Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR (Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR, Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR)- the name of the government from until 1946. The council consisted of people's commissars who led the people's commissariats (people's commissariats, NK). After the formation, a similar body was created at the union level.
The Council of People's Commissars (SNK) was formed in accordance with the "Decree on the Establishment of the Council of People's Commissars", adopted by the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies on October 27, 1917. Immediately before the seizure of power on the day of the revolution, the Central Committee also instructed Winter (Berzin) to enter into political contact with the Left SRs and begin negotiations with them on the composition of the government. During the work of the Second Congress of Soviets, the Left SRs were offered to enter the government, but they refused. The factions of the Right Socialist-Revolutionaries left the Second Congress of Soviets at the very beginning of its work - before the formation of the government. The Bolsheviks were forced to form a one-party government. The name "Council of People's Commissars" was proposed: Power in St. Petersburg has been won. We need to form a government.
- How to call it? - He talked aloud. Only not ministers: this is a vile, tattered name.
- We could be commissars, I suggested, but now there are too many commissars. Maybe high commissioners? No, "supreme" sounds bad. Is it possible "folk"?
- People's Commissars? Well, that would probably work. What about the government as a whole?
- The Council of People's Commissars?
- The Council of People's Commissars, Lenin picked up, is excellent: it smells terribly of revolution. According to the Constitution of 1918, it was called the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR.
The Council of People's Commissars was the highest executive and administrative body of the RSFSR, having full executive and administrative power, the right to issue decrees with the force of law, while combining legislative, administrative and executive functions. The Council of People's Commissars lost the character of a temporary governing body after the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly, which was legally enshrined in the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918. Issues considered by the Council of People's Commissars were resolved by a simple majority of votes. The meetings were attended by members of the Government, the chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the manager of affairs and secretaries of the Council of People's Commissars, representatives of departments. The permanent working body of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR was the affairs department, which prepared questions for meetings of the Council of People's Commissars and its standing committees, and received delegations. The staff of the administration of affairs in 1921 consisted of 135 people. (According to the data of the TsGAOR of the USSR, f. 130, op. 25, d. 2, ll. 19 - 20.) By a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR of March 23, 1946, the Council of People's Commissars was transformed into the Council of Ministers.
According to the Constitution of the RSFSR of 07/10/1918, the activities of the Council of People's Commissars are: managing the general affairs of the RSFSR, managing individual branches of government (Articles 35, 37), issuing legislative acts and taking measures "necessary for the correct and rapid course of state life." (Article 38) The People's Commissar has the right to single-handedly make decisions on all issues within the jurisdiction of the Commissariat, bringing them to the attention of the Collegium (Article 45). All adopted resolutions and decisions of the Council of People's Commissars are reported by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (Article 39), which has the right to suspend and cancel the decision or decision of the Council of People's Commissars (Article 40). 17 people's commissariats are being created (in the Constitution, this figure is indicated erroneously, since there are 18 of them in the list presented in Article 43). The following is a list of people's commissariats of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR in accordance with the Constitution of the RSFSR of 07/10/1918:
Under each people's commissar and under his chairmanship, a collegium is formed, whose members are approved by the Council of People's Commissars (Article 44). With the formation of the USSR in December 1922 and the creation of an all-union government, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR becomes the executive and administrative body of state power of the Russian Federation. The organization, composition, competence and procedure for the activities of the Council of People's Commissars were determined by the Constitution of the USSR of 1924 and the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1925. From that moment on, the composition of the Council of People's Commissars was changed in connection with the transfer of a number of powers to the Union departments. 11 people's commissariats were established:
The Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR now included, with the right of a decisive or advisory vote, authorized people's commissariats of the USSR under the Government of the RSFSR. The Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR allocated, in turn, a permanent representative to the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. (According to the information of the SU, 1924, N 70, Art. 691.) Since February 22, 1924, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR have a single Administration of Affairs. (According to the materials of the TsGAOR of the USSR, f. 130, op. 25, d. 5, l. 8.) With the introduction of the Constitution of the RSFSR of January 21, 1937, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR is accountable only to the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, in the period between its sessions - to the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet RSFSR. Since October 5, 1937, the composition of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR has 13 people's commissariats (data from the Central State Administration of the RSFSR, f. 259, op. 1, d. 27, l. 204.):
The Council of People's Commissars also included the chairman of the State Planning Committee of the RSFSR and the head of the Department of Arts under the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR.
The SNK is the highest government body that exercised executive power in Soviet Russia from 1917 to 1946. This abbreviation stands for Council of People's Commissars, since this institution consisted of the heads of people's commissariats. This body first existed in Russia, but after the formation of the Soviet Union in 1922, similar entities were formed in other republics. The following year after the end of the war, it was transformed into the Council of Ministers.
The Council of People's Commissars is a government that was originally created as a temporary body of representatives of peasants, soldiers and workers. It was assumed that it was to function until the convocation of the Constituent Assembly. The origin of the name of the term is unknown. There are points of view that it was proposed either by Trotsky or Lenin.
The Bolsheviks planned its formation even before the October Revolution. They invited the Left SRs to join the new political entity, but they refused, as did the Mensheviks and the Right SRs, so a one-party government was convened as a result. However, after the Constituent Assembly was dissolved, it turned out that it became permanent. The Council of People's Commissars is a body that was formed by the country's highest legislative institution - the All-Russian Central Executive Committee.
He was in charge of the general management of all the affairs of the new state. It could issue decrees, which, however, could be suspended by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Decisions in this governing body were made very simply - by a majority of votes. At the same time, the chairman of the mentioned legislative institution, as well as members of the government, attended the meetings. The Council of People's Commissars is an institution that included a special department for managing cases that prepares questions for consideration. His staff was quite impressive - 135 people.
Legally, the powers of the Council of People's Commissars were fixed by the Soviet Constitution of 1918, which stated that the body should be engaged in the management of general affairs in the state, in some sectors.
In addition, the document stated that the Council of People's Commissars should issue bills and regulations necessary for the proper functioning of public life in the country. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee controlled all adopted resolutions and, as mentioned above, could suspend their action. In total, 18 commissariats were formed, the main ones were dedicated to military, foreign and maritime affairs. The people's commissar was directly in charge of the administration and could single-handedly make decisions. After the formation of the USSR, the Council of People's Commissars began to perform not only executive, but also administrative functions.
The Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR was formed in very difficult conditions of political change and the struggle for power. A. Lunacharsky, who took the post of the first people's commissar of education, argued that its composition turned out to be random. V. Lenin had a great influence on his work. Many of its members were not specialists in the fields they were supposed to lead. In the 1930s, many members of the government were repressed. According to experts, the Council of People's Commissars consisted of representatives of the intelligentsia, while the Bolshevik Party declared that this body should be workers' and peasants'.
The interests of the proletariat were represented by only two people, which subsequently gave rise to the so-called workers' opposition, which demanded representation. In addition to the above layers, the working group of the institution included nobles, petty officials, the so-called petty-bourgeois elements.
In general, the national composition of the SNK is still controversial among scientists. Among the most famous politicians who held positions in this body, there are such names as Trotsky, who was in charge of foreign affairs, Rykov (he was in charge of the internal affairs of the young state), as well as Antonov-Ovseenko, who served as People's Commissar for Naval Affairs . The first chairman of the Council of People's Commissars is Lenin.
After the formation of the new Soviet state, there were changes in this body. From a Russian institution, it turned into an all-Union government. At the same time, his powers were distributed among the allied authorities. Local republican councils were created on the ground. In 1924, the Russian and All-Union bodies formed a single department for affairs. In 1936, this governing body was transformed into the Council of Ministers, which performed the same function as the Council of People's Commissars.
The history of Soviet state administration dates back to the Second Congress of Soviets. It met at a turning point, when Petrograd was in the hands of the insurgent workers and peasants, and the Winter Palace, where the bourgeois Provisional Government met, had not yet been taken by the insurgents. The creation of a new system of public administration began with the development and proclamation of certain political postulates. In this sense, the first "administrative" document of the new nascent government should be recognized as the appeal of the Second Congress of Soviets "To the workers, soldiers, peasants!" formation of the Soviet state. Here the main directions of the domestic and foreign policy of the new state were formulated:
the establishment of peace, the gratuitous transfer of land to the peasantry, the introduction of workers' control over production, the democratization of the army, etc. The next day, October 26, these program theses were concretized and embodied in the first decrees of the Soviet government - "On Peace" and "On Land". Another decree formed the first Soviet government. The resolution of the congress stated: “To form for the management of the country until the convocation of the Constituent Assembly, a provisional workers' and peasants' government, which will be called the Council of People's Commissars. The management of individual branches of state life is entrusted to commissions, the composition of which should ensure the implementation of the program proclaimed by the congress. The following people's commissariats were established by decree: agriculture, labor, military and naval affairs, trade and industry, public education, finance, foreign affairs, justice, food, post and telegraph, nationalities and railway affairs. Control over the activities of people's commissars and the right to dismiss them belonged to the Congress of Soviets and its Central Executive Committee.
Soviet statehood was born under the strong influence of democratic sentiments that prevailed in society. At the same II Congress of Soviets V.I. Lenin argued that the Bolsheviks were striving to build a state in which “the government would always be under the control of the public opinion of its country ... In our view,” he said, “the state is strong by the consciousness of the masses. It is strong when the masses know everything, can judge everything and go for everything consciously. Such broad-based democracy was supposed to be realized by attracting the masses to the government of the state.
Is the emergence of a new government in Russia and the creation of a new system of government natural? In the literature, one can come across the point of view that the decisions of the Second Congress of Soviets were unlawful due to its insufficient representativeness. Indeed, the representation at the congress was not nationwide, but class-based: it was a congress of workers' and soldiers' deputies. The Peasant Congress of Soviets met separately, and the unification of the Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies took place only in January 1918. Nevertheless, such global changes in the life of the country could not have happened without a reason. The Second Congress of Soviets was undoubtedly the organ of the insurgent people, the organ of the revolutionary masses, representing practically the entire country and all more or less significant national regions. The congress expressed the will of the most organized and socially active part of society, which wanted changes for a better life and actively sought them. Although the congress was All-Russian, it was not and could not be nationwide.
The Soviet system of government was born in a multi-party system. According to researchers, there were about 300 political parties in Russia, which can be conditionally divided into regional, national and all-Russian. There were about 60 of the latter. The composition of the Second Congress of Soviets, according to party affiliation, was, as you know, mainly Bolshevik. But other socialist and liberal parties were also represented there. The position of the Bolsheviks was further strengthened when representatives of the Right Socialist-Revolutionaries, Mensheviks and Bundists left the congress. They demanded that the forum be suspended because, in their opinion, Lenin's supporters had usurped power. More than 400 local Soviets from the largest industrial and political centers of the country were represented at the congress.
The congress formed the supreme and central authorities. The All-Russian Congress of Soviets was declared the supreme body. He could decide any issues of state power and administration. The congress created the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK), which acted as the supreme authority between congresses of Soviets. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee was created on the basis of proportional representation from all party factions of the congress. Of the 101 members of the first composition of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, 62 were Bolsheviks, 29 were Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, 6 were Menshevik-Internationalists, 3 were Ukrainian Socialists and 1 was a Maximalist Socialist-Revolutionary. Bolshevik L.B. was elected chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Kamenev. The government formed by decision of the Second Congress of Soviets, the Council of People's Commissars (Sovnarkom, SNK), became the central authority. It was also headed by the Bolshevik V.I. Lenin. The Left Socialist-Revolutionaries and the Menshevik-Internationalists received an offer to join the government, but they refused. A distinctive feature of the new authorities and administration was the combination of legislative and executive functions. Not only the resolutions of the Congress of Soviets and the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, but also the decrees of the Council of People's Commissars and even acts of individual people's commissariats had the force of law.
Thus, the II Congress of Soviets proclaimed the creation of a new state, formed the authorities and administration. At the congress, the most general principles of the organization of Soviet statehood were formulated and the foundation was laid for the creation of a new system of state administration.
The Bolsheviks, having seized power, were looking for ways to expand its social base. To this end, they negotiated with the leaders of the Left SRs on the conditions for their entry into the Council of People's Commissars. At the beginning of November 1917, at the plenary session of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, a compromise resolution "On the conditions of the agreement of the socialist parties" was adopted. It emphasized that an agreement was possible only if the Second Congress of Soviets was recognized as the "only source of power" and the "program of the Soviet government, as expressed in the decrees on land, peace" was recognized.
Negotiations between the Bolsheviks and the Left SRs ended in December 1917 with the creation of a coalition government. The SNK, along with the Bolsheviks, included seven representatives of the Left Socialist-Revolutionary Party. They headed the Commissariats of Agriculture (A.L. Kolegaev), Posts and Telegraphs (P.P. Proshyan), Local Government (V.E. Trutovsky), Property (V.A. Karelin) and Justice (I.Z. Steinberg) . In addition, V.A. Aglasov and A.I. Diamonds became people's commissars without a portfolio (with a decisive vote). The first was a member of the Board of the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs, the second - the People's Commissariat of Finance. The Left Social Revolutionaries, holding important positions in the cabinet, like the Bolsheviks, were responsible for the key areas of government activity under the conditions of the revolution. This made it possible to expand the social base of management processes and thereby strengthen state power. The alliance with the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries left a noticeable mark on the administrative practice of the first months of Soviet power. Representatives of the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries were included not only in the central government bodies, but also in the governments of the national republics, the revolutionary committees of the bodies for the struggle against counter-revolution, and the leadership of army units. With their direct participation, the "Declaration of the rights of the working and exploited people" was developed and adopted by the III All-Russian Congress of Soviets, proclaiming Russia a Republic of Soviets. Together with the Bolsheviks, the Left SRs unanimously voted in the All-Russian Central Executive Committee for the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly.
The bloc with the Left SRs allowed the Bolsheviks to solve the most important political and administrative task - to unite the Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies with the Soviets of Peasants' Deputies. The unification took place at the III All-Russian Congress of Soviets in January 1918. A new composition of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee was elected at the congress, which included 160 Bolsheviks and 125 Left Social Revolutionaries.
However, the alliance with the Left SRs was short-lived. March 18, 1918, not recognizing the ratification of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries withdrew from the government
Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR (Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR, SNK RSFSR) - the name of the government of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from the October Revolution of 1917 to 1946. The SNK included people's commissars who led the people's commissariats (People's Commissariats, NK). Similar Councils of People's Commissars were created in other Soviet republics; during the formation of the USSR, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was also created at the union level.
general information
The Council of People's Commissars (SNK) was formed in accordance with the "Decree on the Establishment of the Council of People's Commissars", adopted by the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies on October 27, 1917.
Immediately before the seizure of power on the day of the revolution, the Bolshevik Central Committee instructed Kamenev and Winter (Berzin) to enter into political contact with the Left SRs and begin negotiations with them on the composition of the government. During the work of the Second Congress of Soviets, the Bolsheviks offered the Left SRs to enter the government, but they refused. The factions of the Right Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks left the Second Congress of Soviets at the very beginning of its work - before the formation of the government. The Bolsheviks were forced to form a one-party government.
The name "Council of People's Commissars" was suggested by Trotsky:
Power in Petersburg has been won. We need to form a government.
How to call it? Lenin reasoned aloud. Only not ministers: this is a vile, tattered name.
It could be commissars, I suggested, but now there are too many commissars. Maybe high commissioners? No, "supreme" sounds bad. Is it possible "folk"?
People's Commissars? Well, that would probably work. What about the government as a whole?
Council of People's Commissars?
The Council of People's Commissars, Lenin echoed, is excellent: it smells terribly of revolution.
The Council of People's Commissars lost the character of a temporary governing body after the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly, which was legally enshrined in the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918. The body of general administration of the affairs of the RSFSR - which in the Constitution of the RSFSR was called the "Council of People's Commissars" or the "Workers' and Peasants' Government" - was the highest executive and administrative body of the RSFSR, having full executive and administrative power, the right to issue decrees having the force of law, while combining legislative, administrative and executive functions.
The issues considered by the Council of People's Commissars were decided by a simple majority of votes. The meetings were attended by members of the Government, the chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the manager of affairs and secretaries of the Council of People's Commissars, representatives of departments.
The permanent working body of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR was the affairs department, which prepared questions for meetings of the Council of People's Commissars and its standing committees, and received delegations. The staff of the administration of affairs in 1921 consisted of 135 people. (according to the data of the TsGAOR of the USSR, f. 130, op. 25, d. 2, ll. 19 - 20.)
By a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR of March 23, 1946, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR was transformed into the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR.
[edit] Legislative framework of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR
According to the Constitution of the RSFSR dated July 10, 1918, the activities of the Council of People's Commissars are:
management of the general affairs of the RSFSR, management of individual branches of government (art. 35, 37)
the issuance of legislative acts and the adoption of measures "necessary for the regular and rapid course of public life." (Art. 38)
The people's commissar has the right to single-handedly make decisions on all issues within the jurisdiction of the commissariat, bringing them to the attention of the collegium (Article 45).
All adopted resolutions and decisions of the Council of People's Commissars are reported by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (Article 39), which has the right to suspend and cancel the decision or decision of the Council of People's Commissars (Article 40).
17 people's commissariats are being created (in the Constitution, this figure is indicated erroneously, since there are 18 of them in the list presented in Article 43).
on foreign affairs;
on military affairs;
for maritime affairs;
for internal affairs;
social security;
education;
post and telegraph;
on affairs of nationalities;
for financial matters;
means of communication;
agriculture;
trade and industry;
food;
State control;
Supreme Council of the National Economy;
healthcare.
Under each people's commissar and under his chairmanship, a collegium is formed, whose members are approved by the Council of People's Commissars (Article 44).
With the formation of the USSR in December 1922 and the creation of an all-union government, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR becomes the executive and administrative body of state power of the Russian Federation. The organization, composition, competence and procedure for the activities of the Council of People's Commissars were determined by the Constitution of the USSR of 1924 and the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1925.
Since then, the composition of the Council of People's Commissars has been changed in connection with the transfer of a number of powers to allied departments. 11 people's commissariats were established:
domestic trade;
finance
internal affairs
enlightenment
health care
agriculture
social security
The Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR now included, with the right of a decisive or advisory vote, authorized people's commissariats of the USSR under the Government of the RSFSR. The Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR allocated, in turn, a permanent representative to the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. (According to the information of the SU, 1924, N 70, Art. 691.) Since February 22, 1924, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR have a single Administration of Affairs. (Based on the materials of the TsGAOR of the USSR, f. 130, op. 25, d. 5, l. 8.)
With the introduction of the Constitution of the RSFSR of January 21, 1937, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR is accountable only to the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, in the period between its sessions - to the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR.
Since October 5, 1937, the composition of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR has 13 people's commissariats (data from the Central State Administration of the RSFSR, f. 259, op. 1, d. 27, l. 204.):
Food Industry
light industry
timber industry
agriculture
grain state farms
livestock farms
finance
domestic trade
health care
enlightenment
local industry
public utilities
social security
The Council of People's Commissars also included the chairman of the State Planning Committee of the RSFSR and the head of the Department of Arts under the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR.
The revolutionary events of October 1917, rapidly developing, required clear action on the part of the leaders of the new government. It was necessary not only to take control of all aspects of the life of the state, but also to effectively manage them. The situation was complicated by the outbreak of a civil conflict, the devastation in the economy and economy caused by the First World War.
In the most difficult conditions of confrontation and struggle between different political forces, the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets adopted and approved by decree a decision to create a distribution body, called the Council of People's Commissars.
The resolution regulating the procedure for the creation of this body, however, like the definition of "People's Commissar", was fully prepared by Vladimir Lenin. Nevertheless, before the SNK was considered a temporary committee.
Thus, the government of the new state was established. This marked the beginning of the formation of the central system of power and its institutions. The adopted resolution determined the basic principles in accordance with which the organization of the government body and its further activities were carried out.
The creation of the Commissars became the most important stage of the revolution. He demonstrated the ability of people who came to power to organize themselves to effectively solve the problems of governing the country. In addition, the decision adopted by the Congress on October 27 became the starting point for the history of the creation of a new state.
The Council of People's Commissars included 15 representatives. They distributed leadership positions among themselves in accordance with the main branches of management. Thus, all spheres of economic and economic development, including foreign missions, the naval complex and the affairs of nationalities, were concentrated in the hands of one political force. Headed the government V.I. Lenin. Membership was received by V. A. Antonov-Ovseenko, N. V. Krylenko, A. V. Lunacharsky, I. V. Stalin and others.
At the time of the creation of the Council of People's Commissars, the railway department was temporarily without a legitimate commissar. The reason for this was Vikzhel's attempt to take control of the industry into his own hands. Until the problem was solved, the new appointment was postponed.
He became the first people's government and showed the ability of the worker-peasant class to create administrative structures. The appearance of such a body testified to the exit to a fundamentally new level of organization of power. The government's activities were based on the principles of people's democracy and collegiality in making important decisions, while the leading role was given to the party. A close relationship was established between the government and the people. It is worth noting that the Council of People's Commissars, according to the decision of the All-Russian Congress, was an accountable body. His activities were tirelessly monitored by other power structures, including the All-Russian Congress of Soviets.
The creation of a new government marked the victory of the revolutionary forces in Russia.
However, this list differs greatly from the official data on the composition of the first Council of People's Commissars. First, writes the Russian historian Yuri Emelyanov in his work “Trotsky. Myths and personality”, it includes people's commissars from various compositions of the Council of People's Commissars, which have changed many times. Secondly, according to Yemelyanov, Dikiy mentions a number of people's commissariats that never existed at all! For example, for cults, for elections, for refugees, for hygiene ... But the real people's commissariats of communications, post offices and telegraphs are absent in the list of Wild at all!
Further: Dyky claims that the first Council of People's Commissars included 20 people, although it is known that there were only 15 of them.
A number of positions are not specified correctly. So, the chairman of the Petrosoviet G.E. Zinoviev actually never held the post of People's Commissar of Internal Affairs. Proshyan, whom Dikiy calls "Protian" for some reason, was the People's Commissar for Posts and Telegraphs, not for agriculture.
Several of the mentioned "members of the Council of People's Commissars" never entered the government. I.A. Spitsberg was an investigator of the VIII liquidation department of the People's Commissariat of Justice. Who is meant by Lilina-Knigissen is not at all clear: either the actress M.P. Lilin, or Z.I. Lilina (Bernstein), who worked as the head of the department of public education at the executive committee of the Petrosoviet. Cadet A.A. Kaufman participated as an expert in the development of land reform, but he also had nothing to do with the Council of People's Commissars. The name of the People's Commissar of Justice was not Steinberg at all, but Steinberg ...
