Normalized and non-normalized losses
Commodity losses occur during the transportation, storage and release of products and goods from the storerooms of catering establishments. Commodity losses are standardized and non-standardized.
Normalized losses include losses resulting from their shrinkage, shaking, spraying, crumbling, spilling, freezing, volatilization, i.e. natural loss of goods: a decrease in the weight or volume of goods occurs due to changes in their physical and chemical properties.
Non-standardized (excessive) losses include losses from battle, marriage and damage to goods, as well as losses from shortages, waste and theft. Such losses are formed due to a decrease in the mass of goods in excess of the norms of natural loss, a decrease in quality compared to the standards of weight and volume of goods, as well as their damage due to violation of normal storage conditions, negligence of officials. Their presence is the result of mismanagement, neglect in accounting, and therefore the corresponding losses are not normalized.
Excess losses also include losses due to force majeure circumstances (natural disasters): destruction and damage to inventories and finished products, losses from stopping the production process. In addition, the costs associated with the prevention or elimination of the consequences of natural disasters, non-compensated losses as a result of fires, accidents, losses from theft, the perpetrators of which have not been established by court decisions, are not standardized.
Commodity losses are detected mainly when checking the availability of goods through inventory. Identified deviations in accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation "On Accounting" should be regulated as follows:
the loss of values within the limits approved in the manner prescribed by law is written off by order of the head of the organization to the costs of production and circulation;
losses in excess of the norms of natural loss are attributed to the perpetrators.
In cases where the perpetrators are not identified or the court refuses to recover from the perpetrators, losses from shortages and damage are written off to financial results through account 91 "Other income and expenses", previously collected on account 94 "Shortages and losses from damage to valuables". At the same time, these losses are classified as non-operating expenses for the purpose of calculating income tax (Article 265 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).
The exceptions are shortages and losses from damage to valuables identified upon acceptance of goods from suppliers and transport organizations, as well as losses from natural disasters. In the first case, claims are presented to suppliers and transport organizations, in the second case, shortages are recognized as extraordinary expenses and are reflected directly on account 99 "Profit and Loss".
Normalized losses are taken into account when deriving the final results of the inventory and only if a real shortage of goods is revealed. In natural-value accounting, the results of the inventory are reflected for each item of products and goods separately in the collation sheet, thereby revealing the deviations of the actual balances from the accounting data.
Accounting for commodity losses due to natural loss
Of particular importance when writing off shortages is the correct calculation of the natural loss of goods, that is, normalized losses. The norms of natural loss of food products were approved by the order of the Ministry of Trade of Russia dated 21.05.1987. "On the norms of natural loss of food products in trade" and are set as a percentage of the cost of each product.
These norms have been abolished several times in recent years, after which their validity has been extended. Thus, the rules are designed to:
food products in the retail network of state and cooperative trade;
food products during storage in warehouses and bases of retail trade organizations and public catering organizations;
food products during storage and distribution at small wholesale bases, storage and distribution in the storerooms of public catering establishments;
cheeses when stored on distributive trade refrigerators;
food products during transportation by road and horse-drawn vehicles.
In addition, the norms of losses from the breakage of glassware with food products during transportation by road and horse-drawn vehicles, storage in warehouses, depots, retail trade organizations, public catering organizations have been determined; loss rates from the breakage of empty glass containers during acceptance, storage and release in container warehouses of wholesale and retail trade organizations, public catering establishments, when loaded into railway wagons (barges), transported by road and horse-drawn vehicles.
The norms of natural loss are limiting and are applied if a shortage is detected when checking the actual availability of goods. The natural loss is written off in the amount actually discovered, but not exceeding the established norms.
The norms of natural loss do not include: standardized waste generated during preparation for the sale of sausages, smoked meats, fish after preliminary cutting; stripping butter, caramel crumbs, refined sugar, as they must be handed over for processing and written off according to invoices for their delivery; losses resulting from damage to goods, damage to containers, as well as the difference between the actual tare weight and the tare weight according to the documents.
If the shortage is within the limits of natural wastage, then it is written off to the costs of sale in the amounts actually identified: Debit 44 "Sale costs"
If a shortage exceeding the rate of natural loss is detected, and the guilty person is identified, the following entries are reflected in the accounting records:
Debit 44 "Expenses for sale" - for the amount of shortage within the limits of natural attrition
the amount of shortage in excess of the norms of natural loss
Credit 94 "Shortages and losses from damage to valuables" - for a total
the amount of the shortfall.
At the same time, the deductions from the salary of the guilty person are reflected in accounting in the usual manner in the debit of account 70 in correspondence with the credit of account 73, and the repayment of debt by him - in the credit of account 73 in correspondence with cash accounts.
If the shortage exceeded the norms of natural loss, and the institution intends to carry out the shortage in amounts exceeding the cost of the missing goods, then in accounting, in addition, a posting is made for the corresponding difference: Debit 73-2 "Calculation for compensation for material damage" Credit 98- 4 "The difference between the amount to be recovered from the perpetrators and the book value of the missing valuables."
In this case, after the guilty person has paid the appropriate amount, this difference is included in the profit, reflected in the credit of account 91 in correspondence with sub-account 98-4 "The difference between the amount to be recovered from the guilty persons and the book value for shortages of valuables."
If the person responsible for the shortage of goods is not identified, then the shortage is written off to the losses of the organization.
Losses due to natural attrition at the place of occurrence can be divided into losses:
during transportation;
during storage and sale.
Commodity losses during transportation
The amount of commodity losses due to natural wastage during transportation is determined based on the mass of goods (net) accepted for transportation, and the rate of natural wastage.
Natural loss is not charged for goods accepted and released without an excess in terms of the sender's weight, without opening the container, for goods sold in transit, for piece goods and goods written off as a result of destruction, scrap, damage.
Losses in transportation due to natural attrition are written off at the purchase price with an accounting entry: Debit 44 "Sale costs" Credit 94 "Shortages and losses from damage to valuables."
The shortage revealed during the acceptance of goods and exceeding the previously established norms is documented by the relevant act.
If the difference exceeds the rate of natural loss, then the supplier is presented with a claim, which sets out the situation and demands for compensation for the shortage and, if the contract provided for penalties, demands are made for their payment.
Commodity losses during storage and sale
The norms of natural loss during storage and sale depend on various factors: on the climatic zone (first, second); types and groups of goods; time of year; storage conditions, etc. Shortages of goods are identified in the process of inventory.
The amount of these losses depends on the rate of attrition, the mass of goods sold for the period between inventories. Commodity losses due to natural loss during storage and sale are written off based on the established norms, but not more than the identified amount of shortage. The norms do not apply to goods accepted and released without weighing (by unit count or by weight indicated on the container).
Accounting for the loss of goods due to the fight, scrap and damage
Losses from battle, scrap, damage are activated and written off at the expense of the perpetrators. In the act, in addition to the mandatory details (name, price, quantity, article, grade), they indicate the cause, the perpetrators of the losses and the possibility of further use of damaged goods: sale at a reduced price, delivery for processing, destruction.
Destroy damaged goods in the presence of a commission in order to avoid re-write-off and activation. The delivery of goods for processing, fattening stations draw up an invoice. Acts on the fight, damage, scrap of goods are transferred to the accounting department to check the correctness of the compilation, after which - to the head to decide at whose expense the resulting losses should be written off.
Since these losses mainly arise as a result of mismanagement (unsatisfactory storage conditions, improper handling of goods during transportation, storage and release), as a rule, they are recovered from the guilty parties. And only in those cases when it is impossible to establish the specific perpetrators of the damage, the losses are written off at the expense of the organization.
Losses from damage, breakage and scrap of goods in the account are reflected in the generally established order.
Normalized losses also include losses from breaking glass containers with food products and empty glass containers during transportation, storage and dispensing.
Write-off of shortages of goods in glass containers and empty glass containers as a result of damage during transportation is carried out according to the actual size on the basis of a special calculation, but not exceeding the limit norms.
Excessive losses are reimbursed by financially responsible persons: from the breakage of glass containers with food products - at accounting prices; from the battle of empty containers - at average mortgage prices.
Reflection in the accounting of the amounts of shortages, theft and losses from damage to products and goods
Information on the presence of shortages, theft and losses from damage to valuables identified in the process of their preparation, storage and sale (regardless of whether they are subject to attribution to the accounts of production (circulation) costs, financial results or guilty persons) is initially reflected in accounting prices in the debit of account 94 "Shortages and losses from damage to valuables" in correspondence with account 41 "Goods". The exceptions are:
uncompensated losses resulting from natural disasters, fires, accidents, other emergencies caused by extreme conditions (destruction, damage to stocks) are charged to account 99 and recognized as extraordinary expenses, which is reflected in the accounting entry:
Debit 99 "Profit and Loss"
Credit 41 "Goods";
shortages and losses from damage to valuables identified during acceptance and formed through the fault of suppliers or transport organizations are reflected in the accounting entry:
Debit account 76 subaccount 2 "Calculations on claims"
Credit 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors".
Account 94 "Shortage from loss and damage to valuables" includes all losses, regardless of the nature, cause of occurrence and source of compensation. The debit of this account reflects:
losses within the norms of natural loss during the transportation, storage and sale of goods;
losses from lowering the quality of fruit and vegetable products under normal storage conditions;
losses from shortage and damage to valuables in excess of the norms of natural loss in the case when specific perpetrators are not identified;
loss of products and goods subject to collection from financially responsible persons;
losses and cancellation of debts for shortages, the recovery of which is completely or partially refused by the court due to the groundlessness of claims;
losses from writing off debts on claims against suppliers and transport organizations for a shortage or damage to goods detected during acceptance in the event that arbitration refuses to satisfy the claims filed.
For shortages, theft and damage to material assets, entries are made on the debit of account 94 "Shortages and losses from damage to valuables" from the credit of the accounts for recording these valuables.
The write-off of shortages, theft and losses from damage to valuables is regulated by law and constituent documents.
The write-off procedure is determined by clause 28 of the Regulation on Accounting and Accounting in the Russian Federation and is reflected in the new Chart of Accounts.
According to the credit of account 94 "Shortages and losses from damage to valuables" are written off:
shortages and losses from damage to valuables within the limits provided for in the agreement on the amounts for the accounting of material assets or within the limits of natural wastage;
shortages of valuables in excess of the norms of loss and losses from damage and stolen valuables are debited to account 73 "Settlements with personnel for other operations";
shortages of valuables in excess of the norms were lost in the absence of specific perpetrators, as well as shortages and theft of inventory items, the collection of which was refused by the court due to unfounded claims, are credited to account 91 "Other income and expenses", which is reflected in the accounting entry:
Loan 94 "shortages and losses from damage to valuables."
Also in accordance with Art. 265 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, the amounts of losses from theft, the perpetrators of which have not been identified, relate to non-operating expenses (including for the purposes of calculating income tax), which should be recorded in an accounting entry:
Debit 91 "Other income and expenses"
Loan 94 "Shortages and losses from damage to valuables."
On the credit of account 94 "Shortages and losses from damage to valuables" the amounts are reflected in the amounts and values taken into account. At the same time, the missing values are written off at actual cost to the accounts for accounting for production costs, expenses for the sale of products.
Shortfalls in excess of the norms of loss and losses from damage to valuables, as well as stolen valuables, are taken into account at the expense of materially responsible persons, which is reflected in the accounting entry:
Debit 73-2 "Calculations for compensation for material damage"
Loan 94 "Shortages and losses from damage to valuables."
By decision of the head of the organization, the cost of the missing valuables at market prices must be recovered from the guilty person. At the same time, for the amount of the difference between the cost of the missing valuables, attributed to account 73 "Settlements with personnel for other operations", and their value, reflected on account 94, an entry is made:
Debit 73-2 "Calculations for compensation for material damage"
Loan 98-4 "The difference between the amount to be recovered from
perpetrators, and the book value of shortages
values".
As the amount due for compensation is recovered from the guilty person, the indicated difference is written off to account 98 "Deferred income".
Shortfalls in valuables identified in the current year, but related to past periods, recognized as materially responsible persons or for which there are decisions of the judicial authorities to recover from the guilty persons, are reflected:
Debit 94 "Shortages and losses from damage to valuables"
Credit of account 98 "Deferred income".
At the same time, account 73 "Settlements with personnel for other operations" is debited to these amounts, sub-account 2 "Calculations for compensation for material damage" and account 94 "Shortages and losses from damage to valuables" is credited. As the debt is repaid, account 91 "Other income and expenses" is credited and account 98 "Deferred income" is debited.
When repaying the shortage, the materially responsible person makes the following entry for the amount of payments made:
Debit 50 "Cashier"
The amount of shortage of goods can be deducted from the wages of the guilty person, which is reflected in the accounting entry:
Debit 70 "Settlements with personnel for pay"
Loan 73-2 "Calculations for compensation of material damage".
In the process of moving goods from manufacturers to consumers, irretrievable losses of some part of the goods occur. This applies primarily to food products, chemical products, alcohol, petroleum products, some building materials, etc. Loss of goods is a decrease in the mass of goods while maintaining its quality. They can be identified as a result of an inventory, in the process of procurement, storage and sale of goods, etc.
In the field of trade, there are many factors that lead to the loss of goods. Commodity losses are divided into two types:
Quantitative losses are caused by natural processes inherent in specific commodity groups (shrinkage, spraying, volatilization, breathing, fighting, etc.) or operations of preparing goods for sale (cutting, cutting, removing packaging materials and (or) inedible parts of the product). Such losses occur mainly in bulk, bulk food products, and can also occur in non-food products (for example, electric lamps, mirrors, etc.).
Quality (non-standardized) losses are formed due to a decrease in the mass of goods in excess of the norms of natural loss, a decrease in quality compared to the standards, weight and volume of goods, as well as their damage due to violation of normal storage conditions, negligence of officials. Such losses are not normalized, as they are the result of mismanagement. Non-standardized (excess) losses include:
Rice. one.
Commodity losses in trade organizations are detected when checking the availability of goods by inventory. In accordance with the Law "On Accounting", the identified deviations should be regulated as follows:
Debit 91/2 "Other expenses"
Loan 94 "Shortages and losses from damage to valuables."
These losses in order to calculate corporate income tax in accordance with Art. 265 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation relate to non-operating expenses.
The exceptions are shortages and losses from damage to valuables identified during the acceptance of goods from suppliers and transport organizations and losses from natural disasters. In the first case, claims are made against suppliers and transport organizations and are reflected in the accounting as follows:
Debit 76/2 "Calculations on claims"
Credit 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors", and in the second - shortages are recognized as extraordinary expenses and are reflected as:
Debit 99 "Profit and Loss"
Credit 41 "Goods".
Quantitative (normalized) losses are taken into account when deriving the final results of the inventory only if a real shortage of goods is revealed.
The loss of valuables within the established norms is determined after offsetting the shortages of valuables with surpluses for sorting. If, after the set-off carried out in the prescribed manner, there is still a shortage, then the norms of natural wastage should be applied only to the name of the values for which it was established. In the absence of norms, the decrease is considered as a shortage in excess of the norms.
Financially responsible persons, both about the admitted regrading and when a shortage is found, must give written explanations. In this case, the amount of shortages is determined based on the current prices for goods on the day the damage was caused. If the specific culprits of the regrading are not identified, then the sum differences are considered as shortages in excess of the attrition rate. In case of a shortage from regrading, which was not formed through the fault of financially responsible persons, exhaustive explanations should be given in the protocols of the inventory commission about the reasons why such a difference was not attributed to the guilty persons.
Commodity losses are included in sales expenses, for this account 44 "Sales expenses" is used. The reflection for this item of expenditure is shown in fig. 2 (Annex 5).
In accounting, there are currently features when reflecting commodity losses obtained in the following ways (Fig. 2).
Rice. 2
Attrition rates are based on Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 12, 2002 N 814 "On the procedure for approving attrition rates during storage and transportation of inventories." By orders of the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia dated August 16 and 28, 2006, new norms for the natural loss of food products were approved (Appendix 6)
The trade organization is obliged to fix the procedure for writing off commodity losses in the accounting policy.
Information on the presence of amounts of shortages, theft and losses from damage to valuables identified in the process of their preparation, storage and sale (regardless of whether they are subject to attribution to the accounts of production (circulation) costs, financial results or guilty persons) is initially reflected in accounting prices. To account for them, the balance sheet account 94 "Shortages and losses from damage to valuables" is intended.
In the debit of account 94 "Shortages and losses from damage to valuables" is reflected:
The procedure for writing off shortages is reflected in the Chart of Accounts. On the credit of account 94 "Shortages and losses from damage to valuables" are written off:
Losses from the curtain of containers. The tare curtain is the difference between the actual empty tare weight and its labeled weight. A tare curtain occurs when, upon receipt of some goods (for example, fruits in cardboard boxes), the net mass of goods (net mass) is determined as the difference between the gross mass and the tare mass according to the marking. After the sale of the goods, the released containers are hung up. Its mass may turn out to be greater than the mass according to the marking due to the absorption of goods into it. Consequently, a situation arises when the goods sold by weight are less than credited.
In this case, the loss of goods occurs due to objective reasons, therefore, goods that have been overwritten for the amount of a curtain of containers are written off from the financially responsible person and included in the sale costs.
Veils of containers are drawn up by an act in the form of TORG-6. A mark is made on the container indicating the date and number of the act.
Accounting for the curtain of containers will differ depending on how the trade organization keeps records of goods:
Losses in preparing goods for sale. The rules for the sale of certain types of goods, approved by the Decree of the Council of Ministers - the Government of the Russian Federation of January 19, 1998 N 55 (as amended by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 1, 2005 N 49) reflect the conditions for preparing goods for sale.
Goods entering the trading floor are carefully checked for quality and sorted. Goods prior to their submission to the trading floor or other place of sale must be freed from containers, wrapping and binding materials, metal clips. Contaminated surfaces or parts of the product must be removed. The seller is obliged to check the quality of the goods (by external signs), the availability of the necessary documentation and information on them, to carry out the rejection and sorting of the goods. In this case, naturally, waste is generated that must be discarded.
A number of goods can be received minus waste according to established standards (poultry without packaging, sausages without ropes). In this case, the amount of waste is calculated and recorded in receipt documents. Waste is written off in the following ways:
In accordance with Art. 254 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, losses from shortages and (or) damage during storage and transportation of inventories within the limits of natural loss approved in accordance with the procedure established by the Government of the Russian Federation, for tax purposes are equated to material costs (which relate to costs associated with the production and implementation). In the absence of norms, losses are not excluded from taxable profits.
The write-off of waste at the expense of the discount provided by the supplier is carried out as follows.
Credit 60/1 - the goods received from the supplier are credited;
Credit 42 - reflects the discount provided by the supplier;
Debit 19/4 "VAT on purchased goods"
Credit 60/1 - reflected VAT presented by the supplier;
Credit 41/2 - waste was written off at the expense of a trade discount provided by the supplier;
Credit 94 - the cost of waste is written off at the expense of the discount provided by the supplier;
Credit 42 - reflects the trade markup for the goods received.
If the supplier of goods does not provide a discount for waste, then the trade organization must write it off on its own.
Of particular importance when writing off shortages is the correct calculation of the natural loss of goods, that is, normalized losses.
Attrition rates are limiting, they are applied when a shortage is detected when checking the actual availability of goods. The natural loss is written off in the amount actually discovered, but not exceeding the established norms.
The amount of attrition for the retail organization as a whole or for its department (section) is determined for the time between two adjacent inventories (reporting period). For this, the accounting department makes a special calculation with the participation of financially responsible persons, which is approved by the head of the organization.
The amount of natural loss of goods in retail trade is determined by the formula:
U = Un + Up - Uv - Uk, (1)
where Un - natural loss on the actual balances of goods at the beginning of the reporting period;
Wn - the amount of natural loss for goods received in the reporting period (calculated according to receipt documents for goods received);
Uv - the amount of natural loss for retired goods returned to suppliers, handed over for processing, sold in small wholesale to other organizations, transferred to tents, stalls, shops, store branches, other outlets within the same organization, if these points carry out independent accounting of goods written off according to acts due to scrap, damage, deterioration in quality, veil and damage to containers;
Uk - natural loss on the actual balance of goods at the end of the reporting period.
In this case, two options for accounting for shortages are possible:
Attrition rates apply only to goods sold during the reporting period, regardless of the period of their storage in a trading organization.
For piece goods, as well as for goods entering a trade organization in packaged form, the norms of natural loss are not applied.
Commodity losses during storage and sale due to natural wastage should be written off in the month when the inventory was carried out, and since it is not carried out monthly, the inclusion of the amount of losses in sales costs should be made not at a time, but by months of the inter-inventory period. Therefore, on a monthly basis, the planned amount of losses should be written off to sales expenses by accruing a reserve for natural loss, which is accrued within the limits of the current norms. The creation of a reserve must be reflected in the order on the accounting policy of the organization.
To determine the amount for which a reserve should be created, you can calculate the average percentage of product losses in relation to the turnover of the previous period and apply this percentage to the turnover of the reporting period.
When carrying out economic activities, retailers need to change the selling price of the goods, that is, to re-evaluate them. This may be due to changes in prices in the region, a decrease in the quality and consumer properties of goods, and other circumstances. As a result of the revaluation, the selling price of the goods changes. Revaluation of goods can be carried out for several reasons (Fig. 3).
Revaluation, that is, a change in the price of goods, can be carried out both in the direction of price increase (revaluation) and in the direction of their decrease (markdown). The amount of markdown (revaluation) is the difference between the value of the remaining goods at the previous and newly established sales prices. As a result of the markdown, the new selling price may be lower than the purchase price.
The procedure for revaluation of goods is considered in the Guidelines for accounting and registration of operations for the receipt, storage and release of goods in trade organizations, approved by the Letter of Roskomtorg dated 10.07.1996 N 1-794 / 32-5.
Rice. 3.
Each inventory-act is drawn up simultaneously in 3 copies (and when attributing the results of the revaluation to settlements with the budget - in 4 copies): one copy is filled in by the financially responsible person, the rest in carbon copy - by one of the members of the commission. Revaluation can be carried out:
The revaluation of goods at the balance sheet date is intended to reflect fairly the value of inventories in the financial statements.
Table 1
Comparative characteristics of the types of markdowns carried out during the reporting period
|
Revaluation |
Reasons for revaluation during the reporting period |
|
Mandatory |
|
|
Markdown (according to Regulation N 120) |
partial loss of the original qualities of the goods; lack of demand for goods for more than 3 months. At the same time, it is not specified from which date the countdown should begin - from the date the seller purchased the goods or from the date the goods were put up for sale. |
|
Allowed |
|
|
Revaluation (according to Order N 07) |
subject to changes in the prices of suppliers and transport organizations (if, under supply contracts, the costs of delivery of goods are assigned to the buyer) |
|
Unforbidden |
|
|
a decrease in demand for a product (regardless of how long ago it was bought and / or put up for sale); approaching the expiration date for the sale of goods; sale of obsolete models before the appearance of newer ones, etc. |
|
|
Revaluation by increasing the trade margin |
with an increase in supplier prices; with an increase in prices of competitors, etc. |
The main feature is that the revaluation is based on the principle of accounting - prudence.
Prudence is the application of valuation methods in accounting, which should prevent underestimation of liabilities and expenses and overestimation of assets and income of the enterprise.
Therefore, in the balance sheet of the enterprise, goods should be reflected at the lowest cost:
Net realizable value should be understood as the expected selling price of each item less the expected selling expenses.
The procedure for carrying out revaluation and its reflection in accounting depends on the method of accounting for goods adopted at the trading enterprise - at purchase or sale prices.
When accounting for goods at sales prices, the accounting department does not contain data on the availability of a particular product in the store, therefore, in the event of a revaluation, it is necessary to determine the balance of goods subject to revaluation (markdown) by conducting an inventory.
To conduct an inventory, a commission is created, which includes the chairman of the commission, financially responsible persons and specialists (accountants, commodity experts, economists, etc.). The commission removes the remains of the revalued goods and draws up an inventory list-act, which indicates the name of the goods, its article, quantity, old and new price, the amount of deviation (markdown or revaluation).
When accounting for goods in a store at selling prices, the results of the revaluation are reflected in the accounting accounts, since the accounting price of the goods is its sale value.
To summarize information on the results of the revaluation of goods, as well as data on deviations in the value of these goods in new market prices from the value determined on the accounts of accounting, account 14 "Revaluation of material assets" is intended.
The difference between the cost of goods at old and new prices, calculated on the basis of inventory lists-acts, is reflected on account 14 "Revaluation of material assets" (the amount of markdown - on debit, and the amount of revaluation - on credit) in correspondence with account 41 "Goods":
In the event of an increase in retail prices, the cost of goods increases by the amount of the revaluation:
Debit 41 "Goods"
In the event of a decrease in retail prices, the cost of goods is reduced by the amount of the markdown:
Credit 41 "Goods".
After checking by the accounting department and approval by the head of the inventory lists-acts, the amount recorded on account 14 "Revaluation of material assets" is written off in the following order:
Debit 14 "Revaluation of material assets"
Credit 42 "Trade margin";
In the event of a decrease in retail prices, the markup on the overpriced goods is reduced by the amount of the markdown within the trade margin:
Debit 42 "Trade margin"
Loan 14 "Revaluation of material assets";
To account 91 "Other income and expenses", when the markdown losses exceed the trade margin established at the time of posting by the amount of the excess of the cost of goods at purchase prices over their value at prices of possible sale:
The amount of markdown of goods in terms of the excess of the purchase price over the newly established cost by an amount exceeding the trade margin was included in the financial results.
Expenses associated with the write-off of goods due to the expired period of their sale can be attributed to other operating expenses, the composition of these expenses is not closed (clause 11 of the Regulation on Accounting "Expenses of the organization" PBU 10/99, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 06.05.1999 N 33n). These expenses are subject to crediting to the profit and loss account of the organization in the reporting period in which they occurred, regardless of the time of the actual payment of funds and other form of implementation (assuming the temporary certainty of the facts of economic activity).
Written-off materials, the use of which is possible for economic purposes or subject to delivery in the form of waste (scrap, rags, etc.), are credited to the warehouse (pantry) of the organization on the basis of a write-off act and an invoice for the internal movement of material assets. The waybill for the internal movement of material assets, as a rule, is issued in 3 copies, of which one copy remains in the unit that writes off materials, the second copy is transferred to the unit that receives the values, the third copy is transferred to the accounting department. Invoices for the internal movement of material assets are signed by the heads of the transferring and receiving departments of the organization.
All primary accounting documents on the movement of material assets in the warehouses (storerooms) of the organization's divisions must be submitted to the accounting service within the time limits established by the organization. The accounting service of the organization accepts and checks the primary accounting documents in terms of the correctness of their execution and the legality of the operations performed.
The write-off is made in the following ways:
The actual cost of expired goods has been written off:
Debit 91/2 "Other expenses"
Credit 41 "Goods";
At the end of the month, the balance of other income and expenses was determined, corresponding to the loss from the write-off of expired goods (in the absence of other income):
Debit 91/9 "Balance of other income and expenses"
Loan 91/2 "Other expenses";
The balance of other income and expenses for the reporting month was written off as a loss:
Debit 99 "Profit and Loss"
Loan 91/9 "Balance of other income and expenses".
the organization needs to draw up an updated tax return for VAT for the tax period in which the tax deduction was applied for goods (overdue to date). In this case, the following entries are made in the accounting:
Debit 68 subaccount "VAT"
Credit 19 "Value added tax on acquired valuables" - reversal;
Debit 91 "Other income and expenses"
Loan 19 "Value Added Tax on Acquired Values".
In some cases, low-quality goods are sold. To attract buyers, the price of second-rate products is usually reduced. For example, when decorating a trading floor, the lacquer surface of a furniture set was damaged. In this case, the amount of damage must be recorded in the inventory results record sheet, the reduced price and the markdown amount for the damaged goods - in the act of damage to inventory items (form N TORG-15).
Revenue from the sale of goods at discounted prices is recognized including the discount. This is indicated in clause 6.5 of PBU 9/99 "Income of the organization". This operation is documented as:
The revenue from the sale of goods, taking into account the discount, is reflected:
Debit 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers"
Loan 90-1 "Revenue";
Written off the cost of goods:
Debit 90-2 "Cost of sales"
Credit 41 "Goods";
VAT charged on goods sold:
Debit 90-3 "VAT"
Credit 68 sub-account "VAT calculations".
1 . Types of commodity losses and their causes
2. Documentation of commodity losses
3. Accounting for commodity losses in trade organizations
4. Accounting for product losses due to "buyers' forgetfulness"
1. In the economic practice of trading It is not uncommon for organizations when, for various reasons, they suffer losses from damage to goods, their shortage or marriage. Trade losses are understood as a reduction in the quantity and a decrease in the quality of goods caused by the physical and chemical properties of goods and other reasons.
When accounting for commodity losses, the following principles should be followed:
1) norms of natural loss (NLW) and norms of losses from battle, scrap, damage are limiting and are applied only in cases of actual shortage.
2) the write-off of natural loss and commodity losses within the limits is made on the basis of a calculation compiled by an accountant and approved by the head of the organization.
3) natural loss and other commodity losses - written off from the financially responsible person in the amount actual losses. But not above the established norms.
4) the shortage of goods within the established norms is written off from the financially responsible person at the prices at which the goods were credited. Attribution of commodity losses to sales costs (costs) is made according to purchased prices.
5) identification during the inventory of commodity losses in excess of the established norms of natural loss, scrap, scrap, damage to consumer packaging are attributed to the financially responsible person at retail prices.
Commodity losses are divided into: standardized and non-standardized. This subdivision follows from section 1 of the Standards for commodity losses, the calculation methodology and the order of reflection in accounting. Approved by the order of the Ministry of Trade of the Republic of Belarus dated 02.04.1997. No. 42.
Normalized losses are:
1) natural loss of goods
2) fight, scrap of goods due to their fragility
3) damage to the goods or damage to the consumer packaging in which the goods are packed, which in turn causes the loss of its consumer properties.
4) empty glassware
5) technological waste generated during the preparation of certain types of goods for sale.
To include losses in this group, it is necessary that the following normatively be established:
1) normalization indicator
2) calculation method for it
Standardized technological waste and losses in trade are:
1) waste generated during the preparation for retail sale of sausages and smoked meats of net mass
2) waste and loss of meat, meat products during machine cutting in stores
3) losses from stripping a monolith of butter, etc.
The most common type of commodity losses is natural loss, which is a loss of goods (a decrease in its mass while maintaining quality within the limits of the requirements of regulatory documentation) resulting from the physical and chemical properties of goods, the impact of meteorological factors, the imperfection of the means used to protect products from possible losses during transportation, storage and sale.
Natural decline is a consequence of:
1) shrinkage, weathering and spraying.
2) leakage (melting and seepage)
3) spills when pumping and dispensing liquid goods
It should be noted that 1) norms of natural loss are not established for products transported or stored in hermetic containers that easily absorb moisture (when transported by water transport).
2) norms of natural loss do not apply to goods with manufacturing defects
3) natural wastage does not include losses caused by violation of transportation rules. Losses caused by violation (damage) of the container, as well as caused by violation of the requirements of the standards
4) non-standardized goods include damage and shortage of goods in excess of the established norms and shortage of goods for which such norms are not established.
2. Receipt and sale of goods is carried out in accordance with sales contracts. When concluding sales contracts, it is necessary to be guided by the Civil Code of the Republic of Belarus, the regulation on the supply of goods of the Republic of Belarus. According to Article 445 of the Civil Code of the Republic of Belarus, if the defects of the goods were not specified by the seller, the buyer, to whom the goods of inadequate quality were transferred, has the right, at his choice, to demand from the seller:
1) a proportional reduction in the purchase price
2) gratuitous elimination of the defect of the goods within a reasonable time
3) reimbursement of their expenses, to eliminate deficiencies
In the event of a significant violation of the requirements for the quality of the goods (the presence of irreparable shortcomings), shortcomings that are identified repeatedly, or appear again after they have been eliminated. The elimination of which requires significant costs or time, etc. The buyer has the right, at his choice:
1) withdraw from the contract of sale
2) claim the amount paid for the goods
3) demand the replacement of goods of inadequate quality with goods that comply with the contract
If, upon acceptance of the goods, a shortage or its inadequate quality is revealed, the results of acceptance are drawn up in an act, which is drawn up on the day the violations are detected in two copies. The act lists only those goods for which a discrepancy in quantity or quality is revealed. At the end of the act, a note is made: "there are no discrepancies for the rest of the goods." The act is signed by all officials involved in the acceptance.
The mat-responsible person who expressed disagreement with the content of the act is obliged to state his opinion in writing, which is attached to the act. About what the corresponding mark is made in the act itself. If there are disagreements between the seller and the buyer, about the nature of the identified defects, the reasons for the formation of shortages, etc. the buyer is obliged to consult an expert.
In the event that the goods are transported by a carrier, i.e. third-party organization, then he is responsible for the non-safety of the goods.
Before filing a claim with a supplier or carrier, it is mandatory to file a claim with him. If the shortage is established in the process of conducting an inventory, then documenting (see topic 15 question 2): an order to conduct an inventory, inventory records and collation sheets.
3. In accordance with the standard chart of accounts Accounting for accounting for commodity losses when they are detected, account 94 is used (according to its structure - active).
According to the instructions for using the standard chart of accounts according to D94, a shortage of goods is reflected: in wholesale trade organizations at the purchase price, in retail trade organizations - at the retail price. (subject to accounting at the above prices). According to K94 - the write-off of shortages at purchase prices is reflected.
Sources of coverage for identified shortages and damage to goods can be:
1) implementation costs (costs)
organizations can also use the reserve of upcoming payments
The reserve for forthcoming payments for attrition depends on the results of previous inventories and the volume of retail turnover. A certain amount is referred to D44 K96 on a monthly basis. Thus, by the date of the mandatory inventory, the organization will already have accumulated a certain reserve to cover the amount of natural loss. The creation of a reserve must be mandatory provided for by the accounting policy.
In tax accounting, losses from shortages within the norms in accordance with Article 130 of the Tax Code of the Republic of Belarus are taken into account as part of the costs taken into account when taxing profits.
The fact of shortage is reflected
D94 K41.2 at retail prices
Then, using the red reversal method, the trade allowance and VAT in the retail price are removed from account 94
The remaining purchase price of the shortage within the limits of the norms is written off
2) compensation for losses at the expense of guilty financially responsible persons
When compensating for a shortage from the wages of the perpetrators, one should be guided by the norms of the Labor Code of the Republic of Belarus. Withholding from the salary is made by written order to the head to pay off the employee's debt in case of compensation for damage in an amount not exceeding his average monthly earnings. At the same time, it should be borne in mind that with each salary payment, the total amount of all deductions should not exceed 50% of the salary.
Shortfalls in excess of the norms attributable to the financially responsible person are reflected in accordance with D73.2 K94 for the difference between the retail price and the purchase price D73.2 K90.7.
In tax accounting, these incomes are subject to reflection no later than the date of deduction from salary or receipt by the cashier.
Since 2012, turnovers on other disposals of goods (which include, and shortages are not subject to VAT). Therefore, other income received in the form of the difference between the purchase and retail value of the goods should not be subject to VAT on the current date.
4) own sources of the organization. In practice, there are cases when the person responsible for the shortage of goods cannot be identified; the court denied compensation from the guilty person, as well as as a result of “other” situations. Others mean emergencies (fire, flood, etc.) in this case, after an investigation into the causes of these situations, upon confirmation of the absence of the perpetrators, the amount of losses is written off at the expense of the organization's sources. It should be especially noted that the organization must have decisions of the investigating authorities, court decisions, etc. in accounting, the amount of shortages in the absence of specific perpetrators is written off to other expenses for current activities.
D90.10 K94. In tax accounting, these expenses are taken into account when taxing profits.
Since annual inventories are mandatory carried out once a year. Organizations can accrue a reserve for natural loss.
If there is a reserve for natural loss, the shortage is written off:
D96 K94 (within limits)
4. Increasing competition, the need to improve the quality of service, the need to reduce sales costs and increase the volume of trade necessitates the use of modern forms of trade, and with them the methods of selling goods. One of these methods is the sale of goods using the self-service method. However, the sale of goods with an open display gives rise to such phenomena as "buyers' forgetfulness". The document regulating the methodology for calculating and accounting for product losses in self-service stores and stores selling with an open display of goods is: Methodological recommendations for calculating and accounting for losses of goods in self-service stores (departments, sections) and selling with an open display of goods. Approved by the Ministry of Trade of the Republic of Belarus No. 113 dated October 27, 1999. with rev. and additional the write-off of actual losses due to the "forgetfulness" of buyers is carried out within the recommended norms or within the limits approved by the owner of the trading organization if the amount of shortage identified during the inventory exceeds the loss of goods within the limits of natural wastage.
These losses are above the norm, however, if the manager approves the norms as a percentage of the turnover due to the forgetfulness of buyers, then this amount of commodity losses will be written off to other expenses for current activities. Also, organizations are not prohibited from creating a reserve of upcoming payments for the forgetfulness of buyers. There are 2 opinions about the reflection of this reserve in the accounts of accounting. Either D44 or D90.10. K96.
Documentation and accounting of commodity losses within and in excess of the established norms of natural loss.
Documentation and accounting of the veil of containers. Accounting for the revaluation of purchased goods. Reflection in the accounting of its results.
Documentation and accounting of commodity losses within and in excess of the established norms of natural loss
Commodity losses are a decrease in the quantity and a decrease in the quality of commodity and material assets (shrinkage, spraying, crumbling, etc.)
The following losses are distinguished: during procurement, transportation, storage, sale, preparation for sale, packaging, during sorting, natural wastage, standardized and non-standardized, identified during the inventory, reimbursed by financially responsible persons, etc.
Normalized commodity losses include natural loss of goods, breakage, scrap of goods due to fragility. Damage to goods in case of damage to the container in which the goods are packed (which in turn causes the loss of their consumer properties), breakage of empty glassware.
Natural loss is the losses generated during transportation, storage of goods in utility rooms and on the shelves, shrinkage, spray, crumbling, spillage of liquid goods, breakage. Waste and loss rates are periodically updated by the Research Institute.
Attrition rates do not apply to packaged goods, goods that have manufacturing defects, veils of containers, losses identified during transportation, sorting, etc. Attrition rates are set as a percentage of the cost or weight of the cargo received.
Non-standardized commodity losses include damage and shortage of goods for which such norms are not established.
Commodity losses within and in excess of the norms of natural loss, arising during the storage and sale of goods, are revealed only during the inventory. Actual commodity losses are established in the estimate sheet for each item of goods by comparing its actual presence, indicated in the inventory list, with the balance according to accounting data when negative deviations are received.
The natural loss of goods is calculated according to those items of the estimate sheet of the results of the inventory of goods, for which, after offsetting the sorting, there is a shortage of goods.
Commodity losses from breakage, scrap, damage to goods or damage to consumer packaging that occurs during storage and sale are drawn up in an act of a standard form in which the commission gives an opinion on the cause, amount of commodity losses and identifies the persons responsible. Excessive losses are recovered from the guilty persons. If the perpetrators are not identified, then excess losses can be repaid at the expense of profits.
Documentation of the curtain of containers, revaluation of purchased purchased goods and reflection in the accounting of their results
Containers are items (barrels, boxes, flasks, bags, bottles, etc.) intended for storage and transportation of goods.
All packaging is divided into internal and external. Inner packaging includes wrappers, cardboard boxes, cans, bottles, tubes, etc. Its cost is included in the cost of the product. External packaging is a container in which goods are transported or stored in the process of moving from the manufacturer to the consumer (boxes, tanks, bags, etc.). Its cost is partly included in the cost of goods, and partly in the cost of packaging.
Depending on the materials, the container (external) is divided into: wooden, cardboard, metal, paper, polyethylene, etc.
According to the degree of use, all containers are divided into: single-turn (disposable) and multi-turn.
The net weight of the goods is determined by subtracting the conventional tare weight according to the stencil from the gross weight. The actual tare weight after the sale of the goods may turn out to be more than the conventional weight according to the marking. The difference between the stencil and the actual tare weight is called the tare curtain.
The presence of a tare curtain means that the net tare weight was not determined exactly, in fact, the goods received were less than what was credited. Therefore, it is necessary to write off the corresponding amount of goods from the financially responsible person. The installed container curtain is recorded in the book. The act on the curtains of the container is drawn up by a commission with the participation of a representative of a higher organization, the administration of the representative of the supplier. The act is drawn up no later than 10 days after the release of the container. The veil of containers is written off at free retail prices, and its purchase price is collected from the supplier.
In trade organizations, during the acquisition, storage and sale of goods, various commodity losses may occur. Commodity losses can be caused by both objective and subjective reasons, they are divided into standardized and non-standardized. Normalized losses - losses within the limits of natural attrition are formed as a result of physical and chemical changes in goods that cause a decrease in their initial mass (volume). The maximum amount of losses is regulated by the norms of natural loss, which is written off according to a special calculation approved by the head of the enterprise, only if there are actual shortages of goods during the inventory and only within the limits approved in the manner prescribed by law. Non-normalized losses - losses in excess of the norms of natural loss. They are drawn up by acts drawn up by the commission for damage, battle, scrap of goods. These goods, which have become completely unusable and are subject to write-off, must be seized and destroyed. Acts are considered by the head of the enterprise. Losses must be recovered from the perpetrators and only in the absence of specific perpetrators can they be written off at the expense of the enterprise.
Losses within the norms of natural loss can be attributed to shortages and, therefore, should be taken into account on account 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables”. This circumstance necessitates documenting the fact of losses (shortages). That is, in order for the norms of natural loss to be applied, it is necessary to conduct an inventory - selective - for those types of inventories that are lost, and carried out within the time limits established by the accounting policy or other internal administrative document.
Thus, the sequence of documenting losses within the norms of attrition will be as follows:
conducting an inventory of stocks, comparing its results with accounting data and drawing up an act reflecting the amounts of the identified shortage;
carrying out offset of shortages of values by surpluses on sorting. In the event that, after offsetting by sorting, there is still a shortage of valuables, then the norms of natural wastage should be applied only for the name of the valuables for which the shortage was established;
writing off losses within the limits of the cost of products, works or services;
attribution of losses in amounts exceeding the established norms to the guilty persons (if the shortage is caused by illegal actions of legal entities, the excess amounts in excess of the norms are credited to the accounts of settlements with organizations);
writing off the amounts of shortages as part of other expenses - if it is impossible to recover at the expense of the guilty persons or organizations.
In accounting, these operations are documented by the following entries (Table 18.1.).
Table 18.1
Accounting for commodity losses
For example, when conducting an inventory of food products in a store, a shortage of goods in the amount of 10 thousand rubles was revealed. Losses within the norms of natural loss amounted to 7 thousand rubles. The amounts of shortages in excess of the norms of natural loss were charged to the account of the guilty person - the head of the department. The following entries will be made in accounting (Table 18.2).
Table 18.2
Write-off of the shortage of goods based on the results of the inventory
The procedure for writing off losses within the limits of natural loss during transportation and storage is different. Losses during transportation are written off at a time - upon receipt and posting of received inventories.
In self-service and open display, in addition to losses during storage and sale of goods due to natural loss, there are losses due to non-payment for goods by some buyers (Table 18.3).
Losses in the sale of goods by the self-service method and with an open display were written off, as well as losses due to natural attrition, at the expense of the accrued reserve. The amount of monthly deductions to the reserve (P) was determined by the formula (18.4):
P \u003d Tf x Up: 100 (18.4.)
where Tf - the actual turnover of self-service and open display;
Yn - the planned level of commodity losses,% of the turnover.
Table 18.3
Differentiated write-off rates for losses of food products sold in self-service stores
Currently, in accordance with Art. 53 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation on the head of an organization as a body of a legal entity, heads of organizations can approve the loss rates for the sale of goods by the self-service method and with an open display. These losses, within the approved norms, can be written off as sales expenses, i.e. to the debit of account 44.
test questions
1) Name the conditions under which finished products are accepted for accounting as inventories.
2) What regulatory document establishes the rules for the formation of information about goods in accounting?
3) Define a product?
4) How can goods be evaluated when they arrive at retail?
5) List the primary documents to account for the availability and movement of goods.
6) How are the results of the inventory of goods reflected in accounting and how are goods losses written off?
7) How is the analytical accounting of goods organized?
8) How is the accounting of goods in retail trade organized?
9) How is the accounting of goods in wholesale trade organized?
10) Methods for assessing goods when they are written off?
