Plan
Introduction
1 General information
2 Legislative framework of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR
3 The first composition of the Council of People's Commissars of Soviet Russia
4 Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR
5 People's Commissars
6 Sources
Bibliography
Introduction
Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR (Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR, SNK RSFSR) - the name of the government of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from the October Revolution of 1917 to 1946. The council consisted of people's commissars who led the people's commissariats (people's commissariats, NK). After the formation of the USSR, a similar body was created at the union level.
1. General information
The Council of People's Commissars (SNK) was formed in accordance with the "Decree on the Establishment of the Council of People's Commissars", adopted by the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies on October 27, 1917.
The name "Council of People's Commissars" was suggested by Trotsky:
Power in Petersburg has been won. We need to form a government.
How to call it? Lenin reasoned aloud. Only not ministers: this is a vile, tattered name.
It could be commissars, I suggested, but now there are too many commissars. Maybe high commissioners? No, "supreme" sounds bad. Is it possible "folk"?
People's Commissars? Well, that would probably work. What about the government as a whole?
Council of People's Commissars?
The Council of People's Commissars, Lenin echoed, is excellent: it smells terribly of revolution.
According to the Constitution of 1918, it was called the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR.
The Council of People's Commissars was the highest executive and administrative body of the RSFSR, having full executive and administrative power, the right to issue decrees with the force of law, while combining legislative, administrative and executive functions.
The Council of People's Commissars lost the character of a temporary governing body after the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly, which was legally enshrined in the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918.
The issues considered by the Council of People's Commissars were decided by a simple majority of votes. The meetings were attended by members of the Government, the chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the manager of affairs and secretaries of the Council of People's Commissars, representatives of departments.
The permanent working body of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR was the affairs department, which prepared questions for meetings of the Council of People's Commissars and its standing committees, and received delegations. The staff of the administration of affairs in 1921 consisted of 135 people. (according to the data of the TsGAOR of the USSR, f. 130, op. 25, d. 2, ll. 19 - 20.)
By a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR of March 23, 1946, the Council of People's Commissars was transformed into the Council of Ministers.
2. Legislative framework of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR
According to the Constitution of the RSFSR dated July 10, 1918, the activities of the Council of People's Commissars are:
management of the general affairs of the RSFSR, management of individual branches of government (art. 35, 37)
· the issuance of legislative acts and the adoption of measures "necessary for the correct and rapid course of public life." (Art. 38)
The people's commissar has the right to single-handedly make decisions on all issues within the jurisdiction of the commissariat, bringing them to the attention of the collegium (Article 45).
All adopted resolutions and decisions of the Council of People's Commissars are reported by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (Article 39), which has the right to suspend and cancel the decision or decision of the Council of People's Commissars (Article 40).
17 people's commissariats are being created (in the Constitution, this figure is indicated erroneously, since there are 18 of them in the list presented in Article 43).
on foreign affairs;
on military affairs;
on maritime affairs;
on internal affairs;
justice;
social security;
education;
post and telegraph;
on the affairs of nationalities;
on financial matters;
· ways of communication;
· agriculture;
trade and industry;
food;
· State control;
· Supreme Council of National Economy;
health care.
Under each people's commissar and under his chairmanship, a collegium is formed, whose members are approved by the Council of People's Commissars (Article 44).
With the formation of the USSR in December 1922 and the creation of an all-union government, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR becomes the executive and administrative body of state power of the Russian Federation. The organization, composition, competence and procedure for the activities of the Council of People's Commissars were determined by the Constitution of the USSR of 1924 and the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1925.
Since then, the composition of the Council of People's Commissars has been changed in connection with the transfer of a number of powers to allied departments. 11 people's commissariats were established:
internal trade;
Finance
· internal affairs
justice
education
healthcare
farming
social security
The Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR now included, with the right of a decisive or advisory vote, authorized people's commissariats of the USSR under the Government of the RSFSR. The Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR allocated, in turn, a permanent representative to the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. (According to the information of the SU, 1924, N 70, Art. 691.) Since February 22, 1924, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR have a single Administration of Affairs. (Based on the materials of the TsGAOR of the USSR, f. 130, op. 25, d. 5, l. 8.)
With the introduction of the Constitution of the RSFSR of January 21, 1937, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR is accountable only to the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, in the period between its sessions - to the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR.
Since October 5, 1937, the composition of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR has 13 people's commissariats (data from the Central State Administration of the RSFSR, f. 259, op. 1, d. 27, l. 204.):
· Food Industry
light industry
timber industry
farming
State grain farms
livestock farms
Finance
domestic trade
justice
healthcare
education
local industry
public utilities
social security
The Council of People's Commissars also included the chairman of the State Planning Committee of the RSFSR and the head of the Department of Arts under the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR.
3. The first composition of the Council of People's Commissars of Soviet Russia
Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars - Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin)
People's Commissar for Internal Affairs - A. I. Rykov
People's Commissar of Agriculture - V. P. Milyutin
People's Commissar of Labor - A. G. Shlyapnikov
People's Commissariat for Military and Naval Affairs - a committee consisting of: V. A. Ovseenko (Antonov) (in the text of the Decree on the formation of the Council of People's Commissars - Avseenko), N. V. Krylenko and P. E. Dybenko
People's Commissar for Trade and Industry - V. P. Nogin
People's Commissar of Public Education - A. V. Lunacharsky
People's Commissar of Finance - I. I. Skvortsov (Stepanov)
People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs - L. D. Bronstein (Trotsky)
People's Commissar of Justice - G. I. Oppokov (Lomov)
People's Commissar for Food Affairs - I. A. Teodorovich
People's Commissar of Posts and Telegraphs - N. P. Avilov (Glebov)
People's Commissar for Nationalities - I. V. Dzhugashvili (Stalin)
· The post of People's Commissar for Railway Affairs remained temporarily unfilled.
The vacant post of People's Commissar for Railway Affairs was later taken by V. I. Nevsky (Krivobokov).
4. Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR
5. People's Commissars
Vice Chairmen:
Rykov A. I. (from the end of May 1921-?)
Tsyurupa A.D. (5.12.1921-?)
Kamenev L. B. (Jan. 1922-?)
Foreign Affairs:
Trotsky L. D. (10/26/1917 - 04/08/1918)
Chicherin G. V. (05/30/1918 - 07/21/1930)
For military and naval affairs:
Antonov-Ovseenko V. A. (26.10.1917-?)
Krylenko N. V. (26.10.1917-?)
Dybenko P. E. (26.10.1917-18.3.1918)
Trotsky L.D. (8.4.1918 - 26.1.1925)
Interior:
Rykov A. I. (26.10. - 4.11.1917)
Petrovsky G.I. (11/17/1917-3/25/1919)
Dzerzhinsky F. E. (30.3.1919-6.7.1923)
Lomov-Oppokov G. I. (26.10 - 12.12.1917)
Steinberg I. Z. (12.12.1917 - 18.3.1918)
Stuchka P. I. (18.3. - 22.8.1918)
Kursky D. I. (22.8.1918 - 1928)
Shlyapnikov A. G. (10/26/1917 - 10/8/1918)
Schmidt V.V. (8.10.1918-4.11.1919 and 26.4.1920-29.11.1920)
State Charity (from 26.4.1918 - Social Security; NKSO 4.11.1919 merged with the NK Labor, 26.4.1920 divided):
Vinokurov A. N. (March 1918-4.11.1919; 26.4.1919-16.4.1921)
Milyutin N. A. (acting commissar, June-6.7.1921)
Enlightenment:
Lunacharsky A. V. (26.10.1917-12.9.1929)
Post and telegraph:
Glebov (Avilov) N. P. (10/26/1917-12/9/1917)
Proshyan P.P. (9.12.1917 - 18.03.1918)
Podbelsky V. N. (11.4.1918 - 25.2.1920)
Lyubovich A. M. (24.3-26.5.1921)
Dovgalevsky V. S. (26.5.1921-6.7.1923)
For nationalities:
Stalin I. V. (26.10.1917-6.7.1923)
Finance:
Skvortsov-Stepanov I. I. (10/26/1917 - 1/20/1918)
Diamonds M. A. (19.1.-18.03.1918)
Gukovsky I. E. (April-16.8.1918)
Sokolnikov G. Ya. (11/23/1922-16/1/1923)
Ways of communication:
Elizarov M. T. (8.11.1917-7.1.1918)
Rogov A. G. (24.2.-9.5.1918)
Nevsky V. I. (25.7.1918-15.3.1919)
Krasin L. B. (30.3.1919-20.3.1920)
Trotsky L. D. (20.3-10.12.1920)
Emshanov A. I. (20.12.1920-14.4.1921)
Dzerzhinsky F. E. (14.4.1921-6.7.1923)
Agriculture:
Milyutin V.P. (26.10 - 4.11.1917)
Kolegaev A. L. (24.11.1917 - 18.3.1918)
Sereda S.P. (3/4/1918 - 10/02/1921)
Osinsky N. (Deputy People's Commissar, 24.3.1921-18.1.1922)
Yakovenko V. G. (18.1.1922-7.7.1923)
Trade and Industry:
Nogin V.P. (26.10. - 4.11.1917)
Smirnov V. M. (25.1.1918-18.3.1918)
Since the Jewish topic has already been touched upon, I will lay out one material that still did not find a place for itself. The question of Jewish representation in the upper echelons of Soviet power is still trembling very vividly to this day. Even I could not resist his seductive charms. Once I read the famous book “One Hundred and Forty Conversations with Molotov” by F. Chuev and one moment was very embarrassing. Here it is: “They say the Jews made the revolution, not the Russians. Well, few people believe in it. True, in the first government, in the Politburo, the majority were Jews. A very strange statement, because who, if not a "stone ass", knows the true state of things - but you go. And you can’t write off sclerosis.
In general, this is a very common misconception among a very wide public - that the Jews were in the majority in the Soviet leadership. Even at other my friends I read similar. I must say right away that the majority - both in the top of the party and in the government - have always been Russians. However, foreigners - including Jews - in certain periods had a very broad representation. In principle, quite a lot has already been written about the national composition of the party leadership, but with regard to the government, I only saw analyzes revolving around the first composition of the Council of People's Commissars (although, to be honest, I was not particularly interested in the plot itself). So I had the idea to dig and look for how many Jews were part of the Soviet government. At the end of the search, the following article turned up: Jews in the leadership of the USSR (1917-1991). I thought that it exhausted the topic, and was very sad for the wasted time, however, not without pleasure, I discovered that, in relation to the government, the text contains omissions, albeit insignificant, and decided to give up work. But now, I think, I have brought it to the end, and I present the results to the public.
I must say right away that I was only interested in the composition of the first Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR (1917-22) and the Council of People's Commissars / Council of Ministers of the USSR. Wikipedia tells us that "Before the creation of the USSR in 1922 and the formation of the Union Council of People's Commissars, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR actually coordinated the interaction between the Soviet republics that arose on the territory of the former Russian Empire." Therefore, our chronological framework will cover the years 1917-1991. As for personalities, I will present it in the form of a simple chronological list - in dynamics it is somehow easier to perceive.
TROTSKY Lev Davydovich (BRONSHTEIN Leiba Davidovich)
People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the RSFSR (November 1917 - March 1918).
People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs of the RSFSR / USSR (August 1918 - January 1925).
People's Commissar of Railways of the RSFSR (March-December 1920).
Chairman of the Main Concession Committee under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (June 1925 - 1927).STEINBERG Isaak Zakharovich (Yitzhok-Nakhmen Zerakhovich)
People's Commissar of Justice of the RSFSR (December 1917 - March 1918).SVERDLOV Veniamin Mikhailovich (Binyamin Movshevich)
People's Commissar of Railways of the RSFSR (January-February 1918).GUKOVSKY Isidor Emmanuilovich
People's Commissar for Financial Affairs of the RSFSR (March-August 1918).LUBOVICH Artemy Moiseevich
Acting People's Commissar for Posts and Telegraphs of the RSFSR, USSR (March 1920 - May 1921, November 1927 - January 1928).DOVGALEVSKY Valerian Savelyevich (Saulovich)
People's Commissar of Posts and Telegraph of the RSFSR (May 1921 - July 1923).SHEINMAN Aron Lvovich
Chairman of the Board of the State Bank of the RSFSR, USSR (October 1921 - December 1924, January 1926 - October 1928).
People's Commissar of Internal Trade of the USSR (December 1924 - November 1925).KAMENEV (ROSENFELD) Lev Borisovich
Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR / USSR (September 1922 - January 1926).
People's Commissar for Foreign and Domestic Trade of the USSR (January-November 1926).
Chairman of the Main Concession Committee under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (May 1929 - October 1932).SOKOLNIKOV Grigory Yakovlevich (BRILLIANT Girsh Yankelevich)
People's Commissar for Finance of the RSFSR / USSR (October 1922 - January 1926).YAKOVLEV (EPSTEIN) Yakov Arkadievich
People's Commissar for Agriculture of the USSR (December 1929 - April 1934).RUKHIMOVICH Moses Lvovich
People's Commissar of Railways of the USSR (June 1930 - October 1931).
People's Commissar for the Defense Industry of the USSR (December 1936 - October 1937).LITVINOV Maxim Maximovich (WALLAH-FINKELSTEIN Meer-Genokh Moiseevich)
People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the USSR (July 1930 - May 1939).Kalmanovich Moses Iosifovich
Chairman of the Board of the State Bank of the USSR (October 1930 - April 1934).
People's Commissar of Grain and Cattle Breeding State Farms of the USSR (April 1934 - April 1937).ROZENGOLTS Arkady Pavlovich
People's Commissar for Foreign Trade of the USSR (November 1930 - June 1937).
head of the Department of State Reserves under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (August-October 1937).SHUMYATSKY Boris Zakharovich
"People's Commissar of Cinematography": Chairman of Soyuzkino, Head of the Main Directorate of the Film Industry, Chairman of the State Directorate of the Film and Photo Industry under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (November 1930 - January 1938).GOLTSMAN Abram Zinovievich
head of the Main Directorate of the Civil Air Fleet under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (February 1932 - September 1933).GOLOSHCHEKIN Philip Isaevich (Shaya Isaakovich)
chief state arbitrator at the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (February 1933 - October 1939).KLEINER Israel Mikhailovich (Srul Meilihovich)
Chairman of the Committee for the Procurement of Agricultural Products under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (April 1934 - December 1936).
People's Commissar for Procurement of the USSR (December 1936 - August 1937).MARYASIN Lev Efimovich
Chairman of the Board of the State Bank of the USSR (April 1934 - July 1936).Weitzer Israel Yakovlevich
People's Commissar of Internal Trade of the USSR (July 1934 - October 1939).Yagoda Genrikh Grigorievich (YEGUDA Enoch Girshevich)
People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR (July 1934 - September 1936)
People's Commissar for Communications of the USSR (September 1936 - April 1937).KAGANOVICH Lazar Moiseevich
People's Commissar of Railways of the USSR (May 1935 - August 1937, April 1938 - March 1942, February 1943 - December 1944).
People's Commissar of Heavy Industry of the USSR (August 1937 - January 1939).
Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars / Council of Ministers of the USSR (August 1938 - May 1944, December 1944 - March 1953).
People's Commissar of the Fuel Industry of the USSR (January-October 1939).
People's Commissar of the Oil Industry of the USSR (October 1939 - July 1940).
Minister of Industry of Building Materials of the USSR (March 1946 - March 1947).
Chairman of the State Committee of the Council of Ministers of the USSR for the material and technical supply of the national economy (January 1948 - October 1952).
First Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (March 1953 - June 1957).
Chairman of the State Committee of the Council of Ministers of the USSR on labor and wages (May 1955 - May 1956).
Minister of Industry of Building Materials of the USSR (September 1956 - July 1957).KAMINSKY (HOFMANN) Grigory Naumovich
chief sanitary inspector of the USSR (1935 - June 1937).
People's Commissar of Health of the USSR (July 1936 - June 1937).KRUGLIKOV Solomon Lazarevich
Chairman of the Board of the State Bank of the USSR (July 1936 - September 1937).KHALEPSKY Innokenty Andreevich
People's Commissar for Communications of the USSR (April-August 1937).
Specially authorized Council of People's Commissars of the USSR for communications (August-November 1937).BRUSKIN Alexander Davidovich
People's Commissar of Mechanical Engineering of the USSR (October 1937 - June 1938).KAGANOVICH Mikhail Moiseevich
People's Commissar of the Defense Industry of the USSR (October 1937 - January 1939).
People's Commissar of the Aviation Industry of the USSR (January 1939 - January 1940).GILINSKY Abram Lazarevich
People's Commissar of the Food Industry of the USSR (January-August 1938).GINZBURG Semyon Zakharovich
Chairman of the Construction Committee under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (March 1938 - May 1939).
People's Commissar for Construction of the USSR (June 1939 - January 1946).
People's Commissar for the Construction of Military and Naval Enterprises of the USSR (January 1946 - March 1947).
Minister of Industry of Building Materials of the USSR (March 1947 - May 1950).DUKELSKY Semyon Semyonovich
Chairman of the Committee for Cinematography under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR in the rank of People's Commissar (March 1938 - June 1939).
People's Commissar of the Navy of the USSR (April 1939 - February 1942).BELENKY Zakhar Moiseevich
Acting Chairman of the Commission of Soviet Control under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (May 1938 - April 1939).ANCELOVICH Naum Markovich
People's Commissar of the Forestry Industry of the USSR (October 1938 - October 1940).PEARL Polina Semyonovna (KARPOVSKAYA Pearl Semyonovna)
People's Commissar of the Fishing Industry of the USSR (January-November 1939).VANNIKOV Boris Lvovich
People's Commissar for Armaments of the USSR (January 1939 - June 1941).
People's Commissar of Ammunition of the USSR (February 1942 - August 1945).
People's Commissar / Minister of Agricultural Engineering of the USSR (January-June 1946).
head of the First Main Directorate under the Council of People's Commissars / Council of Ministers of the USSR (August 1945 - March 1953).COUNTRYWOMAN (ZALKIND) Rozalia Samoilovna
Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (May 1939 - August 1943).
Chairman of the Commission of Soviet Control under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (May 1939 - September 1940).MEHLIS Lev Zakharovich
Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (September 1940 - May 1944).
People's Commissar / Minister of State Control of the USSR (September 1940 - June 1941, March 1946 - October 1950).ZALTSMAN Isaak Moiseevich
People's Commissar of the Tank Industry of the USSR (July 1942 - June 1943).REISER David Yakovlevich (Usherovich)
Minister of Construction of Heavy Industry Enterprises (May 1950 - March 1953).
Minister of Construction of Metallurgical and Chemical Industry Enterprises of the USSR (April 1954 - May 1957).DYMSHITS Veniamin Emmanuilovich
head of the capital construction department of the State Planning Committee of the USSR - Minister of the USSR (June 1959 - April 1962).
First Deputy Chairman of the State Planning Committee of the USSR - Minister of the USSR (April - July 1962).
Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (July 1962 - December 1985).
Chairman of the State Planning Committee of the USSR (July - November 1962).
Chairman of the Council of the National Economy of the USSR (November 1962 - October 1965).
Chairman of the State Committee of the Council of Ministers of the USSR for Logistics (October 1965 - June 1976).Volodarsky Lev Markovich (GOLDSTEIN Leiba Mordkovich)
head of the Central Statistical Office under the Council of Ministers of the USSR, Central Statistical Office of the USSR (August 1975 - December 1985).KOTLYAR Nikolai Isaakovich
Minister of Fisheries of the USSR (January 1987 - November 1991).RAEVSKY Vladimir Abramovich
Acting Minister of Finance of the USSR (November 1991 - March 1992).
Other authors (and still yes, and still no), listing the Jews in the Soviet government, often include among them representatives of other peoples, mostly, oddly enough, Russians. The reasons for this are not clear to me personally - in most cases, the origin can be quite easily established from the reference literature and there is absolutely no reason, in this situation, to voluntarily get into a puddle. But there is this phenomenon. I met the following "false Jews" from the people's commissars:
Yefim Slavsky (born into a Ukrainian peasant family);
Rodion Malinovsky (his origin is very murky: the son of a Ukrainian cook, the father is unknown - they suggest that he is from the Karaites, but they are not Jews, although they are Jews; the marshal's daughter claims that her grandfather is a "Russian prince");
Isidor Lyubimov (both Vaksberg and Solzhenitsyn write him down as a Jew, although a Bolshevik was born in the family of a Kostroma peasant. Apparently, the name confuses);
Pavel Yudin (the son of a Tula worker. Here, it seems, the surname is embarrassing);
Ivan Teodorovich (from a Polish noble family);
Avraamiy Zavenyagin (called by others Abram, although he is precisely Avraamy; the son of a train station driver in the Tula region);
Mikhail Frinovsky (from the family of a Penza teacher);
Vasily Rulev-Schmidt (from a poor family - a peasant father, a German cook mother);
Nikolai Krestinsky (“Molotov” touchingly remarks: “... apparently, the former Jew seems to be baptized, therefore Krestinsky. But maybe I’m wrong. Master, such a gentleman.” I could have wondered and found out that the master is from noble family);
Georgy "Lomov" Oppokov (also from the nobility).
Rumors circulate stubbornly about Andropov's Jewish origin - it's amazing! However, while there is no direct reliable information, we will believe the official biography. In a similar way, Philip Goloshchekin got on the list, rather, by inertia - there is no documentary evidence of his "real name" and Jewish origin. But this one, since no one argues, let it be for now.
Another question arises about the Khrushchev Ministry of Agriculture, Mikhail Olshansky - here he is, the stereotype of Jewish appearance does not much correspond, and the surname is Belarusian in origin. It seems that questions should not arise, however, the birthplace of the minister, Sarny, was at the beginning of the 20th century. So in this case, the grandmother said in two in the literal sense. If someone has confirmation or refutation of the guess, I would be very grateful.
Perhaps it is still worth dispelling a well-known misconception - despite the numerous statements of publicists of the "Black Hundred" ™ direction, the Bolshevik "tribune" Volodarsky, who was killed in the spring of 1918 in Petrograd, was never a member of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR (although he is credited with the fictitious post of "People's Commissar for Press, Propaganda and Agitation" "). The fact is that after the Bolsheviks came to power in the localities, following the example of the center, their own councils of people's commissars began to form. And so Volodarsky was a member of the council of commissars of the Union of Communes of the Northern Regions - it was there that he was the commissar for the press, propaganda and agitation. That is, this is a regional "minister", nothing more.
However, you will still meet the name "Volodarsky" in the list presented - only not at the beginning, but quite at the end. And for good reason: the statistician is the younger brother of the St. Petersburg "newspaper dictator". That's how it is in life :o)
Such was the situation in the Soviets with people's commissars and ministers of Jewish nationality. As you can see, nothing out of the ordinary, everything is quite decent. Much more decent than in sovereign, and then independent Russia, where for 21 years only 12 people from this people were part of the highest body of executive power. So you need to take a closer look at the national policy of the current government! ;about)
Z.Y. Of course, the representation of Jews at the government level is not limited to these persons - there were people's commissars "of them" in the union republics, but this already requires a separate special immersion. A separate special immersion also requires the topic of Jewish heads of branch headquarters of other giant people's commissariats - for the most part, by the end of the 30s, during Stalin's inflating of the states, they took shape as independent people's commissariats. The list of residents of the "Government House" shows that at this level the representation of Jews was much wider - approximately like with the "authorities", the list of heads of local branches of which in the 20-30s, in general, speaks for itself. But, again, you need to work separately.
SNK and people's commissariats
Briefly:
The state structure of the RSFSR was of a federal nature, the All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Slaves, Soldiers, Crips and Cossack Deputies was the highest authority.
The congress elected the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK) responsible to it, which formed the government of the RSFSR - the Congress of People's Commissars (SNK)
Local bodies were regional, provincial, district and volost congresses of councils, which formed their own executive committees.
Created "to govern the country until the convocation of the Constituent Assembly." 13 people's commissariats were formed - internal affairs, labor, military and naval affairs, trade and industry, public education, finance, foreign affairs, justice, food, post and telegraph, nationalities, communications. Chairmen of all people's commissariats included in the Council of People's Commissars
The Council of People's Commissars had the right to replace individual members of the government or its entire composition. In urgent cases, the Council of People's Commissars could issue decrees without their preliminary discussion. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee approved the decrees of the Council of People's Commissars if they were of national importance.
Council of People's Commissars
According to the Decree of the II Congress of Soviets "to govern the country", a temporary 6 workers' and peasants' government was formed with the name - the Council of People's Commissars (abbreviated - SNK). "Management of individual branches of state life" was entrusted to commissions headed by chairmen. The chairmen united in the board of chairmen - the Council of People's Commissars. Control over the activities of the Council of People's Commissars and the right to remove commissars belonged to both the Congress and its All-Russian Central Executive Committee. The work of the Council of People's Commissars was built in the form of meetings that were convened almost every day, and from December 1917 - in the form of meetings of deputy people's commissars, who by January 1918 were determined to form a permanent commission of the Council of People's Commissars (Small Council of People's Commissars). Since February 1918, the practice of convening joint meetings of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars began to be practiced.
Initially, only the Bolsheviks entered the Council of People's Commissars. This situation was due to the following circumstances. The formation of a one-party system in Soviet Russia did not take shape immediately after the October Revolution, but much later, and was explained primarily by the fact that the cooperation of the Bolshevik Party with the Menshevik and Right Social Revolutionary parties, who defiantly left the Second Congress of Soviets and then went over to the opposition, became impossible. The Bolsheviks offered to enter the government to the Left SRs, who then took shape in an independent party, but they refused to send their representatives to the Council of People's Commissars and took a wait-and-see attitude, although they became part of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Despite this, even after the Second Congress of Soviets, the Bolsheviks continued to look for ways of cooperation with the Left SRs: as a result of negotiations between them in December 1917, an agreement was reached on the entry into the SNK of seven representatives of the Left Socialist Revolutionaries, which accounted for a third of its composition. This government bloc was necessary to consolidate Soviet power, to win over to its side the broad peasant masses, among whom the Left Social Revolutionaries enjoyed serious influence. And although in March 1918 the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries withdrew from the Council of People's Commissars in protest of the signing of the Brest Peace, they remained in the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, other state bodies, including the military department, the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission under the Council of People's Commissars for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage (since August 1918 - with counter-revolution, profiteering and crimes in office).
SNK- from July 6, 1923 to March 15, 1946, the highest executive and administrative (in the first period of its existence also legislative) body of the USSR, its government (in each union and autonomous republic there was also a Council of People's Commissars, for example, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR).
People's Commissar (people's commissar) - a person who is part of the government and heads a certain people's commissariat (people's commissariat) - the central body of state administration in a separate area of \u200b\u200bstate activity.
The first Council of People's Commissars was established 5 years before the formation of the USSR, on October 27, 1917, by the Decree "On the Establishment of the Council of People's Commissars", adopted at the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets. Prior to the creation of the USSR in 1922 and the formation of the Union Council of People's Commissars, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR actually coordinated the interaction between the Soviet republics that arose on the territory of the former Russian Empire.
All rulers of Russia Vostryshev Mikhail Ivanovich
CHAIRMAN
COUNCIL OF PEOPLE'S COMMISSIONERS
VLADIMIR ILYICH LENIN
Volodya Ulyanov was born on April 10/22, 1870 in Simbirsk (now Ulyanovsk) in the family of an inspector of public schools.
Volodya's paternal grandfather Nikolai Vasilyevich Ulyanov, the son of a serf (there is no information about his nationality, presumably Russian or Chuvash), late married the daughter of a baptized Kalmyk, Anna Alekseevna Smirnova. Son Ilya was born when his mother was 43 years old, and his father - over 60 years old. Soon Nikolai Vasilievich died, Ilya was raised and taught by his elder brother Vasily, the clerk of the Astrakhan company Brothers Sapozhnikovs.
Lenin's maternal grandfather Alexander Dmitrievich - Srul (Israel) Moishevich - Blank - a baptized Jew, a doctor, whose considerable fortune increased significantly after marrying a German woman Anna Grigoryevna Grosskopf (the Grosskopf family also had Swedish roots). Lenin's early orphaned mother, Maria Alexandrovna, like her four sisters, was raised by her maternal aunt, who taught her nieces music and foreign languages.
In the Ulyanov family, the efforts of Maria Alexandrovna maintained a special reverence for the German order and accuracy. The children spoke foreign languages (Lenin was fluent in German, read and spoke French, and knew English worse).
Volodya was a lively, lively and cheerful boy, he loved noisy games. He didn't play with toys so much as break them. About five years old he learned to read, then he was prepared by the parish teacher of Simbirsk for the gymnasium, where he entered the first class in 1879.
“When he was still a child, he was taken to one of the best Russian ophthalmologists, who then thundered throughout the Volga region, Kazan professor Adamyuk (senior), recalled doctor M.I. Averbakh. - Apparently not having the opportunity to accurately examine the boy and objectively seeing some changes at the bottom of his left eye, mainly of a congenital nature (congenital optic nerve fissure and posterior cone), Professor Adamyuk took this eye for vision impaired from birth (the so-called congenital amblyopia). Indeed, this eye saw very poorly into the distance. The mother of the child was told that the left eye was no good from birth and such grief could not be helped. Thus, Vladimir Ilyich lived his whole life with the idea that he could not see anything with his left eye and that he existed only with his right eye.
Volodya Ulyanov was the first student in the gymnasium, which he entered in 1879. Director of the gymnasium F.M. Kerensky, father of the head of the Provisional Government in 1917, Alexander Fedorovich Kerensky, highly appreciated the abilities of Vladimir Ulyanov. The gymnasium gave Lenin a solid foundation of knowledge. The exact sciences were not of interest to him, but history, and later philosophy, Marxism, political economy, statistics became the disciplines on which he read mountains of books and wrote dozens of volumes of essays.
His elder brother A.I. Ulyanov was executed in 1887 for participating in the assassination attempt on Tsar Alexander III. In 1887, Vladimir Ulyanov entered the law faculty of Kazan University; in December he was expelled from the university and expelled from the city for participating in the student movement. He was exiled to the estate of his mother Kokushkino, where he read a lot, especially political literature.
In 1891, he passed the exams externally for the law faculty of St. Petersburg University, after which he served as an assistant to a barrister in Samara. But as a lawyer, Vladimir Ilyich did not prove himself and already in 1893, leaving law, he moved to St. Petersburg, where he joined the Marxist student circle of the Technological Institute.
In 1894, one of Lenin's first works appeared - "What are the "friends of the people" and how they fight against the social democrats", which argued that the path to socialism lies through the labor movement led by the proletariat. In April-May 1895, Lenin's first meetings took place abroad with members of the Emancipation of Labor group, including G.V. Plekhanov.
In 1895, Vladimir Ilyich participated in the creation of the St. Petersburg Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class, then he was arrested. In 1897 he was sent for three years to the village of Shushenskoye in the Yenisei province.
The conditions of exile in Shushenskoye were quite acceptable. A favorable climate, hunting, fishing, simple food - all this strengthened Lenin's health. In July 1898, he married N.K. Krupskaya, also exiled to Siberia. She was the daughter of an officer, a student of the Bestuzhev courses, who at one time was in correspondence with L.N. Tolstoy. Krupskaya became Lenin's assistant and like-minded person for life.
In 1900, Lenin went abroad, where he stayed until 1917, with a break in 1905-1907. Together with Georgy Valentinovich Plekhanov and others, he began publishing the Iskra newspaper. At the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP in 1903, Lenin led the Bolshevik Party. Since 1905 in St. Petersburg, since December 1907 - again in exile.
At the end of August 1914, Lenin moved from Austria-Hungary to neutral Switzerland, where he put forward the slogan of defeating the Russian government and turning the imperialist war into a civil war. Lenin's position led him to isolation even in the social democratic environment. The leader of the Bolsheviks, apparently, did not consider the possible occupation of Russia by Germany as an evil in this case.
In April 1917, having arrived in Petrograd, Lenin put forward a course for the victory of the socialist revolution. After the July crisis of 1917, he was in an illegal position. He headed the leadership of the October uprising in Petrograd.
At the 2nd All-Russian Congress of Soviets, Vladimir Ilyich was elected chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (SNK), the Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defense (since 1919 - STO). Member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK) and the Central Executive Committee (TsIK) of the USSR. From March 1918 he lived in Moscow. He played a decisive role in the conclusion of the Brest peace. On August 30, 1918, during an attempt on his life, he was seriously wounded.
In 1918, Lenin approved the creation of the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage, which widely and uncontrollably used methods of violence and repression. He also introduced war communism in the country - on November 21, 1918, he signed the decree of the Council of People's Commissars "On organizing the supply of the population with all products and items for personal consumption and households." Trade was prohibited, commodity-money relations were replaced by barter, and surplus appropriation was introduced. Cities began to die. Nevertheless, Lenin's next step was the nationalization of industry. As a result of this grandiose experiment, industrial production in Russia actually ceased.
In 1921, an unprecedented famine broke out in the Volga region. This problem was decided to be partially resolved by robbing Orthodox churches, which, of course, the parishioners resisted. Lenin took advantage of this to deal a decisive blow to the Russian Orthodox Church. On March 19, he wrote a secret letter to members of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) about using the resistance on the part of believers to the forcible seizure of church property as a pretext for mass executions of clergy, which was done.
The economic situation in the country was rapidly deteriorating. At the 10th Party Congress in March 1921, Lenin put forward the program of the "new economic policy". He realized that with the introduction of the NEP, the "right" elements in the party would revive, and at the same Tenth Congress he liquidated the residual elements of democracy in the RCP(b), forbidding the creation of factions.
The New Economic Policy in the field of economics immediately gave positive results, and the process of rapid restoration of the national economy began.
In 1922, Lenin fell seriously ill (cerebral syphilis) and since December of that year did not participate in political activities.
Portrait of V.I. Lenin. Artist Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin. 1934
On January 27, from 10 o'clock in the morning, troops and delegations of workers and peasants marched along Moscow's Red Square past the coffin with the body of Lenin installed on a special pedestal. On one of the banners it was written: "Lenin's grave is the cradle of freedom for all mankind." At 4 pm, the troops took up arms "on guard", Stalin, Zinoviev, Kamenev, Molotov, Bukharin, Rudzutak, Tomsky and Dzerzhinsky raised the coffin and carried it to the mausoleum ...
Muscovite Nikita Okunev writes in his diary: “By the time of lowering into the grave, an order was given to all of Russia at 4 o’clock in the afternoon to stop all movement (railway, horse, steamboat), and to make whistles or horns in factories and factories for five minutes (at the same period is terminated and the movement). After that, in a series of different jokes composed about these unprecedented funerals, there was this: when Lenin lived, they applauded him, and when he died, all of Russia whistled without a break for 5 minutes ... In the future, monuments to Lenin will probably be erected not only in cities, but also in every village."
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin in Smolny. Artist Isaac Brodsky. 1930
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Further: Dyky claims that the first Council of People's Commissars included 20 people, although it is known that there were only 15 of them.
A number of positions are not specified correctly. So, the chairman of the Petrosoviet G.E. Zinoviev actually never held the post of People's Commissar of Internal Affairs. Proshyan, whom Dikiy calls "Protian" for some reason, was the People's Commissar for Posts and Telegraphs, not for agriculture.
Several of the mentioned "members of the Council of People's Commissars" never entered the government. I.A. Spitsberg was an investigator of the VIII liquidation department of the People's Commissariat of Justice. Who is meant by Lilina-Knigissen is not at all clear: either the actress M.P. Lilin, or Z.I. Lilina (Bernstein), who worked as the head of the department of public education at the executive committee of the Petrosoviet. Cadet A.A. Kaufman participated as an expert in the development of land reform, but he also had nothing to do with the Council of People's Commissars. The name of the People's Commissar of Justice was not Steinberg at all, but Steinberg ...
