucked with milk.
Through the twists and turns of the past
And the years of wars and poverty
I silently recognized Russia
Unique features.
Overcoming admiration,
I watched, idolizing
There were women, Slobozhans,
Locksmith students.
Amazing verses! Purely free from everything "chaotic and heaped" that came from the aesthetics of modernism. And these lines are not only marked by unheard-of simplicity. They are imbued with living warmth, love for the poet's morning companions. Where did the aloofness of the early poems go!
But not just a hot feeling for the "locksmiths" inspired poems. The poet, who quite recently was fascinated by peering into the "grass under his feet" in search of poetry, "Russia's unique features" were revealed. And he saw what only “prophetic eyes” can see through. People's faces seem to be illuminated by the reflection of future battles, cleared of everyday husks, inscribed in history.
The turn of the forties separates two periods of Pasternak's creative path. The late Pasternak is characterized by classical simplicity and clarity. His poems are inspired by the presence of the “huge image of Russia” that opened up to the poet.
In 1943, Pasternak made a trip to the front in a brigade of writers, to the army that liberated Orel. The trip resulted in the essays "The Liberated City" and "Journey to the Army", as well as poems depicting episodes of the battle: "The Death of a Sapper", "Pursuit", "Scouts".
In a frenzy, as if prayerful
From the corpse of a poor child
We flew over ditches and potholes
After the murderers in pursuit.
Clouds drifted at intervals
And themselves, formidable, like a cloud,
We're with hell and jokes
They crushed their viper nests.
("The pursuit")
The poetry of Pasternak during the war is unfinished, carrying questions and possibilities that have not been fully identified.
Pasternak paid much attention to love lyrics. According to Yevtushenko, after Pushkin, perhaps no one felt a woman like Pasternak:
And since from early childhood
I am wounded by the female share.
And the trace of the poet is only a trace
Her ways are no more...
And that's why this whole night in the snow doubles,
And I can't draw a line between us...
Farewell, abyss of humiliation
A challenging woman!
I am your battlefield.
If there are such beautiful verses, there are also women to whom these verses are dedicated. And they were.
The love of others is a heavy cross,
And you are beautiful without convolutions,
And the charms of your secret
The solution to life is tantamount to.
In the spring, the rustle of dreams is heard
And the rustle of news and truths.
You are from a family of such foundations.
Your meaning, like air, is disinterested.
Easy to wake up and see
Straighten verbal rubbish from the heart
And live without clogging in the future.
All this is not a big trick.
("To love others is a heavy cross")
This is how Boris Pasternak wrote about his wife Zinaida Nikolaevna. With great love, tenderness, admiration.
Pasternak also wrote his lyrical poems about his big friend O. V. Ivinskaya. She was very dear and close to him. He was afraid of losing her.
You also take off your dress
Like a grove sheds its leaves
When you fall into an embrace
In a dressing gown with a silk tassel.
You are the blessing of a disastrous step,
When life is sicker than sickness,
And the root of beauty is courage,
And it draws us to each other.
("Autumn")
It was 1946. The famous novel "Doctor Zhivago", which was regarded by its author almost as the final one, began long before it took on its novel form. Form was ahead of ideas.
The war is over, and there are new hopes. Pasternak wanted to do something big, significant - then the idea of \u200b\u200bthe novel arose. He began it with a sketch of the old estate. There clearly appeared a large estate, which different generations re-planned according to their tastes, and the earth keeps barely visible traces of flower beds and paths.
"Doctor Zhivago" is not a novel at all, but a kind of autobiography of Pasternak himself - an autobiography in which, surprisingly, there are no external facts that coincide with the real life of the author. Nevertheless, Pasternak, as it were, writes for another about himself. This is Pasternak's spiritual autobiography, confusing the inexperienced reader with its attraction to lyric poetry.
The main character - Yuri Zhivago - a doctor, thinking, with searches, creativity, dies in 1929. After him, there are notes among other papers - individual poems written in his younger years, which in their entirety constitute the last, final chapter of the novel.
Farewell, spread wingspan,
Flight of free perseverance,
And the image of the world, revealed in the word,
And creativity, and wonderworking.
These lines end the poem "August", written by Pasternak in 1953 and included in the text of "Doctor Zhivago". Lines - farewell to the novel, work on which is completed. It went on for a long time, seven years.
Indeed, "Doctor Zhivago" is an outstanding work, neither "right" nor "left", but simply a novel from revolutionary era, written by a poet - straightforward, pure and truthful, full of Christian humanism, with an exalted idea of \u200b\u200ba man, not as popular, of course, as Gorky's: "Man - it sounds proud!" - there is no bad taste in Pasternak, just as there is no pose and cheap stiltedness. A novel that depicts the era of the revolution very faithfully, but not propaganda. And real art has never been a propaganda leaflet.
