Here is a bank of arguments for an essay on the Unified State Examination in the Russian language. It is devoted to the military theme. Each problem is accompanied by literary examples, which are necessary for writing the highest quality paper. The heading corresponds to the problem statement, under the heading there are arguments (3-5 pieces depending on the complexity). You can also download these table arguments(link at the end of the article). We hope that they will help you in preparing for the exam.

1. In Vasil Bykov's story "Sotnikov" Rybak betrayed his homeland, afraid of torture. When two comrades, in search of provisions for a partisan detachment, ran into the invaders, they were forced to retreat and hide in the village. However, the enemies found them in the house of a local resident and decided to interrogate them with violence. Sotnikov passed the test with honor, but his friend joined the punishers. He decided to become a policeman, although he intended to run away to his own at the first opportunity. However, this act forever crossed out the future of Rybak. Having knocked out props from under the feet of a comrade, he became a traitor and a vile murderer who is not worthy of forgiveness.
2. In Alexander Pushkin's novel The Captain's Daughter, cowardice turned into a personal tragedy for the hero: he lost everything. Trying to win the favor of Marya Mironova, he decided to be cunning and cunning, and not to behave courageously. And so, at the decisive moment, when the Belgorod fortress was captured by the rebels, and Masha's parents were brutally murdered, Alexei did not stand up for them, did not protect the girl, but changed into a simple dress and joined the invaders, saving his life. His cowardice finally repulsed the heroine, and even being in his captivity, she proudly and adamantly resisted his caresses. In her opinion, it is better to die than to be at one with a coward and a traitor.
3. In the work of Valentin Rasputin "Live and Remember" Andrei deserts and resorts to his home, to his native village. Unlike him, his wife was a courageous and devoted woman, so she, risking herself, covers her runaway husband. He lives in the neighboring forest, and she carries everything he needs in secret from the neighbors. But Nastya's absences became public. Her fellow villagers followed her in a boat. To save Andrey, Nastena drowned herself without betraying the deserter. But the coward in her face lost everything: love, salvation, family. His fear of war killed the only person who loved him.
4. In Tolstoy's story "Prisoner of the Caucasus" two heroes are contrasted: Zhilin and Kostygin. While one, being captured by the highlanders, boldly fights for his freedom, the other humbly waits for his relatives to pay a ransom. Fear blinds his eyes, and he does not understand that this money will support the rebels and their struggle against his compatriots. In the first place for him is only his own fate, and he does not care about the interests of his homeland. It is obvious that cowardice manifests itself in war and exposes such traits of nature as selfishness, weakness of character and insignificance.

Overcoming fear in war

1. In Vsevolod Garshin's story "Coward" the hero is afraid to disappear in the name of someone's political ambitions. He is worried that he, with all his plans and dreams, will turn out to be only a surname and initials in a dry newspaper report. He does not understand why he needs to fight and risk himself, why all these sacrifices. His friends, of course, say that he is driven by cowardice. They gave him food for thought, and he decided to sign up as a volunteer for the front. The hero realized that he was sacrificing himself for the sake of a great cause - the salvation of his people and homeland. He died, but he was happy, because he took a really significant step, and his life acquired meaning.
2. In Mikhail Sholokhov's story The Fate of Man, Andrey Sokolov overcomes the fear of death and does not agree to drink to the victory of the Third Reich, as required by the commandant. For incitement to rebellion and disrespect for the guards, he already faces punishment. The only way to avoid death is to accept Muller's toast, to betray the motherland in words. Of course, the man wanted to live, he was afraid of torture, but honor and dignity were dearer to him. Mentally and spiritually, he fought against the invaders, even standing in front of the head of the camp. And he defeated him by willpower, refusing to obey his order. The enemy recognized the superiority of the Russian spirit and rewarded the soldier who, even in captivity, overcomes fear and defends the interests of his country.
3. In Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, Pierre Bezukhov is afraid to take part in hostilities: he is clumsy, timid, weak, and not fit for military service. However, seeing the scope and horror of the Patriotic War of 1812, he decided to go alone and kill Napoleon. He was not at all obliged to go to besieged Moscow and risk himself, with his money and influence he could sit out in a secluded corner of Russia. But he goes to help the people somehow. Pierre, of course, does not kill the emperor of the French, but he saves the girl from the fire, and this is already a lot. He conquered his fear and did not hide from the war.

The problem of imaginary and real heroism

1. In Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, Fyodor Dolokhov shows excessive cruelty during military operations. He takes pleasure in violence, while always demanding awards and praise for his imaginary heroism, in which there is more vanity than courage. For example, he grabbed an officer who had already surrendered by the collar and insisted for a long time that it was he who had taken him prisoner. While soldiers like Timokhin modestly and simply did their duty, Fyodor boasted and boasted of his exaggerated achievements. He did this not for the sake of saving the motherland, but for the sake of self-affirmation. This is false, fake heroism.
2. In Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, Andrei Bolkonsky goes to war for the sake of his career, and not for the bright future of his country. He only cares about the glory that, for example, Napoleon got. In pursuit of her, he leaves his pregnant wife alone. Once in the battlefield, the prince rushes into a bloody battle, calling on many people to sacrifice themselves with him. However, his throw did not change the outcome of the battle, but only provided new losses. Realizing this, Andrei realizes the insignificance of his motives. From that moment on, he no longer pursues recognition, he is only concerned about the fate of his native country, and only for her is he ready to return to the front and sacrifice himself.
3. In the story of Vasil Bykov "Sotnikov" Rybak was known as a strong and courageous fighter. He was strong in health and mighty in appearance. In fights, he was unmatched. But the real test showed that all his actions are just empty bragging. Fearing torture, Rybak accepts the enemy's offer and becomes a policeman. There was not a drop of real courage in his feigned courage, so he could not withstand the moral pressure of the fear of pain and death. Unfortunately, imaginary virtues are recognized only in trouble, and his comrades did not know who they trusted.
4. In Boris Vasiliev's story "He Was Not on the Lists", the hero alone defends the Brest Fortress, all the other defenders of which fell dead. Nikolay Pluzhnikov himself can hardly stand on his feet, but he still fulfills his duty until the end of his life. Someone, of course, will say that it is reckless of him. There is safety in numbers. But I still think that in his position this is the only right choice, because he will not get out and not join the combat-ready units. So isn't it better to give the last fight than to waste a bullet on yourself? In my opinion, Pluzhnikov's act is a feat of a real man who looks the truth in the eye.
5. Viktor Astafiev's novel "Cursed and Killed" describes dozens of the lives of ordinary children who were driven into the most difficult conditions by the war: hunger, mortal risk, illness and constant fatigue. They are not soldiers, but ordinary inhabitants of villages and villages, prisons and camps: illiterate, cowardly, stingy and not even very honest. All of them are just cannon fodder in battle, many of them are of no use. What drives them? The desire to curry favor and get a deferment or a job in the city? Hopelessness? Maybe their stay at the front is recklessness? You can answer in different ways, but I still think that their sacrifices and modest contribution to the victory are not in vain, but necessary. I am sure that their behavior is controlled by a not always conscious, but true force - love for the fatherland. The author shows how and why it manifests itself in each of the characters. Therefore, I consider their courage genuine.

Mercy and indifference in the atmosphere of hostilities

1. In Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, Berg, the husband of Vera Rostova, shows blasphemous indifference to his compatriots. During the evacuation from the besieged Moscow, he takes advantage of the grief and confusion of people, buying their rare and valuable things cheaper. He does not care about the fate of the fatherland, he only looks into his pocket. The troubles of the surrounding refugees, frightened and crushed by the war, do not touch him in any way. At the same time, the peasants burn all their property, so long as it does not go to the enemy. They burn houses, kill livestock, destroy entire villages. For the sake of victory, they risk everything, go into the forests and live as one family. In contrast, Tolstoy shows indifference and compassion, contrasting the dishonest elite and the poor, who turned out to be richer spiritually.
2. Alexander Tvardovsky's poem "Vasily Terkin" describes the unity of the people in the face of a deadly threat. In the chapter "Two Soldiers", the old people greet Vasily and even feed him, spending precious food supplies on a stranger. In exchange for hospitality, the hero fixes watches and other utensils for the elderly couple, and also entertains them with encouraging conversations. Although the old woman is reluctant to get a treat, Terkin does not reproach her, because he understands how hard it is for them to live in the village, where there is not even anyone to help chop firewood - everyone is at the front. However, even different people find a common language and sympathize with each other when clouds have gathered over their homeland. This unity was the author's call.
3. In Vasil Bykov's story "Sotnikov", Demchikha hides the partisans, despite the mortal risk. She hesitates, being scared and driven by a village woman, not a cover heroine. Before us is a living person not without weaknesses. She is not happy with uninvited guests, policemen are circling around the village, and if they find something, no one will survive. And yet compassion in a woman takes over: she shelters the resistance fighters. And her feat did not go unnoticed: during interrogation with torture and torture, Sotnikov does not betray his patroness, carefully trying to shield her, shift the blame on himself. Thus, mercy in war breeds mercy, and cruelty breeds only cruelty.
4. In Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, some episodes are described that indicate the manifestation of indifference and responsiveness in relation to prisoners. The Russian people saved officer Rambal and his batman from death. The frozen French themselves came to the enemy camp, they were dying of frostbite and hunger. Our compatriots showed mercy: they fed them porridge, poured them warming vodka, and even carried the officer in their arms to the tent. But the invaders were less compassionate: the familiar Frenchman did not stand up for Bezukhov, seeing him in a crowd of prisoners. The count himself barely survived, receiving the meager rations in prison and walking through the frost on a leash. Under such conditions, the weakened Platon Karataev died, to whom none of the enemies even thought to give porridge with vodka. The example of Russian soldiers is instructive: it demonstrates the truth that one must remain human in war.
5. An interesting example was described by Alexander Pushkin in the novel The Captain's Daughter. Pugachev, the ataman of the rebels, showed mercy and pardoned Peter, respecting his kindness and generosity. The young man once presented him with a sheepskin coat, not stinting on helping a stranger from the common people. Emelyan continued to do him good even after the "retribution", because in the war he strove for justice. But Empress Catherine showed indifference to the fate of the officer devoted to her and surrendered only to the persuasion of Marya. In the war, she showed barbaric cruelty, arranging the execution of the rebels in the square. It is not surprising that the people went against her despotic power. Only compassion can help a person stop the destructive power of hatred and enmity.

Moral choice in war

1. In Gogol's story "Taras Bulba", the youngest son of the protagonist is at the crossroads between love and homeland. He chooses the first, forever renouncing his family and homeland. His choice was not accepted by his comrades. The father was especially grieving, because the only chance to restore the honor of the family was the murder of a traitor. The military brotherhood took revenge for the death of their loved ones and for the oppression of faith, Andriy trampled on holy revenge, and Taras also made his difficult but necessary choice for defending this idea. He kills his son, proving to fellow soldiers that the most important thing for him, as chieftain, is the salvation of the motherland, and not petty interests. So he forever holds the Cossack partnership, which will fight against the "Poles" even after his death.
2. In Leo Tolstoy's story "Prisoner of the Caucasus" the heroine also made a desperate decision. Dina liked the Russian man, who was forcibly kept by her relatives, friends, her people. Before her was a choice between kinship and love, the bonds of duty and the dictates of feeling. She hesitated, thought, decided, but could not help but understand that Zhilin was not worthy of such a fate. He is kind, strong and honest, but he has no money for ransom, and this is not his fault. Despite the fact that the Tatars and Russians fought, that one captured the other, the girl made a moral choice in favor of justice, not cruelty. This, probably, expresses the superiority of children over adults: even in the struggle they show less anger.
3. Remarque's novel All Quiet on the Western Front depicts the image of a military commissar who called high school students, still boys, to the First World War. At the same time, we remember from history that Germany did not defend itself, but attacked, that is, the guys went to their death for the sake of other people's ambitions. However, their hearts were set on fire by the words of this dishonorable man. So, the main characters went to the front. And only there they realized that their agitator was a coward, sitting in the rear. He sends young men to perish, while he himself sits at home. His choice is immoral. He denounces the weak-willed hypocrite in this seemingly courageous officer.
4. In Tvardovsky's poem "Vasily Terkin", the protagonist swims across an icy river in order to bring important reports to the attention of the command. He plunges into the water under fire, risking freezing to death or drowning by grabbing an enemy bullet. But Vasily makes a choice in favor of duty - an idea that is greater than himself. He contributes to the victory, thinking not about himself, but about the outcome of the operation.

Mutual Aid and Selfishness at the forefront

1. In Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace", Natasha Rostova is ready to give up carts to the wounded, if only to help them escape French persecution and leave the besieged city. She is ready to lose valuable things, despite the fact that her family is on the verge of ruin. It's all about her upbringing: the Rostovs were always ready to help and rescue a person from trouble. Relationships are more valuable to them than money. But Berg, the husband of Vera Rostova, during the evacuation, bargained for cheap things from frightened people in order to make capital. Alas, in war, not everyone can stand the test of morality. The true face of a person, an egoist or a benefactor, will always show itself.
2. In Leo Tolstoy's Sevastopol Tales, the "circle of aristocrats" demonstrates the unpleasant character traits of the nobility who ended up in the war because of vanity. For example, Galtsin is a coward, everyone knows about it, but no one talks about it, because he is a high-born nobleman. He lazily offers his help on a sortie, but everyone hypocritically dissuades him, knowing that he will not go anywhere, and there is little use from him. This person is a cowardly egoist who thinks only of himself, not paying attention to the needs of the fatherland and the tragedy of his own people. At the same time, Tolstoy describes the silent feat of doctors who work overtime and restrain their nerves from the horror they see. They will not be awarded or promoted, they do not care about this, because they have one goal - to save as many soldiers as possible.
3. In Mikhail Bulgakov's novel The White Guard, Sergei Talberg leaves his wife and flees a country torn by civil war. He selfishly and cynically leaves in Russia everything that was dear to him, everything to which he swore to be faithful to the end. Elena was taken under protection by the brothers, who, unlike their relative, until the last served the one to whom they took the oath. They protected and comforted the abandoned sister, because all the conscientious people united under the burden of the threat. For example, an outstanding feat is performed by the commander of Nai-Tours, saving the junkers from inevitable death in a futile battle. He himself perishes, but helps the innocent and deceived by the hetman young men to save their lives and leave the besieged city.

The negative impact of war on society

1. In Mikhail Sholokhov's novel The Quiet Flows the Don, the entire Cossack people becomes a victim of the war. The former way of life is crumbling due to fratricidal strife. Breadwinners die, children get out of control, widows go crazy with grief and the unbearable yoke of labor. The fate of absolutely all the heroes is tragic: Aksinya and Peter die, Daria becomes infected with syphilis and commits suicide, Grigory becomes disillusioned with life, Natalya dies alone and forgotten, Mikhail becomes stale and impudent, Dunyasha runs away and lives unhappily. All generations are in discord, brother goes against brother, the earth is orphaned, because in the heat of battle they forgot about it. In the end, the civil war resulted only in devastation and grief, and not in the bright future that all the warring parties promised.
2. In Mikhail Lermontov's poem "Mtsyri" the hero became another victim of the war. He was picked up by a Russian military man, forcibly taken away from his home and, probably, would have further controlled his fate if the boy had not fallen ill. Then his almost lifeless body was thrown into the care of the monks in a nearby monastery. Mtsyri grew up, he was prepared for the fate of a novice, and then a clergyman, but he never reconciled himself to the arbitrariness of the kidnappers. The young man wanted to return to his homeland, reunite with his family, quench his thirst for love and life. However, he was deprived of all this, because he was just a prisoner, and even after escaping, he ended up back in his prison. This story is an echo of the war, as the struggle of countries cripples the fate of ordinary people.
3. In Nikolai Gogol's novel "Dead Souls" there is an insert that is a separate story. This is a story about Captain Kopeikin. It tells about the fate of a cripple who became a victim of the war. In the battle for his homeland, he became disabled. Hoping to receive a pension or some kind of assistance, he arrived in the capital and began to visit officials. However, they hardened in their comfortable workplaces and only drove the poor man away, in no way facilitating his suffering-filled life. Alas, the constant wars in the Russian Empire gave rise to many such cases, so no one really reacted to them. You can't really blame anyone here. Society became indifferent and cruel, so people defended themselves from constant anxieties and losses.
4. In Varlam Shalamov's story "The Last Battle of Major Pugachev", the main characters, who honestly defended their homeland during the war, ended up in a labor camp in their homeland because they were once captured by the Germans. No one took pity on these worthy people, no one showed condescension, and yet they are not guilty of being captured. And it's not just about cruel and unfair politicians, it's about the people, who have hardened from constant grief, from inescapable hardships. Society itself indifferently listened to the suffering of innocent soldiers. And they, too, were forced to kill the guards, run away and shoot back, because the massacre made them the same: merciless, angry and desperate.

Children and women at the front

1. In Boris Vasiliev's story "The Dawns Here Are Quiet" the main characters are women. Of course, they were more afraid than men to go to war, each of them had close and dear people. Rita even left her son's parents. However, the girls fight selflessly and do not retreat, although they confront sixteen soldiers. Each of them fights heroically, each overcomes her fear of death in the name of saving the motherland. Their feat is perceived especially hard, because fragile women have no place on the battlefield. However, they destroyed this stereotype and defeated the fear that fetters even more suitable fighters.
2. In Boris Vasiliev's novel "Not on the Lists", the last defenders of the Brest Fortress are trying to save women and children from starvation. They don't have enough water and supplies. With pain in their hearts, the soldiers escort them to German captivity, there is no other way out. However, the enemies did not spare even future mothers. Pluzhnikov's pregnant wife, Mirra, is beaten with boots and pierced with a bayonet. Her mutilated corpse is pelted with bricks. The tragedy of war lies in the fact that it dehumanizes people, releasing all their hidden vices.
3. In the work of Arkady Gaidar "Timur and his team" the characters are not soldiers, but young pioneers. While a fierce battle continues on the fronts, they, as best they can, help the fatherland to stand in trouble. The guys do hard work for widows, orphans and single mothers, who even have no one to chop firewood. They secretly perform all these tasks, without waiting for praise and honors. For them, the main thing is to make their modest but important contribution to the victory. Their destinies are also crumpled by the war. Zhenya, for example, grows up in the care of her older sister, while they see their father once every few months. However, this does not prevent children from fulfilling their little civic duty.

The problem of nobility and meanness in battle

1. In Boris Vasiliev's novel "Not on the Lists", Mirra is forced to surrender when she discovers that she is pregnant by Nikolai. There is no water and food in their shelter, young people miraculously survive, because they are being hunted. But then a lame Jewish girl gets out of the underground to save the life of her child. Pluzhnikov is vigilantly watching her. However, she failed to blend in with the crowd. So that her husband does not betray himself, does not go to save her, she moves away, and Nikolai does not see how his wife is beaten by rabid invaders, how they wound her with a bayonet, how they fill up her body with bricks. There is so much nobility in this act of hers, so much love and self-sacrifice that it is difficult to perceive it without internal shudder. The fragile woman turned out to be stronger, more courageous and nobler than the representatives of the "chosen nation" and the stronger sex.
2. In Nikolai Gogol's story "Taras Bulba", Ostap shows true nobility in the conditions of war, when even under torture he does not utter a single cry. He did not give the enemy a spectacle and rejoicing, defeating him spiritually. In his dying words, he only turned to his father, whom he did not expect to hear. But heard. And I realized that their cause is alive, which means that he is alive. In this self-denial in the name of an idea, his rich and strong nature was revealed. But the idle crowd surrounding him is a symbol of human baseness, because people have gathered to savor the pain of another person. This is terrible, and Gogol emphasizes how terrible the face of this motley audience is, how disgusting its murmuring is. He contrasted her cruelty with the virtue of Ostap, and we understand which side the author is on in this conflict.
3. The nobility and baseness of a person is truly manifested only in emergency situations. For example, in Vasil Bykov's story "Sotnikov" two heroes behaved completely differently, although they lived side by side in the same detachment. The fisherman betrayed his country, his friends, his duty for fear of pain and death. He became a policeman and even helped his new comrades to hang a former partner. Sotnikov did not think about himself, although he suffered torment from torture. He tried to save Demchikha, his former friend, to avert trouble from the detachment. Therefore, he blamed everything on himself. This noble man did not allow himself to be broken and gave his life for his homeland with dignity.

The problem of responsibility and negligence of fighters

1. Leo Tolstoy's "Sevastopol Tales" describes the irresponsibility of many fighters. They only show off in front of each other, and go to work only for the sake of promotion. They do not think about the outcome of the battle at all, they are only interested in rewards. For example, Mikhailov only cares about making friends with a circle of aristocrats and getting some benefits from the service. When he is wounded, he even refuses to bandage him, so that everyone is struck by the sight of blood, because a reward is due for a serious injury. Therefore, it is not surprising that in the finale Tolstoy describes precisely the defeat. With such an attitude to one's duty to the motherland, it is impossible to win.
2. In The Tale of Igor's Campaign, an unknown author tells of Prince Igor's instructive campaign against the Polovtsians. In an effort to gain easy glory, he leads a squad against nomads, neglecting the truce. Russian troops defeat the enemies, but at night the nomads take the sleeping and drunken warriors by surprise, many are killed, the rest are taken prisoner. The young prince repented of his folly, but it was too late: the squad was killed, his patrimony was without a master, his wife was in grief, like the whole people. The antipode of the frivolous ruler is the wise Svyatoslav, who says that the Russian lands need to be united, and you should not just meddle with enemies. He responsibly treats his mission and condemns Igor's vanity. His "Golden Word" subsequently became the basis of the political system of Russia.
3. In Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, two types of commanders are opposed to each other: Kutuzov and Alexander the First. One protects his people, puts the well-being of the army above victory, and the other thinks only about the quick success of the case, and he does not care about the sacrifices of the soldiers. Due to the illiterate and short-sighted decisions of the Russian emperor, the army suffered losses, the soldiers were dejected and confused. But Kutuzov's tactics brought Russia complete deliverance from the enemy with minimal losses. Therefore, it is very important to be a responsible and humane leader at the battlefield.

Arguments on the topic "War" from literature for an essay
The problem of courage, cowardice, compassion, mercy, mutual assistance, care for loved ones, humanity, moral choice in war. The impact of war on human life, character and worldview. Participation of children in the war. Man's responsibility for his actions.

What was the courage of the soldiers in the war? (A.M. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man")

In the story of M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man" you can see the manifestation of true courage during the war. The protagonist of the story Andrei Sokolov goes to war, leaving his family at home. For the sake of his loved ones, he passed all the tests: he suffered from hunger, fought courageously, sat in a punishment cell and escaped from captivity. The fear of death did not force him to abandon his beliefs: in the face of danger, he retained human dignity. The war claimed the lives of his loved ones, but even after that he did not break down, and again showed courage, however, no longer on the battlefield. He adopted a boy who also lost his entire family during the war. Andrei Sokolov is an example of a courageous soldier who continued to fight the hardships of fate even after the war.

The problem of moral assessment of the fact of war. (M. Zusak "The Book Thief")

In the center of the narrative of the novel "The Book Thief" by Markus Zusak, Liesel is a nine-year-old girl who, on the brink of war, fell into a foster family. The girl's father was connected with the communists, therefore, in order to save her daughter from the Nazis, her mother gives her to strangers for education. Liesel starts a new life away from her family, she has a conflict with her peers, she finds new friends, learns to read and write. Her life is filled with the usual childhood worries, but war comes and with it fear, pain and disappointment. She doesn't understand why some people kill others. Liesel's adoptive father teaches her kindness and compassion, despite the fact that this only brings him trouble. Together with her parents, she hides the Jew in the basement, takes care of him, reads books to him. To help people, she and her friend Rudy scatter bread on the road, along which a column of prisoners must pass. She is sure that the war is monstrous and incomprehensible: people burn books, die in battles, arrests of those who disagree with official policy are everywhere. Liesel does not understand why people refuse to live and be happy. It is not by chance that the narration of the book is conducted on behalf of Death, the eternal companion of war and the enemy of life.

Is the human mind capable of accepting the very fact of war? (L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace", G. Baklanov "Forever - nineteen")

It is difficult for a person who has faced the horrors of war to understand why it is needed. So, one of the heroes of the novel L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" Pierre Bezukhov does not participate in the battles, but he tries with all his might to help his people. He does not realize the true horror of the war until he witnesses the Battle of Borodino. Seeing the massacre, the count is horrified by its inhumanity. He is captured, experiences physical and mental torment, tries to comprehend the nature of war, but cannot. Pierre is not able to cope with a mental crisis on his own, and only his meeting with Platon Karataev helps him understand that happiness lies not in victory or defeat, but in simple human joys. Happiness is inside every person, in his search for answers to eternal questions, awareness of himself as part of the human world. And war, from his point of view, is inhumane and unnatural.


The protagonist of G. Baklanov's story "Forever - nineteen" Alexei Tretyakov painfully reflects on the causes, the significance of the war for the people, man, life. He finds no weighty explanation for the need for war. Its meaninglessness, the depreciation of human life for the sake of achieving any important goal, horrifies the hero, causes bewilderment: “... One and the same thought haunted: will it really turn out someday that this war could not have happened? What was in the power of people to prevent this? And millions would still be alive…”.

What feelings does the stamina of a defeated enemy evoke in the victor? (V. Kondratiev "Sasha")

The problem of compassion for the enemy is considered in the story of V. Kondratiev "Sasha". A young Russian fighter takes a German soldier prisoner. After talking with the company commander, the prisoner does not give out any information, so Sasha is ordered to deliver him to headquarters. On the way, the soldier showed the prisoner a leaflet, which says that the prisoners are guaranteed life and return to their homeland. However, the battalion commander, who lost a loved one in this war, orders the German to be shot. Sasha's conscience does not allow Sasha to kill an unarmed man, a young guy just like him, who behaves in the same way as he would behave in captivity. The German does not betray his own, does not beg for mercy, preserving human dignity. At the risk of being court martialed, Sashka does not follow the order of the commander. Belief in the correctness saves his life and his prisoner, and the commander cancels the order.

How does war change the worldview and character of a person? (V. Baklanov "Forever - nineteen")

G. Baklanov in the story “Forever - nineteen” speaks about the significance and value of a person, about his responsibility, memory that binds the people: “Through a great catastrophe - a great liberation of the spirit,” Atrakovsky said. “Never before has so much depended on each of us. That is why we will win. And it won't be forgotten. The star goes out, but the field of attraction remains. That's how people are." War is a disaster. However, it leads not only to tragedy, to the death of people, to the breakdown of their consciousness, but also contributes to spiritual growth, the transformation of the people, the definition of true life values ​​by everyone. In war there is a reassessment of values, the worldview and character of a person change.

The problem of the inhumanity of war. (I. Shmelev "The Sun of the Dead")

In the epic "The Sun of the Dead" I. Shmeleva shows all the horrors of war. “The smell of decay”, “cackle, clatter and roar” of humanoids, these are wagons of “fresh human meat, young meat!” and “one hundred and twenty thousand heads! Human!" War is the absorption of the world of the living by the world of the dead. She makes a beast out of a man, makes him do terrible things. No matter how great external material destruction and annihilation, they do not horrify I. Shmelev: neither a hurricane, nor famine, nor snowfall, nor crops drying up from drought. Evil begins where a person begins who does not oppose him, for him "everything - nothing!" "and there is no one, and none." For the writer, it is indisputable that the human mental and spiritual world is a place of struggle between good and evil, and it is also indisputable that always, in any circumstances, even during war, there will be people in whom the beast will not defeat man.

Responsibility of a person for the actions that he committed in the war. Mental trauma of the participants in the war. (V. Grossman "Abel")

In the story "Abel (Sixth of August)" V.S. Grossman reflects on the war in general. Showing the tragedy of Hiroshima, the writer speaks not only about the universal misfortune and ecological catastrophe, but also about the personal tragedy of a person. Young scorer Connor bears the burden of being the man who is destined to push the button to activate the kill mechanism. For Connor, this is a personal war, where everyone remains just a person with his inherent weaknesses and fears in the desire to save his own life. However, sometimes, in order to remain human, you need to die. Grossman is sure that true humanity is impossible without participation in what is happening, and therefore without responsibility for what happened. The pairing in one person of a heightened sense of the World and soldier's diligence, imposed by the state machine and the system of education, turns out to be fatal for the young man and leads to a split in consciousness. Crew members perceive what happened differently, not all of them feel responsible for what they have done, they talk about lofty goals. The act of fascism, unprecedented even by fascist standards, is justified by social thought, being presented as a struggle against the notorious fascism. However, Joseph Conner experiences an acute sense of guilt, washing his hands all the time, as if trying to wash them of the blood of innocents. The hero goes crazy, realizing that his inner man cannot live with the burden that he has taken on himself.

What is war and how does it affect a person? (K. Vorobyov "Killed near Moscow")

In the story “Killed near Moscow”, K. Vorobyov writes that war is a huge machine, “made up of thousands and thousands of efforts of different people, it has moved, it is moving not by someone else’s will, but by itself, having received its course, and therefore unstoppable” . The old man in the house where the retreating wounded are left, calls the war the "master" of everything. All life is now determined by the war, which changes not only life, destinies, but also the consciousness of people. War is a confrontation in which the strongest wins: "In a war, whoever fails first." The death that the war brings occupies almost all the thoughts of the soldiers: “It was in the first months at the front that he was ashamed of himself, he thought he was the only one. Everything is so in these moments, everyone overcomes them alone with himself: there will be no other life. The metamorphoses that occur to a person in war are explained by the purpose of death: in the battle for the Fatherland, soldiers show incredible courage, self-sacrifice, while in captivity, doomed to death, they live guided by animal instincts. War cripples not only the bodies of people, but also their souls: the writer shows how the disabled are afraid of the end of the war, because they no longer represent their place in civilian life.
SUMMARY

Enemy bombers hovered over the Volga day and night. They chased not only tugs, self-propelled guns, but also fishing boats, small rafts - sometimes the wounded were transported to them.

Composition

In difficult times of war, when hunger and death become constant companions, not everyone is able to retain the ability to sacrifice himself for the good of the Motherland. In this text, V.M. Bogomolov invites us to think about the problem of heroism.

Turning to this problem, the author cites as an example the story of a “heroic voyage”, which during the Great Patriotic War was able to deliver ammunition to the other side through shelling and explosions. The writer focuses on the inconspicuousness of the "steamboat" carrying a barge with boxes, and on the unimpressiveness of the crew itself, consisting of three people. However, this was only a first impression. Later V.M. Bogomolov points out to us the invincibility of the “old Volgar”, who was not at all afraid of the shelling, and the self-sacrifice of Irina and the soldiers who, through smoke, fire and the risk of flying into the air at any moment, saved the boxes from fire. The author brings us to the idea of ​​the incredible fortitude of the entire crew, ready to sacrifice their lives for the sake of saving ammunition and the further victory of their Fatherland in the war.

The author believes that heroism is a sense of duty to one's people and one's Fatherland. Selflessly defending the Motherland during the war, the fighters are driven precisely by heroism, by an urgent need to help their homeland by any means.

I fully agree with the opinion of the Soviet writer and also believe that a sense of patriotism, a sense of duty to the fatherland can make a person, in spite of any difficulties, perform heroic deeds.

We can observe the manifestation of true heroism in the story of Boris Polevoy "The Tale of a Real Man". This work is based on real facts from the biography of fighter pilot Alexei Maresyev, who, having been shot down in battle over the occupied territory, with injured feet, but not with a broken spirit, made his way through the forest for a long time and ends up with the partisans. And later, having lost both legs, the hero, driven by the desire to do as much as possible for his country, again sits at the helm and replenishes the treasury of air victories of the Soviet Union.

The problem of heroism and courage is also revealed in the story of M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man". The main character, Andrey Sokolov, who lost his entire family, was still able to repay his debt to his homeland with his last strength. He was a military driver to the last, and when he was captured, he was not embarrassed for a moment in front of Miller, was not afraid of death and showed him the full power of the Russian character. Later, Sokolov escaped from captivity and, even being terribly emaciated and tormented, was still full of readiness to sacrifice himself for the sake of victory.

Thus, we can conclude that in the all-consuming, all-destroying conditions of war, the simplest person, endowed only with a deep feeling of love for the Motherland and a sincere desire to help, can show himself to be a true hero.

What was the courage of the soldiers during the war years? It is this question that arises when reading the text of B. L. Vasiliev.

Revealing the problem of the courage of soldiers during the war years, the author describes the Brest Fortress, which was the first to take the fight against the Nazis. Here they will tell about an unknown defender who fought with enemies for almost a year, even when he was left completely alone. Here, at the entrance to the station, you will read on a marble slab an entry about the heroic defenders who defended the station.

We can find a literary argument confirming this idea in B. Vasiliev's story “He Was Not on the Lists”, which tells about a soldier who fought in the Brest Fortress for ten months. Lieutenant Nikolai Pluzhnikov arrived at the Brest Fortress after graduating from a military school late in the evening and did not have time to check in, and the war began early in the morning. Very soon, Nikolai realized that he needed to rely only on his own strength. He made daily sorties upward, killing the invaders so that the occupiers knew that the fortress had not surrendered. Ten months later, on April 12, 1942, the Germans find Pluzhnikov. From the interpreter, Nikolai knows that the Germans are defeated near Moscow, and feels that he has fulfilled his duty. Almost blind, he goes out to the enemy, holding straight, goes through the enemy line and does not see that the Germans, at the command of the officer, salute the Russian soldier, respecting his courage.

Let us give an example of the courage of soldiers from life. Everyone knows the feat of 28 Panfilov's men who participated in the defense of Moscow in 1941. Near the village of Kryukovo, the fighters, along with other units, stopped the Germans and launched a counteroffensive. The heroes died at the Dubosekovo junction, but did not give Moscow to the enemy. This feat became an example of courage and steadfastness for the defenders of Stalingrad and Leningrad, inspired hundreds and thousands of Soviet soldiers in their righteous struggle against the Nazis.

Summarize. The courage of soldiers during the war years is evidenced by their exploits, which we must always remember.

Updated: 2018-01-15

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War is the place where a person shows his clear face. Some turn out to be traitors, others fight boldly and are not afraid of anything.

Is everyone ready to stand up for their land without the help of other comrades? This is the main question that is in the center of attention of Simonov Konstantin Mikhailovich.

He, all alone, without the help of other soldiers, was able to “get his tongue”: “... Shkolenko jumped up and, coming close to the German, without taking his eyes off him, showed with signs that he unfastened his parabellum and threw it on the ground ...” After this task the hero goes to another and frees his people from captivity on it: “Clutching a machine gun to his stomach, Shkolenko fired a long burst there like a fan, but instead of the Germans, his good friend Satarov, a fighter of the 2nd battalion, who was taken prisoner a few days ago, jumped out of the bushes ". K. M. Simonov emphasizes that Shkolenko performed all these tasks without the help of other soldiers, as he was a brave and persistent person.

Thus, the position of the writer is obvious: in a war, only a courageous person will be able to complete tasks, fight without asking for help from other comrades.

I fully agree with this position and also believe that resilience and courage play a key role in war. Only possessing such qualities, a person will be able, without the help of other people, to stand up for his land.

When I read the analyzed text, I remembered Leo Tolstoy's epic novel "War and Peace". From the episode "Tushin's Battery" I know about the courageous feat of Tushin, who, without the help of other soldiers, fired back at the enemies for a long time and stubbornly. He was ordered to retreat, but the hero did not want to hear this, but continued to fight back and lure other soldiers. Here is an example of a man of steel capable of fighting at all costs.

The work of Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov “The Fate of a Man” tells about the fate of Andrei Sokolov, who also fought fearlessly in battle and did not wait for the help of others. He was deafened by explosions, but the hero did not give up, but fled and continued to fight, as he was strong in spirit. Here is another example that confirms my point.

Thus, we can conclude that, indeed, only the most courageous person can stand up for his land without the help of others, and only a few have such a quality.

(341 words)

Updated: 2018-01-21

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