My dear reader, take some time and read the Code of Honor for a Russian Officer of 1804. By following these rules, you will avoid many life mistakes.
Today we are in a different time, more than 200 years and a whole Soviet era separate us from 1804. But the word "honor" will always be relevant. " Honor can only be lost once." EM. Kapiev
The code of honor of a Russian officer - "honor is the main treasure for an officer, whose sacred duty is to keep it clean and impeccable."
IN explanatory dictionary Dahl explained: “Honor is the inner, moral dignity of a person. Valor, honesty, nobility of soul and a clear conscience.
The officers of the Russian army were called "white bone", implying a clear conscience and spotless honor, which were above all for the officer.
How honest (or dishonest) a person is is mainly judged by those around him, and public opinion is formed. Usually people highly appreciate those who are "man of honor".
"Honor is the shrine of an officer, she highest good, which he is obliged to keep and keep clean. Honor is his reward in happiness and consolation in grief; she does not tolerate and cannot endure any stain ”M.S. Galkin
Self-esteem had nothing to do with swagger, arrogance or a sense of superiority over the civilian population.
“On the contrary, an officer must respect every rank and behave with equal dignity with all classes of society. Moreover, in relation to people who are below him in education. He should not sink to the level of their morals, but on the contrary, try to raise them to his own height.
Nobility consists in the ability to sacrifice personal interests in favor of others, generosity, inability to humiliate and humiliate others.
With the transition, mainly to a contract basis, the requirements for the observance by military personnel of the rules relating to the concepts of military honor and dignity have decreased. And there is an explanation for that.
.
Previously, for the officer corps, military service was the meaning of life and was not limited to the term of the contract. Today, military personnel only fulfill their constitutional duty and exercise their right to work through military service.
The contract does not contain obligations to observe the moral and moral principles relating to the military honor of military personnel. I think that orders to have a conscience or honor cannot be in nature. This is nurtured from childhood. "Take care of the honor from a young age, and the dress again."
© Edition. Decor. LLC Group of Companies "RIPOL classic", 2016
Advice to a Young Officer, published in the third edition, is now even more necessary and useful due to wartime. The accelerated graduation of young people into officers does not give them the opportunity and time to learn in schools all the subtleties of tradition, the correct view of the essence of military education and discipline.
The young officer will independent work above oneself. It is for this work that this manual will render invaluable services to each officer. It will give him helpful tips and guidance on many issues of the upcoming service. The conciseness of the presentation by individual aphorisms guarantees fast memorization and the ability to find the necessary help at any time. If we take into account that misdemeanors in peacetime become crimes in wartime, and are punished especially severely, then the value of the advice collected here in a concise form becomes even more obvious. They enable the officer to avoid many mistakes, to understand what is legal and what is criminal, to understand everything that is required of him in order to be a good officer who does not drop his dignity.
These tips are equally useful to those who are on the front lines and in the rear of the army, where they often have to deal with people of dubious professions and behavior.
This handbook will save young officers from many mistakes and blunders in the service and in private life. An officer who has not yet mastered his new position, which is based on conventions, restraint and military tact, is often at a loss and does not know how he should act in certain cases not provided for by the charters. And as a result of ignorance of laws in general (even if it is important for the military to protect one's honor with weapons), irreparable blunders occur, forcing the officer to leave the regiment or end up on trial.
We repeat that here are succinctly set forth those rules of life, which, undoubtedly, will only benefit every officer in the upcoming service. These original aphorisms make the officer think seriously about military service on the merits, and not judge it superficially, by its external form and saber-rattling.
An officer will not find these councils in any charters.
The purpose of this peculiar work is the desire to prevent inexperienced military youth from a false, destructive step. Here are collected old, but eternal truths that are forgotten by the majority, and unknown to young officers.
The third edition of this handbook speaks for itself.
V. M. Kulchitsky "Discipline above all."
Believe in God, be devoted to the Sovereign Emperor, His Family and love the Motherland.
The first and main duty of a soldier is loyalty to the Sovereign Emperor and the Fatherland. Without this quality, he is unfit for military service.
The integrity of the Empire and the maintenance of its prestige is based on the strength of the army and navy; their qualities and shortcomings resonate throughout the country, so it is not your business to get involved in social issues and political philosophies; your job is to carry out your duties steadily.
Put above all the glory of the Russian army.
Be brave. But courage is true and feigned. The arrogance of youth is not courage. A military man must always be prudent and consider his actions calmly and carefully. If you are low and arrogant, everyone will hate you.
Obey discipline.
Dragoon Officer Napoleonic Wars. 1800–1815
Respect your boss and trust him.
Be afraid to violate your duty - by doing this you will forever lose your good name.
The officer must be faithful and truthful. Without these qualities, it is almost impossible for a military man to remain in the army. Veren is a person doing his duty; truthful - if he does not change his word. Therefore, never promise unless you are sure that you will keep the promise.
Be polite and humble in dealing with all people.
The best part of courage is caution.
Arriving at the regiment, the officer acts in accordance with the Const. garn. sl. Art. 400 and 401, i.e., is the commander of the regiment. In practice, they do this: arriving at the office at about 11 o'clock, the officer introduces himself and gets acquainted first of all with the regimental adjutant, who gives everything necessary advice and instructions, because each regiment has its own customs - traditions. If an officer appears to the regiment commander at the apartment, then, without finding him at home, he should appear a second time, trying to catch him: it is not recommended to sign or leave a service ticket for the first time. Report to the commander of the company (hundred, squadron, battery) to which the appointment took place. Taking in the office from the senior clerk a list with the addresses of Messrs. officers and noting married people in it, make visits to everyone without delay 1
IN war time visits are not made. The time to introduce himself to the authorities is indefinite, and the dress code is marching.
It is recommended to have time to do them at once, in one day. The dress code is dress code. The rest of the time: for all official occasions, visits, congratulations - ordinary, unless ordered by regiment to be in a different one. Not finding the elder at home - leave a service ticket (not a business card at all). Married - a service ticket and a business card. Before presenting to the regiment commander and not yet appearing in the regiment, appear in in public places(theaters, gardens, concerts, parties) is considered tactless. Upon arrival at the regiment, the first impression is of great importance.
Having not yet arrived at the regiment and being on vacation, having met an officer of your regiment (in the same city), you should definitely approach him and introduce yourself first, and appear to the regiment commander.
Always remember that you are an officer.
Be formal with your superiors.
Remember that the boss is always and everywhere the boss.
Never criticize the actions and deeds of the authorities in general; with someone especially, and God forbid - with the lower ranks.
Any order of the head of the service, in whatever form it may be expressed (proposal, request, advice), is an order (Decision of the Chief Military Court of 1881 No. 183).
If you are older in rank, and in terms of the distribution of posts you will be subordinate to the younger, you are obliged to fulfill all the orders of the person placed over you, without any dispute (St. Military. P., VII ed. 2.20).
If you come on vacation for three days or less, then, without appearing in person, you must certainly send your vacation ticket to the command. control.
Arriving for more than three days, it is necessary to appear personally to the commandant.
At the end of the vacation period, he is obliged to appear again at the commandant's office or inform the commandant's office in an open letter: “I went to the place of my service today” (signature).
“Who wants to be able to order, must be able to obey!” Napoleon said.
Take care of your honor, the honor of the regiment and the army.
Dress appropriately and always clean.
Be strict with your duties (Disc. set. § 1).
Keep yourself simple, with dignity, without foppishness.
Cossack and officer. 1812
Be restrained (correct) and tactful always, with everyone and everywhere.
Be courteous and pre-emptive, but not intrusive and flattering. Know how to leave on time so as not to be superfluous.
It is necessary to remember the boundary where complete politeness ends and where servility begins.
Make yourself talk less.
Be observant and careful in expressions.
Do not write hasty letters and reports in haste.
Be less frank in general - you will regret it. Remember: "My tongue is my enemy."
Don't be silly - you won't prove your dashing, but you will compromise yourself. Forget the "good old time" and the expression: "Bad officer who doesn't drink." Now it’s different: “A bad officer who drinks” ... and “such” officer is not kept in the regiment.
Do not rush to converge on a short leg with a person whom you did not know enough.
Avoid “you”, which gives a reason and the right to familiarity in bad taste (amikoshonstvo), an excuse on the rights of friendship to scold you, interfere in your affairs, say vulgarity, rudeness, etc.
Often the elder, having drunk, offers the first one to switch to “you” with him. Nevertheless, the next day, be diplomatic: either speak to him in “you”, or wait until he first turns to you in “you”. In a word, tact necessary condition so as not to get into an awkward position and a mess.
Avoid stories and scandals. Do not act as an uninvited witness: by supporting one, you will make an enemy in the other: a double-edged sword. Neutrality is a means even for great powers to maintain good relations with everyone.
A person who has made enemies, no matter how smart, kind, honest and truthful he is, dies almost inevitably, because our enemies in society are always active; friends are always passive - they only sympathize, regret, sigh, but do not fight for the perishing, fearing for their own fate.
Life Guards Cossack Regiment. Cossacks in Paris in 1814
Avoid cash accounts with comrades. Money always ruins relationships.
“If you can, help a friend financially, but personally avoid taking it, because it drops your dignity.”
Do not make debts, do not dig holes for yourself. Live within your means. Drop false selfishness. It is immoral to make debts without being able to pay them, otherwise - do not get into someone else's pocket ... In a word: "Stretch your legs according to your clothes."
Do not splurge on someone else's account, not having the means to repay the same, if you do not want your dignity and pride to suffer. Remember the French proverb: "It is better to drink bad wine from your own small glass than good wine from someone else's large."
Live alone - calmer. Living together with a friend eventually leads to a break.
Do not take personally offensive remarks, witticisms, ridicule, said after, which often happens on the streets and in public places. Be above it. Leave - you will not lose, but you will get rid of the scandal.
Consider every decisive step. It is impossible to correct a mistake, but it is difficult to make amends. "Measure seven times, cut once."
"Be attentive before a quarrel than yield after a quarrel."
At a critical moment, friends will not help: in military service they are powerless, bound by discipline and obedience to superiors.
If you can’t say anything good about someone, then refrain from saying bad things, if you know.
Do not ignore anyone's advice - listen. The right to follow him or not will remain with you.
To be able to take advantage of the good advice of another is no less an art than to give good advice to myself.
Avoid military conversations with anyone outside of duty, especially during wartime.
Cossacks in Paris in 1814
Be careful in choosing acquaintances; be guided not only by their education, but also social position in society. "Tell me who you know and what you read, and I'll tell you who you are."
In the presence of batmen (in general, with servants), refrain from talking on sensitive topics. This habit is necessary firmly root in yourself and always remember it. Unfortunately, most people forget this. Meanwhile, the servants listen with particular sensitivity and look closely at the life of their masters, take note of everything and often carry ridiculous gossip to the homes of acquaintances (through the servants).
The person using the batman must monitor his health, behavior and must not allow illegal treatment with him; It is absolutely forbidden to give orderlies for the service of another person.
Responsibility for non-compliance with the uniform of a batman and his behavior falls on the officer with whom the batman is a member.
Do not use the services of someone else's orderly, without prior permission, do not order anything - tactless.
After graduating from school, continue to study. In the knowledge of the art of war is your strength. There is no time to learn in battles, but you have to apply what you have learned. Do not lose sight of the fact that it is necessary to know all kinds of weapons.
The officer in all cases of his life and service submits a written report: on arrival in the regiment, on departure on a business trip, vacation and return from such, on taking up or surrendering a position, on illness and recovery, on clashes and cases in the service or outside it , about any petitions and so on.
Reports are written concisely, to the point and without titles to the boss.
The signature of an officer, in whatever rank he may be, must always be legible and without any flourishes.
Military officials are governed by the same rules as officers.
Carabinieri officer of the Russian Imperial Guard. 1815
Firmness of will and fearlessness are two qualities necessary for a military man.
An officer needs to be distinguished by moral qualities, on which the personal greatness of a fighter is based, since charm over the masses, which is so necessary for a leader, is associated with him.
The strength of an officer is not in impulses, but in inviolable calm.
Honor tempers courage and ennobles bravery.
Honor is the shrine of an officer.
The officer must respect the human rights of his brother - the lower rank.
The boss, who does not spare the pride of his subordinates, suppresses in them the noble desire to become famous and thereby lowers their moral strength.
All age classes of the population pass through the ranks of the army, the influence of the officer corps extends to all the people.
Woe to the country if, leaving the service, a soldier endures disgust for the soldiers' ranks.
Do not pass off as irrefutable truth what you either do not believe at all, or at least doubt. To do so is a crime.
It is necessary that not only the formal side of the service flourish, but also the moral one.
The army is an oak that protects the Motherland from storms.
For regimental ladies do not look after (in the vulgar sense). Do not create dirt in your regimental family, in which you will have to serve for decades. Such novels always end tragically.
Never express opinions about women. Remember - women at all times have been the cause of discord and the greatest misfortunes not only of individuals, but of entire empires.
Protect the reputation of the woman who trusted you, whoever she may be. A decent person in general, especially an officer, even in the intimate circle of his faithful and experienced friends, never talks about such things, because a woman is always most afraid of publicity.
There are situations in life when you need to silence your heart and live with your mind.
In your intimate life, be very, very careful - "the regiment is your supreme judge."
Any unseemly actions of an officer are discussed by the regimental court of honor.
Officer of the Cossack Don Army of the Imperial Guard of Russia. 1815
One should not talk about service and affairs in society.
Keep the entrusted secret or secret, even of an unofficial nature. A secret communicated by you to even one person ceases to be a secret.
Do not cross the line of conventions developed by the traditions of the regiment and life.
Be guided in life by instinct, a sense of justice and a duty of decency.
Be able not only to think and reason, but be silent in time and hear everything.
In military service, do not show pride in trifles, otherwise you will always suffer because of it.
Always be on the lookout and don't let go.
Although military personnel are allowed to engage in literary activities, they do not have the right to sign under their articles indicating their rank and position. (Circus. Head. Piece 1908 No. 61).
Military personnel for printing are subject not only to the general criminal procedure, but may be brought to trial by the society of officers, and those not subject to this court - to disciplinary liability, inclusive up to dismissal from service in disciplinary procedure (Prik. according to the Military Vedas. 1908 No. 310)
To catch other people in lies means to harm yourself and them.
Try to keep your words soft in a dispute, and your arguments firm. Try not to annoy the enemy, but to convince him.
It is not customary for officers to dance at public masquerades.
When entering a public place, be careful, if the audience is without an overcoat or caps, then you must do the same.
If you want to smoke, ask the ladies for permission, but rather wait until you are offered either by the mistress of the house or by the elder (depending on where and when).
Everyone has his own shortcomings: no one can do without the help of others, and therefore we must help each other with advice and mutual warnings.
When speaking, avoid gestures and do not raise your voice.
If you enter a society in which there is a person with whom you are in a quarrel, then, when greeting everyone, it is customary to give a hand to him, of course, if this cannot be avoided without paying the attention of those present or the owners. Sharing a hand does not give rise to unnecessary talk, and does not oblige you to anything.
According to the Highest expressed will, it is necessary for an officer to salute, when meeting on the streets, chief officers of all types of weapons, regardless of their rank and without waiting for a greeting from them first.
Chief officers (lieutenant colonels, colonels) and generals are obliged to salute the established honor. When entering them, if the officer was sitting, it is necessary to stand up and bow, and not barely get up or continue to sit.
Officer of the Russian Imperial Guard. 1815
It is indecent to salute and casually accept honor (also of the lower ranks) with your left hand (except for the wounded) or with a cigarette in your teeth, nod your head, hold while saluting left hand in the pocket.
The cap must be worn in accordance with the charter, and the overcoat must always be fastened with all buttons.
Needless to say, an officer must obey in public places all the rules that exist for the public.
In general, the behavior of an officer should pay attention to others with his correctness and foresight.
Don't let mistakes and false tricks confuse you. Nothing teaches like the realization of one's mistake. This is one of the main means of self-education.
Only those who do nothing do not make mistakes.
Spare the vanity of the soldiers. At ordinary people it is no less developed than ours, and, owing to their subordination, more sensitive.
Soldiers are not silent sheep, but merciless judges who came from different parts of boundless Russia, taking back everything they experienced in the service: gratitude and anger, respect and contempt, love and hatred. The silence of the soldiers is bound by a harsh and iron discipline, and does not come from a lack of development. They know how to appreciate justice and humanity.
Beating a soldier is against the law.
Adjutant General Dragomirov said: “Correct the stance without touching it. When you correct with words, the soldier will correct himself, and if you sculpt with your hands, he will forget what the mistake was, because it did not reach his consciousness.
Even a horse loves to be told, and teaching a man like a dumb creature is not at all appropriate.
In the classroom, always be cheerful, always even and calm, demanding and fair.
You should not “flirt” with a soldier - you will undermine your authority.
It is important that subordinates respect you, and not be afraid. Where there is fear, there is no love, but there is hidden ill will or hatred.
Be truthful always, and especially with a soldier. Fulfill the promise to him, otherwise you will accustom him to lying.
Truthfulness everywhere, and especially in education, is the main condition.
Never touch a drunk. If a soldier is drunk, never personally take repressive measures, so as not to be insulted and protested, often unconsciously. Order the drunk to be taken to the same lower ranks as he is (but not to the non-commissioned officer - for the same reasons), and if they are not there, to the police. By this you save a drunk from the crime of insulting an officer (non-commissioned officer).
When arresting those in a state of intoxication, it is forbidden to enter into any personal explanations with the violator of order.
In difficult times, tone means a lot, for what? to do - in the sense of an order, but how? do - in tune.
There is nothing worse than indecision. Better a worse decision than hesitation or inaction. You can't get back a lost moment.
Respect the laws and teach them to respect them by your own example.
Do not object and do not enter into an argument in the service with a senior in rank.
Be careful with the state property and money entrusted to you by service. No matter how much you need money, never borrow from it. Any defect is a waste. The responsibility is great.
Officer of the Imperial Guard. 1815
The dull monotony of occupations does not develop the soldier, but kills the spirit.
Honor is the main internal moral dignity of a Russian officer, his valor, nobility of soul and a clear conscience. The army, driven by a sense of Officer's Honor, is an invincible force, a real guarantor of the state life and peaceful prosperity of Russia.
The Russian Officer is a noble defender of the Fatherland, an honest name, the highest rank. Honor is the main treasure for the Russian Officer, whose sacred duty is to keep it clean and impeccable. Honor preserves dignity officer rank, obliges to perform excellent deeds, great deeds, feats of arms, to believe "your soul is your friend."
The high rank of a Russian Officer is not attached to officer shoulder straps. It is deserved with all one's life and is worn with the head held high. Not every Russian by origin who wears a uniform automatically becomes a Russian Officer. A Russian Officer may not be Russian by origin, but who laid down his life for the benefit of our Fatherland - Russia.
The Russian Officer is a warrior in Spirit. It has been so in all ages. Today there is a war for the soul of a man, a soldier. Russia and the Russian army are the last "Restrainers" from the onset of the satanic "new world order". Until the Faith becomes the support of the Officer, the Army itself will not be able to become the support of society and the State. “Don’t be nervous, don’t fall into cowardice, don’t rush God… if you are a warrior, then fight!”
Fatherland is the highest value of the Russian Officer. The main thing is Russia, everything else is transient: “I, a Russian Officer, have the Honor, but I live for the sake of serving the Fatherland ... I agree to live and die without a name, always remembering the main thing: if only the name of the Motherland remains holy.”
Love your Fatherland - Russia, know its history, observe glorious traditions and be a noble citizen and patriot, do not lose heart under any circumstances, do not stop at any obstacles. Do not allow treason and betrayal, be faithful to the breath of the People and the Fatherland, serve him faithfully, to the last drop of blood to protect him from external and internal enemies.
Be aware of personal responsibility not only for the combat readiness of the entrusted unit and the security of their environment, but also in general for the defense of the Russian State, the state of its Armed Forces, for victories and defeats, the development of military art, the improvement of military affairs, especially in the conditions of modern information-psychological, financial - economic, sabotage and terrorist wars, which are of a total nature and affect all the bonds of the state: territory, economy, management, public consciousness, morale.
Constantly seek and obtain Honor for oneself following the example and dignity of great ancestors, rely on their traditions and precepts; study military history and use its lessons to strengthen the Russian Army, the successive development of the Officer Corps.
To tirelessly develop the qualities necessary for a military man: honesty, disinterestedness, truthfulness, straightforwardness, good manners, modesty, patience, constancy, patronage of the weak, innocent and offended; cultivate discipline, resolute character, the will to win, "diligence for the common cause and fidelity to service", insight, self-control, initiative, courage, courage, boldness, vigor, endurance and other military virtues.
To be a creative person, independent in actions and thoughts, noble in actions and intentions; “to fix things with reason, and not to stick to the military regulations, like a blind wall”; constantly train your mind, expand your cultural horizons; be able to recognize and develop the talents of their subordinates.
Know the Laws of Russia and the Military Regulations, deeply understand military affairs, the current situation, methods and methods of war against Russia, be a professional, constantly improve in the subject of your service; always behave and act "as an honest, faithful and brave Officer should"; perform their duties zealously and diligently, always keeping in mind the benefit of the service and the public interest - selfishness and careerism are contrary to the essence of public service.
Strive to become not just a military specialist, a military leader of subordinates in the Army or in civilian life, but also an ideological inspirer, the ruler of Russian hearts, a subtle psychologist and propagandist; to be able to win not only with a sword, but also with a word, to master the techniques of eloquence; to fight against the anti-state and pacifist teachings that are corrupting the Army and the State.
To achieve victories with "little bloodshed", to fight courageously and bravely, not forgetting about prudence; in word, deed and personal example to encourage warriors to show steadfastness in battle, not to retreat without an order, to fight to the last opportunity, to die with Honor and Glory; to lead troops into battle, not to send; do not feel sorry for yourself, do not avoid difficulties, show personal courage, contempt for dangers and death; do not despair of defeats, but turn them to the benefit of future victories; behave with dignity in captivity, make every effort to return to duty and continue the struggle.
For the Russian Officer, "a soldier is dearer than himself"; he is a “brother”, “knight”, “miracle hero”. Take care of the soldiers, treat them with care, philanthropy: educate them in piety and fidelity, "industrious desire for military service"; to teach properly, "without cruelty and haste"; to achieve a solid assimilation by them of methods and actions, the foundations of military art.
For the Russian Officer, comradeship is selflessness and sacrificial readiness to come to the rescue both in battle and in Everyday life. Strengthen the officer fraternity, the ability to "act at the same time against the enemy"; “Do not dishonor your comrades by word or deed, abide in inseparable love, peace and harmony, show worthy respect”; to show mutual assistance and mutual assistance, to keep associates from bad deeds; revere with mournful memory and prayer those who fell on the battlefield and thus brought their lives to the altar of the Fatherland, keep memories of their exploits.
An officer must always keep his word. Already out of respect for himself, he must be the master of his word. No one dares to doubt his word of honor. Insincerity is a sign of lack of courage, and therefore it affects the Honor of an Officer.
The imperative of officer life is the firm knowledge and belief that “the Russian Army, accustomed to win, can be inflicted individual defeats, but it cannot be defeated ... The army, entering the war, must believe that at the end of it there will be Victory. Both the plowman and the soldier equally endure deprivation for the sake of the end result. If it were not for this alluring goal, then what is the point of our efforts?
A special honor is to stand under the humiliated Banners, desecrated by the enemy and dishonored among the people, in order to win the next campaign and prevent more defeats.
The difficult and noble profession of an Officer is a necessary and useful thing for the Russian people and Russia. It is not profitable in monetary or career terms. The dignity of an Officer lies in the dreams and desire to make a career and become a commander. Distinguished in the service and in cases against the enemy. Otherwise, it’s better to immediately go “trade in suspenders or beetroot marmalade.” The honor of an Officer does not allow you to be a careerist, even smart and knowledgeable, and not to put your career above the interests of Russia!
“Do your job, keep your word, tell the truth, don’t flatter, refrain from exorbitant drinks and snacks”, learn from others, including the enemy of energy, efficiency and punctuality, be frank, “but within those limits that in no way offend neither my Honor nor the Honor of my State.
For the Russian Officer, all our past, all present and all future is embodied in one great and all-encompassing word - Russia.
Those who have chosen the Tsar's Service, whether it be an officer, warrant officer, midshipman, sergeant, soldier, must always remember that they serve and sacrifice their lives for the sake of higher Truths, that "they do not have a second Fatherland in reserve" and "swear only once." An Honor Officer cannot retire or retire.
IN Russian Empire the title "Russian officer" was not just a designation of professional or social affiliation. The title "officer" meant belonging to a special caste of people for whom honor and dignity were dearer than life. They fought for honor, they died for it. During Russo-Japanese War In 1904, captain Valentin Kulchitsky wrote "Advice to a Young Officer", which, in fact, became the code of honor for a Russian officer. The book also includes: "The Duel Code" by V. Durasov, equally fair for both civilians and the military, and A. S. Pushkin's story "The Shot", as the most vivid illustration and officer's honor, and duel history. For the duel is "the last argument for the preservation of honor."
The following excerpt from the book Code of honor of a Russian officer (collection) (A. S. Pushkin, 20156) provided by our book partner - the company LitRes.
© Edition. Decor. LLC Group of Companies "RIPOL classic", 2016
Captain V. Kulchitsky
Tips for a young officer
Preface to the 1916 edition
Advice to a Young Officer, published in the third edition, is now even more necessary and useful due to wartime. The accelerated graduation of young people into officers does not give them the opportunity and time to learn in schools all the subtleties of tradition, the correct view of the essence of military education and discipline.
The young officer will have to work on himself independently. It is for this work that this manual will render invaluable services to each officer. It will give him useful advice and guidance on many issues of the upcoming service. The laconic presentation of individual aphorisms guarantees quick memorization and the ability to find the necessary information at any time. If we take into account that misdemeanors in peacetime become crimes in wartime, and are punished especially severely, then the value of the advice collected here in a concise form becomes even more obvious. They enable the officer to avoid many mistakes, to understand what is legal and what is criminal, to understand everything that is required of him in order to be a good officer who does not drop his dignity.
These tips are equally useful to those who are on the front lines and in the rear of the army, where they often have to deal with people of dubious professions and behavior.
This handbook will save young officers from many mistakes and blunders in the service and in private life. An officer who has not yet mastered his new position, which is based on conventions, restraint and military tact, is often at a loss and does not know how he should act in certain cases not provided for by the charters. And as a result of ignorance of laws in general (even if it is important for the military to protect one's honor with weapons), irreparable blunders occur, forcing the officer to leave the regiment or end up on trial.
We repeat that here are succinctly set forth those rules of life, which, undoubtedly, will only benefit every officer in the upcoming service. These original aphorisms make the officer think seriously about military service on the merits, and not judge it superficially, by its external form and saber-rattling.
An officer will not find these councils in any charters.
The purpose of this peculiar work is the desire to prevent inexperienced military youth from a false, destructive step. Here are collected old, but eternal truths that are forgotten by the majority, and unknown to young officers.
The third edition of this handbook speaks for itself.
V. M. Kulchitsky "Discipline above all."
I. The basis and essence of military service
Believe in God, be devoted to the Sovereign Emperor, His Family and love the Motherland.
The first and main duty of a soldier is loyalty to the Sovereign Emperor and the Fatherland. Without this quality, he is unfit for military service. The integrity of the Empire and the maintenance of its prestige is based on the strength of the army and navy; their qualities and shortcomings resonate throughout the country, so it is not your business to get involved in social issues and political philosophies; your job is to carry out your duties steadily.
Put above all the glory of the Russian army.
Be brave. But courage is true and feigned. The arrogance of youth is not courage. A military man must always be prudent and consider his actions calmly and carefully. If you are low and arrogant, everyone will hate you.
Obey discipline.
Dragoon officer during the Napoleonic wars. 1800–1815
Respect your boss and trust him.
Be afraid to violate your duty - by doing this you will forever lose your good name.
The officer must be faithful and truthful. Without these qualities, it is almost impossible for a military man to remain in the army. Veren is a person doing his duty; truthful - if he does not change his word. Therefore, never promise unless you are sure that you will keep the promise.
Be polite and humble in dealing with all people.
The best part of courage is caution.
II. Arrival at the regiment
Arriving at the regiment, the officer acts in accordance with the Const. garn. sl. Art. 400 and 401, i.e., is the commander of the regiment. In practice, they do this: arriving at the office at about 11 o’clock, the officer introduces himself and first of all gets acquainted with the regimental adjutant, who gives all the necessary advice and instructions, since each regiment has its own customs and traditions. If an officer appears to the regiment commander at the apartment, then, without finding him at home, he should appear a second time, trying to catch him: it is not recommended to sign or leave a service ticket for the first time. Report to the commander of the company (hundred, squadron, battery) to which the appointment took place. Taking in the office from the senior clerk a list with the addresses of Messrs. officers and noting married people in it, make visits to everyone without delay. It is recommended to have time to do them at once, in one day. The dress code is dress code. The rest of the time: for all official occasions, visits, congratulations - ordinary, unless ordered by regiment to be in a different one. Not finding the elder at home - leave a service ticket (not a business card at all). Married - a service ticket and a business card. Before being presented to the regiment commander and not yet in the regiment, appearing in public places (theaters, gardens, concerts, evenings) is considered tactless. Upon arrival at the regiment, the first impression is of great importance.
Having not yet arrived at the regiment and being on vacation, having met an officer of your regiment (in the same city), you should definitely approach him and introduce yourself first, and appear to the regiment commander.
III. Relationships with superiors and with yourself
Always remember that you are an officer.
Be formal with your superiors.
Remember that the boss is always and everywhere the boss.
Never criticize the actions and deeds of the authorities in general; with someone especially, and God forbid - with the lower ranks.
Any order of the head of the service, in whatever form it may be expressed (proposal, request, advice), is an order (Decision of the Chief Military Court of 1881 No. 183).
If you are older in rank, and in terms of the distribution of posts you will be subordinate to the younger, you are obliged to fulfill all the orders of the person placed over you, without any dispute (St. Military. P., VII ed. 2.20).
If you come on vacation for three days or less, then, without appearing in person, you must certainly send your vacation ticket to the command. control.
Arriving for more than three days, it is necessary to appear personally to the commandant.
At the end of the vacation period, he is obliged to appear again at the commandant's office or inform the commandant's office in an open letter: “I went to the place of my service today” (signature).
“Who wants to be able to order, must be able to obey!” Napoleon said.
Take care of your honor, the honor of the regiment and the army.
Dress appropriately and always clean.
Be strict with your duties (Disc. set. § 1).
Keep yourself simple, with dignity, without foppishness.
Cossack and officer. 1812
Be restrained (correct) and tactful always, with everyone and everywhere.
Be courteous and pre-emptive, but not intrusive and flattering. Know how to leave on time so as not to be superfluous.
It is necessary to remember the boundary where complete politeness ends and where servility begins.
Make yourself talk less.
Be observant and careful in expressions.
Do not write hasty letters and reports in haste.
Be less frank in general - you will regret it. Remember: "My tongue is my enemy."
Don't be silly - you won't prove your dashing, but you will compromise yourself. Forget the "good old time" and the expression: "Bad officer who doesn't drink." Now it’s different: “A bad officer who drinks” ... and “such” officer is not kept in the regiment.
Do not rush to converge on a short leg with a person whom you did not know enough.
Avoid “you”, which gives a reason and the right to familiarity in bad taste (amikoshonstvo), an excuse on the rights of friendship to scold you, interfere in your affairs, say vulgarity, rudeness, etc.
Often the elder, having drunk, offers the first one to switch to “you” with him. Nevertheless, the next day, be diplomatic: either speak to him in “you”, or wait until he first turns to you in “you”. In a word, tact is a necessary condition in order not to get into an awkward position and into a mess.
Avoid stories and scandals. Do not act as an uninvited witness: by supporting one, you will make an enemy in the other: a double-edged sword. Neutrality is a means even for great powers to maintain good relations with everyone.
A person who has made enemies, no matter how smart, kind, honest and truthful he is, dies almost inevitably, because our enemies in society are always active; friends are always passive - they only sympathize, regret, sigh, but do not fight for the perishing, fearing for their own fate.
Life Guards Cossack Regiment. Cossacks in Paris in 1814
Avoid cash accounts with comrades. Money always ruins relationships.
“If you can, help a friend financially, but personally avoid taking it, because it drops your dignity.”
Do not make debts, do not dig holes for yourself. Live within your means. Drop false selfishness. It is immoral to make debts without being able to pay them, otherwise - do not get into someone else's pocket ... In a word: "Stretch your legs according to your clothes."
Do not splurge on someone else's account, not having the means to repay the same, if you do not want your dignity and pride to suffer. Remember the French proverb: "It is better to drink bad wine from your own small glass than good wine from someone else's large."
Live alone - calmer. Living together with a friend eventually leads to a break.
Do not take personally offensive remarks, witticisms, ridicule, said after, which often happens on the streets and in public places. Be above it. Leave - you will not lose, but you will get rid of the scandal.
Consider every decisive step. It is impossible to correct a mistake, but it is difficult to make amends. "Measure seven times, cut once."
"Be attentive before a quarrel than yield after a quarrel."
At a critical moment, friends will not help: in military service they are powerless, bound by discipline and obedience to superiors.
If you can’t say anything good about someone, then refrain from saying bad things, if you know.
Do not ignore anyone's advice - listen. The right to follow him or not will remain with you.
To be able to take good advice from another is no less an art than to give good advice to oneself.
Avoid military conversations with anyone outside of duty, especially during wartime.
Cossacks in Paris in 1814
Be careful in choosing acquaintances; be guided not only by their education, but also by their social position in society. "Tell me who you know and what you read, and I'll tell you who you are."
In the presence of batmen (in general, with servants), refrain from talking on sensitive topics. This habit is necessary firmly root in yourself and always remember it. Unfortunately, most people forget this. Meanwhile, the servants listen with particular sensitivity and look closely at the life of their masters, take note of everything and often carry ridiculous gossip to the homes of acquaintances (through the servants).
The person using the batman must monitor his health, behavior and must not allow illegal treatment with him; It is absolutely forbidden to give orderlies for the service of another person.
Responsibility for non-compliance with the uniform of a batman and his behavior falls on the officer with whom the batman is a member.
Do not use the services of someone else's orderly, without prior permission, do not order anything - tactless.
After graduating from school, continue to study. In the knowledge of the art of war is your strength. There is no time to learn in battles, but you have to apply what you have learned. Do not lose sight of the fact that it is necessary to know all kinds of weapons.
The officer in all cases of his life and service submits a written report: on arrival in the regiment, on departure on a business trip, vacation and return from such, on taking up or surrendering a position, on illness and recovery, on clashes and cases in the service or outside it , about any petitions and so on.
Reports are written concisely, to the point and without titles to the boss.
The signature of an officer, in whatever rank he may be, must always be legible and without any flourishes.
Military officials are governed by the same rules as officers.
Carabinieri officer of the Russian Imperial Guard. 1815
IV. old truths
Firmness of will and fearlessness are two qualities necessary for a military man.
An officer needs to be distinguished by moral qualities, on which the personal greatness of a fighter is based, since charm over the masses, which is so necessary for a leader, is associated with him.
The strength of an officer is not in impulses, but in inviolable calm.
Honor tempers courage and ennobles bravery.
Honor is the shrine of an officer.
The officer must respect the human rights of his brother - the lower rank.
The boss, who does not spare the pride of his subordinates, suppresses in them the noble desire to become famous and thereby lowers their moral strength.
All age classes of the population pass through the ranks of the army, the influence of the officer corps extends to all the people.
Woe to the country if, leaving the service, a soldier endures disgust for the soldiers' ranks.
Do not pass off as irrefutable truth what you either do not believe at all, or at least doubt. To do so is a crime.
It is necessary that not only the formal side of the service flourish, but also the moral one.
The army is an oak that protects the Motherland from storms.
V. Rules of life
For regimental ladies do not look after (in the vulgar sense). Do not create dirt in your regimental family, in which you will have to serve for decades. Such novels always end tragically.
Never express opinions about women. Remember - women at all times have been the cause of discord and the greatest misfortunes not only of individuals, but of entire empires.
Protect the reputation of the woman who trusted you, whoever she may be. A decent person in general, especially an officer, even in the intimate circle of his faithful and experienced friends, never talks about such things, because a woman is always most afraid of publicity.
There are situations in life when you need to silence your heart and live with your mind.
In your intimate life, be very, very careful - "the regiment is your supreme judge."
Any unseemly actions of an officer are discussed by the regimental court of honor.
Officer of the Cossack Don Army of the Imperial Guard of Russia. 1815
One should not talk about service and affairs in society.
Keep the entrusted secret or secret, even of an unofficial nature. A secret communicated by you to even one person ceases to be a secret.
Do not cross the line of conventions developed by the traditions of the regiment and life.
Be guided in life by instinct, a sense of justice and a duty of decency.
Be able not only to think and reason, but be silent in time and hear everything.
In military service, do not show pride in trifles, otherwise you will always suffer because of it.
Always be on the lookout and don't let go.
Although military personnel are allowed to engage in literary activities, they do not have the right to sign under their articles indicating their rank and position. (Circus. Head. Piece 1908 No. 61).
For printing, military personnel are subject not only to the general criminal procedure, but can be brought to court by the society of officers, and those not subject to this court - to disciplinary liability, inclusive up to dismissal from service in a disciplinary procedure ( Prik. according to the Military Vedas. 1908 No. 310)
To catch other people in lies means to harm yourself and them.
Try to keep your words soft in a dispute, and your arguments firm. Try not to annoy the enemy, but to convince him.
It is not customary for officers to dance at public masquerades.
When entering a public place, be careful, if the audience is without an overcoat or caps, then you must do the same.
If you want to smoke, ask the ladies for permission, but rather wait until you are offered either by the mistress of the house or by the elder (depending on where and when).
Everyone has his own shortcomings: no one can do without the help of others, and therefore we must help each other with advice and mutual warnings.
When speaking, avoid gestures and do not raise your voice.
If you enter a society in which there is a person with whom you are in a quarrel, then, when greeting everyone, it is customary to give a hand to him, of course, if this cannot be avoided without paying the attention of those present or the owners. Sharing a hand does not give rise to unnecessary talk, and does not oblige you to anything.
According to the Highest expressed will, it is necessary for an officer to salute, when meeting on the streets, chief officers of all types of weapons, regardless of their rank and without waiting for a greeting from them first.
Chief officers (lieutenant colonels, colonels) and generals are obliged to salute the established honor. When entering them, if the officer was sitting, it is necessary to stand up and bow, and not barely get up or continue to sit.
Officer of the Russian Imperial Guard. 1815
It is indecent to salute and casually accept honor (also of the lower ranks) with your left hand (except for the wounded) or with a cigarette in your teeth, nod your head, keep your left hand in your pocket when saluting.
The cap must be worn in accordance with the charter, and the overcoat must always be fastened with all buttons.
Needless to say, an officer must obey in public places all the rules that exist for the public.
In general, the behavior of an officer should pay attention to others with his correctness and foresight.
VI. In service
Don't let mistakes and false tricks confuse you. Nothing teaches like the realization of one's mistake. This is one of the main means of self-education.
Only those who do nothing do not make mistakes.
Spare the vanity of the soldiers. In ordinary people, it is no less developed than in us, and, due to their subordination, is more sensitive.
Soldiers are not silent sheep, but merciless judges who came from different parts of boundless Russia, taking back everything they experienced in the service: gratitude and anger, respect and contempt, love and hatred. The silence of the soldiers is bound by a harsh and iron discipline, and does not come from a lack of development. They know how to appreciate justice and humanity.
Beating a soldier is against the law.
Adjutant General Dragomirov said: “Correct the stance without touching it. When you correct with words, the soldier will correct himself, and if you sculpt with your hands, he will forget what the mistake was, because it did not reach his consciousness.
Even a horse loves to be told, and teaching a man like a dumb creature is not at all appropriate.
In the classroom, always be cheerful, always even and calm, demanding and fair.
You should not “flirt” with a soldier - you will undermine your authority.
It is important that subordinates respect you, and not be afraid. Where there is fear, there is no love, but there is hidden ill will or hatred.
Be truthful always, and especially with a soldier. Fulfill the promise to him, otherwise you will accustom him to lying.
Truthfulness everywhere, and especially in education, is the main condition.
Never touch a drunk. If a soldier is drunk, never personally take repressive measures, so as not to be insulted and protested, often unconsciously. Order the drunk to be taken to the same lower ranks as he is (but not to the non-commissioned officer - for the same reasons), and if they are not there, to the police. By this you save a drunk from the crime of insulting an officer (non-commissioned officer).
When arresting those in a state of intoxication, it is forbidden to enter into any personal explanations with the violator of order.
In difficult moments, tone means a lot, because what to do is in the sense of an order, and what to do is in tone.
There is nothing worse than indecision. Better a worse decision than hesitation or inaction. You can't get back a lost moment.
Respect the laws and teach them to respect them by your own example.
Do not object and do not enter into an argument in the service with a senior in rank.
Be careful with the state property and money entrusted to you by service. No matter how much you need money, never borrow from it. Any defect is a waste. The responsibility is great.
Officer of the Imperial Guard. 1815
VII. In training with soldiers
The dull monotony of occupations does not develop the soldier, but kills the spirit.
A soldier, going home, carries with him the imprint of those chiefs who led him.
The officer should know first of all with whom he is dealing. Representatives of all nationalities of Russia gather in the barracks or in the trenches. Their beliefs, views, character, moral warehouse are different. Think about these first hours of soldier's service. Encourage this adult child.
Tell the recruit from the heart a few good, warm words. Do not tell him anything about the service in the first days. Don't scare him. Do it intelligently, and you will conquer him: he is yours.
Woe to you if a recruit is distrustful and sees in his boss only a strict formal serviceman, capable only of punishing.
The officer must gain confidence different ways. One of them is literacy, the Russian alphabet.
Literacy is strength, the most strong remedy, capable of destroying any suitably false political outlook with which a recruit can appear in the barracks.
Do not forget the soldier's kitchen, because "through the stomach of a soldier goes the way to his heart."
Do not resort to harmful sentimentalism.
A soldier likes to be talked to.
The officer is the older brother of a soldier.
Brother, but not familiar otherwise discipline is in danger.
Mean by this the command is reasonable, strict, but humane, devoid of arrogance and cruelty.
Senior officer of the imperial guard. 1815
For military educational work, one of the means is frequent communication with the lower ranks, conversations.
Arrange things in such a way that the hours of "literacy" for the soldiers will be a pleasant and useful rest.
You go to literature - work out a little at home, draw up a summary of the conversation, a plan on a piece of paper.
Don't get carried away with lectures. Important condition: short reading time: 1/2 - 3/4 hours! Experience has proven that it is difficult to listen for a long time, people get tired, fall asleep.
Reading should be interrupted; move on to conversations, to jokes - they are useful: with laughter, the brain rests and will again be functional.
Communicate little by little: one or two thoughts.
Take, for example, a show.
Good example rules are always better.
Create a soldier in spirit, not in form.
Games are the most important department of physical education, they strengthen the spirit, heal the body. Love a soldier
VIII. About the court of honor
Do not forget that in order to preserve the dignity of military service, officers who are seen in disapproving behavior or actions that are incompatible with the concepts of military honor and valor of an officer's rank or exposing the lack of rules of morality and nobility in an officer are subjected to the court of the society of officers. This court is also given the right to deal with quarrels that occur between officers.
The court of honor is carried out at closed doors. No more than 24 hours is required for the consideration of the case in the court of honor and the decision of the verdict. On the verdict of the court of honor on the merits of the case, complaints do not rely. The court of honor is a regimental secret, divulging it is subject to a court of honor.
Among the actions dealt with in the regimental court of honor may be: a fight between officers, borrowing money from lower ranks, playing cards with lower ranks, playing billiards, bringing persons of dubious behavior to the officers' meeting, writing anonymous letters, dishonest game cards, refusal to pay a card debt, ambiguous courtship of the wife of a comrade in the regiment, appearing in a public place drunk or indecent, etc.
Duels are allowed only by order or permission of the regimental court of honor. Dueling in wartime is prohibited.
Hussar. 1818
IX. Supervisor's Responsibilities
The chief must develop and maintain in his subordinates the consciousness of the sanctity of the oath and the high significance of a warrior called to protect the Faith, the Tsar and the Fatherland from external and internal enemies, to be an example for them in the performance of duty and service.
Be fair, even, persistent in your demands, setting an example of vivacity, impeccable behavior, exact fulfillment of all the requirements of the law and the orders of your superiors.
Unquestioning obedience to the chief is the soul of military service and the key to success in battle.
Take care of the health of your subordinates, delve into their life and needs, be their adviser, leader and intercede for them before their superiors, take care of their well-being, be benevolent.
The junior in rank in the presence of the elder does not make any remarks to anyone.
It is forbidden by law to borrow money from the lower ranks.
If necessary, he should always contact his immediate superior. With the permission of this latter, you can turn to the next boss in command.
When present at reviews and exercises, one should not be in an overcoat or cape, if the chief and senior are without them.
It is not allowed to take off your hat to greet.
When giving an order, be guided by the following:
a) the order must be reasonable;
b) conveniently executable for the person who received the order;
c) give the order firmly, clearly and definitely;
d) be sure to make him repeat the order you gave to make sure it is understandable. If the soldier cannot repeat it, then do not be angry, but explain it to him calmly a second time until he understands.
One should not enter the premises of another company (manege, stables) without the knowledge of the commander or officer of this company; only the officer on duty is obliged to be everywhere, without reporting to anyone, during the day or night, being responsible person for the welfare of the part.
Refrain from doing anything or even giving direct orders to people other than their superiors, to whom they are subordinate.
In the ranks, do not rush to correct mistakes yourself and do not command, in addition to those to whom it belongs.
With all sorts of blunders and shortcomings on the part of people, where there is only no evil will, take on first of all the individual and platoon. The soldier knows his business - ask who taught him; reward or punish first of all this latter as responsible for him.
In a word, strictly observe the subordination, which exists only for this, so that there is order. Never jump over its steps, no matter how modest they may be, because by doing so you will allegedly show the uselessness of bosses as such.
Everything that contributes to the development of camaraderie and the merging of squads and platoons into one whole should be encouraged in every possible way; anything that hinders it must be eliminated immediately.
X. Information for wartime
Going to positions, do not take unnecessary things - you will have to throw them away.
It is useful to stock up on a Swedish leather jacket: it gives warmth and protects against dampness in winter and summer.
It is necessary to have a first-aid kit, insect repellent and Persian (Dalmatian) powder.
In the trenches, during a free period of calm, engage in service and entertainment with the soldiers.
In wartime, outside of duty, completely avoid talking on military topics and do not express your assumptions or information to anyone.
In wartime, unauthorized, albeit one-day, absence is considered an escape.
Officer of the Life Guards Jaeger Regiment. Alexander Orlovsky. 1823–1825
In wartime, espionage is highly developed, so you need to be careful.
Enemy spies (men and women) wear various forms. Women often appear under the guise of sisters of mercy or refugees.
XI. On the defense of honor with weapons
Always carry the appropriate weapon with you.
Weapons are the pride of a soldier.
Be careful with him; respect him; don't joke with him.
Always know how to wield a weapon - do not unsheath it in vain! This is a drawing of bad taste, boyishness or civilian manner.
If circumstances are compelled to resort to force of arms, there should be no half-measures.
The highest gift after strength is the ability to control oneself.
Consider beforehand those cases when you have to resort to weapons in private life, so that difficult moments do not take you by surprise. The step to resort to arms is a serious one, affecting the service and changing fate, often irrevocably. When resorting to weapons, keep in mind the assessment of public opinion ... Even for one exposure of weapons and a threat, you will answer in court.
Russian officer. 1825–1830
The use of weapons in peacetime, caused by extreme circumstances, should correspond to military dignity and valor, guarding which every soldier is obliged to remember that everything is in vain, unnecessary and against the law action by force against civilians lies down dark spot to the army and entails strict liability before the court.
XII. When is defense with a weapon allowed?
Defense is allowed by laws to protect:
b) health;
c) freedom;
d) female honor and chastity;
e) dwellings - in case of forcible invasion;
f) property (robbery) or when a criminal, caught while stealing or damaging property, by force resists his detention or taking away the stolen.
Therefore, for example, killing a thief before he has offered any resistance or attack, does not fit the concept of defense and punishable as just murder (Dec. W.C. D. Rules. Senate 1874 No. 172).
Defense is allowed only in the case of a real attack, expressed already in any threatening actions. On the other hand, a supposed or imagined intention to carry out an attack, not expressed in any actions, cannot be considered a condition for a necessary defense.
Defense is allowed to protect not only oneself, but also other persons in danger.
Defense is allowed only in the event of an illegal attack. Therefore, it is impossible to defend oneself from persons who commit, although violent, but legal actions, for example. from policemen or patrol officers detaining on duty persons who make a mess. It will no longer be defense, but resistance to the authorities (106 and 107 st. XXII book., St. V. P. 270 st. St. on punishment, etc.).
In defense, the use of force and whatever measures are allowed, and consequently, if necessary, the use of weapons.
Defense is allowed only to the extent really necessary to repel an attack. Therefore, any harm inflicted on the attacker in vain, after the danger has already been averted, is recognized as an abuse of defense and subjects the guilty person to punishment, depending on the circumstances, from a reprimand to eight months in prison (replaced, of course, for military personnel by the corresponding military punishment).
Defense against a superior is not allowed at all, except in the case when the actions of the superior threaten the subordinate with a clear danger, but even in this case it should be limited to protection, to the extent necessary for personal self-preservation. Therefore, for example, beatings inflicted by a superior on a subordinate do not give the latter the right to defend himself, unless they threaten him with a clear danger (Decision of Chapter V. of the Court of 1871 No. 38; 1873 No. 227; 1887 No. 15).
Subject to all the above conditions, the defender from the attack is not liable for his actions, even if the consequence of them was to inflict wounds, mutilation and even death on the attacker.
A fight cannot be subsumed under the concept of necessary defense. The use of weapons in a fight exposes the perpetrator to liability under the law (Street on Punishment, st. 1465-1485).
"Russian officer" is the definition of a special breed of people. Rather a title than a title that unites several eras of our history at once. And not every Russian military can really be considered a Russian officer. Probably everyone remembers this quote: "... what is the honor of an officer, I know - they quickly learned this at the front"? Vladimir Sharapov's remark from "The meeting place cannot be changed." Although formally he was a Soviet officer, he was Russian in spirit.
The point, of course, is not in innate qualities. Fortitude, nobility - all this is taught. How to be a Russian officer. To do this, there was a special set of rules, which - albeit informally - had to be observed. Since the time of Peter I, there has been a charter in the Russian army. Already Peter's "Military Article" of 1715 regulated the basic rules of military science, army discipline and subordination.
However, there was another, informal set of rules for the behavior of an officer. Those rules that made a real gentleman out of an officer. For a long time there was no single written military code of honor, like the Japanese Bushido, in Russia. He appeared - a coincidence or not? - in 1904, in the year of the Russo-Japanese War. "Advice to a Young Officer" was written by captain Valentin Mikhailovich Kulchitsky. In fact, this is a set of already existing unwritten rules, Kulchitsky only brought them together. At one time it was the most popular brochure, now thoroughly forgotten: in the period from 1915 to 1917, it went through six editions.
Many of the rules of conduct listed in the "Tips ..." are universal and will be useful to any man. Here are some of them:
Prepared by Alexander Ryazantsev
