The list of services offered by the ONMED medical center includes gynecological tests without fail. We perform all types of procedures that relate to the diagnosis of diseases, pregnancy planning or treatment control. We will help you solve absolutely any problem related to women's health in the genital area.
In modern medicine, gynecological tests are carried out on the basis of different biomaterials. The most basic of them is a smear on the flora, which is taken during the initial or regular examination. The process of taking a smear is quite fast and absolutely painless.
Our center offers its patients a comprehensive examination according to special programs that we have developed in order to obtain the most detailed information. We offer:
In addition to the usual and testing, our specialists resort to additional methods to clarify the diagnosis. In the medical center "ONMED" in the field of gynecology, many modern diagnostic methods and devices are used.
This is an indispensable way to diagnose diseases of the pelvic organs. It makes it possible to identify various inflammatory processes, and also determines the nature of the course of the disease.
In gynecology, this procedure is used to identify and remove any adhesive process:
Thanks to the use of a laparoscope, it is easy to restore the patency of the fallopian tubes.
It is performed using a special device that is necessary for examining the uterus. This device not only allows you to detect, but also simultaneously remove neoplasms.
Specialists of the ONMED Medical Center will select the most effective and accurate diagnostic methods for you. High-quality materials, reliable equipment and experienced staff will ensure the result of your treatment at the highest level.
We offer the following types of gynecological tests:
The correct definition of infection makes it possible to prescribe effective treatment. The list of prescribed gynecological tests depends, first of all, on what complaints you came to the gynecologist with; each clinic determines the prices for them at its own discretion. Tests for infections can be taken from:
All kinds of female diseases can manifest with different symptoms and have an uncertain medical picture. To clarify the situation and make the correct diagnosis in gynecology, many different methods for diagnosing infections are used.
The term "flora smear" in women or bacterioscopy is generally used to indicate the type of test performed on the female genital organs.
To perform this test, a healthcare professional uses a disposable spatula to collect a small amount of mucus from the inside of the vagina, place it on a glass slide, and stain.
The glass is then examined under a microscope. For example, a woman may have harmless or harmful bacteria in her vagina, and a flora test in women can identify them.
It is often useful in determining the presence of fungal organisms in the vagina, such as when a woman has a yeast infection (candidiasis). After taking a smear on the flora of a woman, the doctor evaluates the following indicators: the composition of the vaginal microflora; the number of leukocytes and erythrocytes; the presence of fungi, Trichomonas, gonococci, lactobacilli.
With this test, a gynecologist can determine if a woman has certain types of infections or check the vaginal flora for the presence of foreign organisms and their sensitivity to antibacterial drugs.
Indications for bacterioscopy are the following conditions:
With the help of a smear on the flora in women, bacterial vaginosis, candidiasis, gonorrhea and trichomoniasis can be diagnosed with 90% certainty.
Before taking a smear from the vagina, the gynecologist will ask the woman to refrain from douching, taking a bath, using vaginal suppositories for 24 hours before the appointed time. Some doctors ask you to refrain from sexual intercourse for 24 hours before the test. This can affect the pH of the vagina and skew the test results.
How to take a smear for the microflora of the vagina:
Some discomfort may be felt when the dilator is inserted, especially if the vagina is irritated or very sensitive. Maybe a small amount of spotting after this test is not dangerous and does not threaten the health of either the mother or the fetus. To minimize discomfort from the procedure, you should relax as much as possible, especially since the smear is taken very quickly. There are no risks when sampling microflora from the vagina.
The growth of pathogenic microorganisms in the vagina is one of the reasons for the violation of the normal course of pregnancy. The bacteria Gardnerella vaginalis and Mobiluncus, if not detected in time, contribute to preterm labor after the twenty-fourth week of pregnancy.
Sometimes microorganisms in the vaginal area of pregnant women contaminate the amniotic fluid and secondarily infect the fetus, the vast majority through the lungs. This mechanism explains why pneumonitis is most often identified at autopsy in cases of fetal death associated with a bacterial infection. The examination of potentially harmful microorganisms by means of a vaginal microflora smear during pregnancy contributes to the improvement of the quality of prenatal care. A smear is needed not only to determine a possible infectious process, but also to determine the degree of purity of the vagina.
The higher the degree of purity, the more lactobacilli (they are also Doderlein sticks) in the vagina and the less pathogenic microorganisms.
Lactobacilli are beneficial organisms that predominate in the vaginal flora of healthy women of reproductive age. They metabolize estrogen-dependent glycogen stored in the epithelium into lactic acid, which contributes to a vaginal pH equal to or less than 4.5. Their increase is facilitated by progesterone, a hormone produced during childbearing.
There are 4 degrees of vaginal purity:
After taking a sample of a swab from the patient's vagina, the gynecologist will send it to the laboratory. Usually results are issued within 2-4 days.
On the form with the results of a vaginal smear, there may be the following letters, thanks to which the smear analysis is deciphered:
Normal vaginal discharge: no unusual vaginal discharge. A small amount of clear discharge is normal.
Deviation from the norm: white dense, curd-like discharge. May be a signal of the presence of a yeast fungus. Yellow-green, frothy, foul-smelling discharge may indicate trichomoniasis.
Gray-white discharge with a noticeable fishy odor is a sign of vaginosis. Norm and lack of lactobacilli (Lactobacillus, Doderlein sticks). There is a principle that lactobacilli predominate in the vaginal flora of healthy women of reproductive age. Lactobacilli maintain a normal (acidic) environment in the vagina and, along with a number of other factors, are responsible for ensuring that the number of other bacteria residing in the vagina remains below a critical threshold.
According to recent studies, colonization by two or more species of lactobacilli is common in healthy women. The colonization usually consists of L. crispatus and L. iners or, more rarely, L. jensenii and L. gasseri. The more lactobacilli in the vagina, the better. The norm and excess of the number of conditionally pathogenic flora. Normally, there is no or very little yeast, bacteria, Trichomonas vaginalis in the smear.
There are no white blood cells or their number is very small. Squamous epithelium in the smear (normal 2 to 5 cells) should be present. If it is absent, this is a sign of atrophy of epithelial cells. If there are many squamous epithelial cells in the smear, an inflammatory process (vaginitis) occurs in the inner lining of the vagina. Abnormal: A high white blood cell count indicates a vaginal infection. Yeast cells in a smear - candidiasis.
The presence of Trichomonas indicates trichomoniasis. The presence of key cells and bacteria of the genus Gardnerella means bacterial vaginosis. Absence or presence of bacterial vaginosis (determined by adding a few drops of potassium hydroxide). If a woman has a disease, her swab will acquire a fishy smell when potassium hydroxide is added. Determination of vaginal pH: normal is 3.8-4.5. Abnormal: vaginal pH above 4.5. Deciphering the smear analysis:
Smear on flora in women- a laboratory test that determines the types of bacteria that are present in the vagina. This is the most common and easiest method for detecting inflammation and STDs (sexually transmitted diseases).
The examination is absolutely painless. It is performed during a routine gynecological examination. The doctor takes the material with a disposable spatula from the walls of the vagina and cervix. The contents of the vagina (vaginal secret) is applied to the glass. In the laboratory, the material is stained so that the bacteria become clearly distinguishable.
The most numerous are lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, which attach to the epithelium of the vagina. They produce alcohols, peroxide, lactic and other acids, providing an acidic reaction of the vaginal secretion. As well as lysozyme and other enzymes that inhibit the reproduction of other types of bacteria.
| Microorganisms | Number of CFU/ml |
| Lactobacillus or doderlein sticks Lactobacillus spp. | 10 7 -10 9 |
| Bifidobacteria Bifidobacterium spp. | 10 3 -10 7 |
| Clostridia Clostridium spp. | Up to 10 4 |
| Propionibacterium Propionibacterium spp. | Up to 10 4 |
| Mobiluncus Mobiluncus spp. | Up to 10 4 |
| Peptostreptococcus spp. | 10 3 -10 4 |
| Corynebacteria Corynebacterium spp. | 10 4 -10 5 |
| Staphylococci Staphylococcus spp. | 10 3 -10 4 |
| Streptococcus Streptococcus spp. | 10 4 -10 5 |
| Enterobacteria Enterobacteriaceae | 10 3 -10 4 |
| Bacteroides spp. | 10 3 -10 4 |
| Prevotella Prevotella spp. | Up to 10 4 |
| Porphyromonas Porphyromonas spp. | Up to 10 3 |
| Fusobacteria Fusobacterium spp. | Up to 10 3 |
| Veilonella spp. | Up to 10 3 |
| Mycoplasma M.hominis | Up to 10 3 |
| Ureaplasma U.urealyticum | 10 3 |
| Candida - yeast-like fungi | 10 4 |
The number of bacteria is expressed in decimal logarithms, in order not to write numbers with a lot of zeros.
In the description of the vaginal microflora, one can often find names Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria. These terms mean that the first bacteria are stained according to the method developed by the microbiologist Gram, while others do not change their color.
Gram-positive rods in a smear, which include lactobacilli, are a good sign. Normally, they predominate in women of reproductive age. During menopause (menopause) and postmenopause, gram-negative bacteria come to the fore.
Based on their need for oxygen, bacteria are divided into
cfu/ml
The smear is taken in the gynecologist's office. Also, a woman can undergo this study in a private laboratory. The procedure includes several steps.
| Degree | Identified changes | What does he say |
| I | Wednesday is acidic. Leukocytes - up to 10. Epithelial cells - 5-10. Most microorganisms are lactobacilli (Dederlein sticks). Other bacteria - singly. Slime - a small amount. | The ideal state of the microflora of the vagina. It is extremely rare in women of childbearing age who are sexually active. |
| II | The medium is slightly acidic. Leukocytes - up to 10. Epithelial cells 5-10. Most are Dederlein sticks. Gram-positive cocci in small numbers. Slime in a small amount. | Normal condition. It occurs in most healthy women. |
| III | Medium is neutral. Leukocytes - over 10. Epithelial cells - over 10. Microorganisms in moderate or large quantities. Gram-negative and gram-negative rods and cocci are present. Single sticks of Dederlein. There are "key" cells. Slime - a moderate amount. | Inflammation of the vagina - colpitis. Symptoms may occur: creamy vaginal discharge, itching, burning, discomfort during intercourse. In some women, this condition is asymptomatic. |
| IV | Medium neutral or alkaline, pH over 4.5. Leukocytes - over 30 or the entire field of view. Epithelial cells - in large numbers. Microorganisms in massive quantities. The microflora is represented by various opportunistic and pathogenic microorganisms. Dederlein sticks may be missing. Mucus in large quantities. | Pronounced inflammatory process. Symptoms: profuse vaginal discharge (white, yellowish, greenish), often with an unpleasant odor. Itching, burning, dryness, discomfort. Discomfort, pain during intercourse. |
Sensitivity to antibiotics or antibiogram- Determining the sensitivity of bacteria to antibiotics. The study is carried out simultaneously with sowing a smear if pathogenic bacteria that cause inflammation or genital infections are found in the vagina. There are a large number of antibiotics, but not all of them are equally effective against different groups of bacteria (antibiotics do not affect viruses). It happens that after a course of antibiotics the patient did not recover or the disease returned after a few days/weeks. This happened because antibiotics were prescribed for treatment, which had little effect on the causative agent of the disease.
In order for the treatment to be as effective as possible, it is necessary to determine which antibiotics:
After cultivation (about 7 days) analyze the growth of bacteria in test tubes. Where bacteria are sensitive to antibiotics, colonies do not form. This drug is optimal for the treatment of the patient. In a test tube where drugs are added to which antibiotics are insensitive, the growth of bacteria is the most intensive. Such drugs cannot be used to treat this disease.
Research objectives:
How is a microbiological study carried out?
The vaginal discharge is placed in nutrient media - solutions or jelly-like masses that contain nutrients for bacteria. Test tubes and Petri dishes are placed in a thermostat for 3-5 days, where a temperature of about 37 degrees is constantly maintained, which is optimal for the reproduction of microorganisms.
After cultivation, the laboratory assistant evaluates the results. From each microorganism in the process of division, a whole colony of bacteria grows. By its appearance, the laboratory assistant determines the type of pathogen. And by the number of colonies, one can judge the concentration of these microorganisms in the vagina. Next, the concentration is compared with normal values.
Bacteria whose concentration exceeds 104 cfu/ml are considered significant. At this concentration, microorganisms are capable of causing disease. If such a number of bacteria is detected, the result of the analysis is considered positive.
The conclusion issued by the laboratory states:
| Degree | Features of bacterial growth | |
| Liquid culture medium | Dense culture medium | |
| I | Growth is very poor. | There is no bacterial growth. |
| II | Moderate growth | Up to 10 colonies of bacteria. |
| III | Abundant growth. | 10 to 100 colonies. |
| IV | Massive growth. | Over 100 colonies. |
Diagnosis of gynecological diseases today is a whole range of measures that are designed to study the female reproductive system as accurately as possible and obtain reliable data on its condition. Timely detection of pathology can prevent the development of the disease and preserve women's health.
The reason for contacting a gynecologist may be menstrual irregularities, itching and burning in the genital area, pain in the lower abdomen and other symptoms. In this case, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive examination, including gynecological tests, to identify the underlying cause of the disease. However, you need to understand that some diseases can be asymptomatic. That is why every woman should take responsibility for her health and visit a gynecologist every six months, and not only when the first signs of the disease appear. So you can prevent the development of pathology before serious complications arise.
So what measures does a complete diagnosis of a gynecological disease include?
At the initial stage of diagnosis, the doctor will listen to all complaints and conduct a gynecological examination - this will visually assess the general condition of the patient, identify the presence of pathologies and inflammation. Based on the results of the examination, the patient may be assigned an additional examination, as well as the delivery of gynecological tests.
The most common types of hardware studies prescribed by a doctor in the diagnosis of gynecological diseases are colposcopy (examination of the vagina and cervix using a digital video colposcope), hysteroscopy (examination of the uterine cavity using an optical probe), ultrasound of the pelvic organs.
No matter what problem you turn to a gynecologist, in most cases he will prescribe an analysis for you - today not a single examination can do without this. The delivery of gynecological tests for infections allows you to detect inflammation, determine the quantitative and qualitative indicators of the causative agent of the disease.
Biomaterial for analysis is taken from the vagina or its vestibule, anus, urethra, cervix.
Depending on the symptoms of the patient, choose the appropriate type of microscopic examination.
1. Smear on flora.
A gynecological smear is the most common and easiest to check for infections. Such an analysis is always carried out, even during a preventive examination.
First of all, a smear on the flora is taken by patients with suspected genital infections (candidiasis, chlamydia, trichomoniasis, gonorrhea). This method allows you to identify a number of diseases that are asymptomatic.
In some cases, taking a smear for research is simply necessary, for example:
Usually, the doctor prescribes a smear test in the first days after the end of menstruation. A couple of days before the test, you must stop using vaginal suppositories, tablets and ointments, and also refrain from sexual contact.
2. Bacteriological culture.
This is a microscopic examination of blood, urine or other biomaterial for flora, during which the process of bacterial reproduction is stimulated. This method is applicable in cases where it is necessary to identify pathogenic microflora, but microorganisms in the biomaterial are contained in very small quantities. Also bakposev allows you to identify the degree of sensitivity of the pathogen to certain drugs.
3. PCR diagnostics
This method makes it possible to detect a latent infection by detecting infection DNA fragments in the biological material. PCR diagnostics are usually carried out when it is necessary to obtain the most accurate results of the study.
4. General clinical analysis of blood and urine
The main one that patients take for any examination. Based on the results of the tests, it is possible to determine the stage of the course of the disease and evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment already started.
In addition to general gynecological tests, there are also specific methods in medicine that allow you to diagnose various pathological changes:
1. Tests for sex hormones.
Testosterone, progesterone, estrogen, prolactin are the most important sex hormones, the level of which must be checked for symptoms such as mastopathy, menstrual irregularities, endometriosis.
2. Biopsy and cytological examination.
Biomaterial is taken to determine the presence or absence of cancer cells.
3. Analysis for tumor markers, oncocytology.
The doctor prescribes such tests in combination with other gynecological studies in order to exclude the risk of developing cancer.
4. Pregnancy test.
The analysis is carried out in order to detect the concentration of the hCG hormone in the blood and urine of a woman to confirm pregnancy.
5. Postcoital test.
The so-called "compatibility test". It is carried out by couples who are having difficulty conceiving a child. The test allows you to assess the degree of interaction between cervical mucus and sperm.
6. Analysis for HIV, hepatitis, syphilis.
Examination by a gynecologist passed, all the necessary studies were carried out. Now the doctor must study the results of gynecological tests and determine indicators that indicate possible diseases.
When determining the end result of a smear study on flora in medicine, there is a classification that defines four degrees of vaginal purity, depending on which it is possible to establish a diagnosis and prescribe further treatment or an additional examination.
First of all, you need to come for an examination and consultation with a gynecologist at your local clinic, or at any other hospital or private clinic. The doctor will write you a referral for the diagnosis of gynecological diseases, tests and studies.
In addition, today there are many private laboratories where you can take almost all types of analysis for a fee. But in any case, first visit a doctor - so you will know exactly what types of microscopic examination you need to undergo to detect the disease.
