Instruction
This style can otherwise be called the style of fiction. It is used in verbal and artistic creativity. Its main goal is to influence the feelings and thoughts of readers and listeners with the help of images created by the author.
Artistic style (like any other) involves the selection of linguistic means. But in it, in contrast to the official business and scientific styles, all the richness of vocabulary, special figurativeness and emotionality of speech are widely used. In addition, he uses the possibilities different styles: colloquial, journalistic, scientific and official business.
Distinguished art style Special attention to the casual and the particular, behind which are visible the typical features and images of the time. As an example, one may recall " Dead Souls”, where N.V. Gogol portrayed the landowners, each of which is the personification of certain human qualities, but all of them together are the "face" Russia XIX century.
Another distinctive feature of the artistic style is the subjective moment, the presence of the author's fiction or the "re-creation" of reality. Peace literary work is the world of the writer, where reality is presented through his vision. V artistic text the author expresses his preferences, rejections, condemnation and admiration. Therefore, the artistic style is characterized by expressiveness, emotionality, metaphor and versatility.
To prove the artistic style, read the text and analyze the language used in it. Pay attention to their diversity. Literary works use a large number of tropes (epithets, metaphors, comparisons, hyperboles, personifications, paraphrases and allegories) and stylistic figures (anaphoras, antitheses, oxymorons, rhetorical questions and appeals, etc.). For example: “a man with a marigold” (litote), “a horse runs - the earth trembles” (allegory), “streams ran from the mountains” (personification).
In the artistic style, the ambiguity of words is clearly manifested. Writers often discover additional meanings and meanings in them. For example, the adjective "lead" in a scientific or journalistic style will be used in its direct meaning "lead bullet" and "lead ore", in an artistic style, most likely, it will act as a metaphor for "lead twilight" or "lead clouds".
When parsing the text, be sure to pay attention to its function. If colloquial style serves for communication or communication, official business and scientific are informative, and the artistic style is intended for emotional impact. Its main function is aesthetic, to which all linguistic means used in a literary work are subject.
Determine in what form the text is implemented. Artistic style is used in drama, prose and poetry. They are respectively divided into genres (tragedy, comedy, drama; novel, story, short story, miniature; poem, fable, poem, etc.).
note
The basis of the artistic style is the literary language. But often it uses colloquial and professional vocabulary, dialectisms and vernacular. This is due to the desire of writers to create a special unique author's style and give the text a vivid imagery.
Useful advice
Style can be determined only by the totality of all features (functions, set of language tools, form of implementation).
Sources:
The language used in different areas of activity differs, in addition, it can be very different from spoken language. For such areas of public life as science, office work, jurisprudence, politics and the media, there are subtypes of the Russian language that have their own characteristics, both lexical and morphological, syntactic and textual. It has its own stylistic features and official business text.
Business documents can be presented to the court as evidence at any time, since they, due to their specifics, have legal force.
Such a document has legal significance, its originator acts, as a rule, not as a private person, but is an authorized representative of the organization. Therefore, any official business text is subject to increased requirements to eliminate ambiguity and ambiguity of interpretation. Also, the text should be accurate communicatively and adequately reflect the thoughts that the author expresses.
An official business document must have details - output data, and specific requirements are also imposed on their location on the page.
The text written in this style is emphatically logical and unemotional. It should be extremely informative, so thoughts have strict wording, and the presentation of the situation itself should be restrained, using stylistically neutral words and expressions. The use of any phrases that carry an emotional load, expressions used in common speech, and even more so slang, is excluded.
To avoid ambiguity in business document personal demonstrative pronouns (“he”, “she”, “they”) are not used, since in the context with two nouns of the same gender, ambiguity of interpretation or contradiction may appear. As a consequence of the obligatory condition of logic and argumentation, when writing a business text, complex sentences are used with a large number of conjunctions that convey the logic of relations. For example, infrequently used ordinary life constructions, including unions of the type: “due to the fact that”, “for what”.
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Since ancient times, France has been considered not just a country whose inhabitants have an exquisite taste. She was a trendsetter. In Paris, as in the very heart of the country, even its own special style was formed.
Speaking of Parisian women, many people imagine a sophisticated woman, with impeccable hair and impeccable makeup. She is dressed in high-heeled shoes and dressed in elegant clothes in business style. The lady is surrounded by a halo of the aroma of expensive perfumes, and her gaze is directed into the distance. So what is it, the style of a Parisian?
Many of the fair sex, who strive to look stylish and sophisticated every day, have a set of basic, must-have items in their wardrobe. What kind of items can be found in the closet of a Parisian?
1. Ballerinas. Contrary to popular belief, high heels are not always preferred. They're in Everyday life wear comfortable flats with thin soles.
2.Bag with long strap. A handbag thrown over one shoulder is a habit a large number residents of the fashion capital.
3.Scarf big size. A variety of voluminous scarves are preferred by residents of many countries. However, most Parisians believe that this is an indispensable and absolutely necessary accessory in the cold season.
4. Fitted jacket, raincoat or jacket. A truly French style is to wear fitted jackets. They are decorated with thin straps or worn wide open.
5.Large Sunglasses. In combination with hair pulled up in a tight ponytail, bun or updo, these glasses look especially stylish and elegant.
6. Black clothes. The black color for the inhabitants of Paris is not the color of mourning. For them, he is the personification of style and grace. Therefore, to create a Parisian look, you must have black T-shirts, T-shirts, sweaters and other items of clothing in your wardrobe.
There are things that a lady with truly French views on fashion will never allow herself to buy, much less wear. In one of the first places on the list of bad manners were too long bright false nails. Many representatives of France prefer naturalness and neutrality in everything. Including in .
A miniskirt in combination with a deep neckline is also not in the style of a resident of the fashion capital. The true one is unlikely to allow herself to look too frank and too sexy.
Bright hair color, multi-colored highlighting, flashy accessories, all kinds of bouffants and a huge amount of hair styling products. In most cases, a lady living in Paris will bypass this entire list and will only be surprised that it occurred to someone to experiment with their appearance in such a way.
The main criterion that distinguishes a true Parisian is harmony in everything: in clothes, style, look, hairstyle, accessories. She does not seek to repeat someone's image and is of the opinion that each person is unique.
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Within the framework of a particular style of speech, several genres are usually distinguished, each of which is a special form of organization of the material. The scientific style is distinguished by a special genre diversity, which is determined by the need to convey the meaning of the provisions of science to different audiences.
Most research monographs and solid scientific articles belong to the actual scientific style. The peculiarity of this genre is that such texts, as a rule, are written by professional scientists for the same specialists. Such an academic style is very often found in scientific works devoted to one issue, as well as in small essays, where the author presents the results scientific research.
Texts written in the proper scientific style are distinguished by the accuracy of presentation, verified logical constructions, an abundance of generalizing terms and abstract concepts. A standard academic text composed in this genre has a strict structural composition, which includes a title, introductory and main parts, conclusions and a conclusion.
The scientific-informative genre is considered a secondary form of the scientific style of speech. It, as a rule, is compiled on the basis of some basic, supporting text. In this case, original monographs or articles are often taken as a basis. An example of texts made in the scientific and informative genre can be theses, or.
A scientific-informative text is a creatively revised presentation of the primary material, which completely coincides with it in meaning. However, it does not contain all, but only basic information, only the most essential information about the subject. Writing works in this genre requires the ability to work with scientific literature, evaluate sources and transmit their content in a compressed form without distortion.
In one large group linguists often combine texts of scientific-reference, educational-scientific and popular-science genres of scientific style. These sub-styles are characterized by the focus of information not so much on specialists, but on those who are far from the specifics of the subject placed at the center of the publication. Importance at the same time, they have not only the results of scientific research, but also a form.
In the educational and scientific genre, textbooks and lecture texts are most often written. The scientific reference genre, characterized by extreme clarity and conciseness, is typical for reference publications, scientific dictionaries, encyclopedias and catalogues. Texts compiled in the popular science genre are less tied to special terminology. They are often used in books intended for a mass audience, as well as in television and radio programs covering scientific topics.
Introduction
1. Literary and artistic style
2. Figurativeness as a unit of figurativeness and expressiveness
3. Vocabulary with objective meaning as the basis of figurativeness
Conclusion
Literature
Introduction
Depending on the scope of the language, the content of the utterance, the situation and goals of communication, several functional and stylistic varieties, or styles, are distinguished, characterized by a certain system of selection and organization of language means in them.
Functional style is a historically developed and socially conscious variety literary language(its subsystem), functioning in a certain area of human activity and communication, created by the peculiarities of the use of language means in this area and their specific organization.
The classification of styles is based on extralinguistic factors: the scope of the language, the topics determined by it and the goals of communication. The areas of application of the language are correlated with the types of human activities corresponding to the forms public consciousness(science, law, politics, art). Traditional and socially significant areas of activity are: scientific, business (administrative-legal), socio-political, artistic. Accordingly, they also distinguish styles of official speech (bookish): scientific, official business, journalistic, literary and artistic (artistic). They are opposed to the style of informal speech - colloquial and everyday.
The literary and artistic style of speech stands apart in this classification, since the question of the legality of its allocation into a separate functional style has not yet been resolved, since it has rather blurred boundaries and can use the language means of all other styles. The specificity of this style is also the presence in it of various figurative and expressive means for conveying special property- imagery.
1. Literary and artistic style
As we noted above, the question of the language of fiction and its place in the system functional styles solved ambiguously: some researchers (V.V. Vinogradov, R.A. Budagov, A.I. Efimov, M.N. Kozhina, A.N. Vasilyeva, B.N. Golovin) include a special artistic style in the system of functional styles , others (L.Yu. Maksimov, K.A. Panfilov, M.M. Shansky, D.N. Shmelev, V.D. Bondaletov) believe that there are no grounds for this. The following are given as arguments against singling out the style of fiction: 1) the language of fiction is not included in the concept of literary language; 2) it is multi-styled, not closed, does not have specific signs that would be inherent in the language of fiction as a whole; 3) the language of fiction has a special, aesthetic function, which is expressed in a very specific use of linguistic means.
It seems to us that the opinion of M.N. Kozhina that "removal artistic speech outside of functional styles impoverishes our understanding of the functions of the language. If we deduce artistic speech from among the functional styles, but consider that the literary language exists in a variety of functions, and this cannot be denied, then it turns out that the aesthetic function is not one of the functions of the language. The use of language in the aesthetic sphere is one of the highest achievements of the literary language, and because of this, neither the literary language ceases to be such when it enters a work of art, nor the language of fiction ceases to be a manifestation of the literary language.
The main goal of the literary and artistic style is the development of the world according to the laws of beauty, the satisfaction of the aesthetic needs of both the author of a work of art and the reader, the aesthetic impact on the reader with the help of artistic images.
Used in literary works different kinds and genres: short stories, novellas, novels, poems, poems, tragedies, comedies, etc.
The language of fiction, despite the stylistic heterogeneity, despite the fact that the author's individuality is clearly manifested in it, still differs in a number of ways. specific features, allowing to distinguish artistic speech from any other style.
The features of the language of fiction as a whole are determined by several factors. It is characterized by broad metaphor, figurativeness of language units of almost all levels, the use of synonyms of all types, ambiguity, different stylistic layers of vocabulary. In the artistic style (compared to other functional styles) there are laws of perception of the word. Word meaning in more determined by the target setting of the author, genre and compositional features of that work of art, of which this word is an element: firstly, in the context of a given literary work, it can acquire artistic ambiguity that is not recorded in dictionaries, and secondly, it retains its connection with the ideological and aesthetic system of this work and is evaluated by us as beautiful or ugly, sublime or base, tragic or comic:
The use of language means in fiction ultimately subordinated to the author's intention, the content of the work, the creation of the image and the impact through it on the addressee. Writers in their works proceed primarily from the fact that they correctly convey thoughts, feelings, truthfully reveal spiritual world hero, realistically recreate the language and image. Not only the normative facts of the language, but also deviations from general literary norms are subject to the author's intention, the desire for artistic truth.
The breadth of coverage of the means of the national language by artistic speech is so great that it allows us to assert the idea of the fundamental potential possibility of including all existing linguistic means (albeit connected in a certain way) in the style of fiction.
These facts indicate that the style of fiction has a number of features that allow it to take its own special place in the system of functional styles of the Russian language.
2. Figurativeness as a unit of figurativeness and expressiveness
Figurativeness and expressiveness are integral properties of the artistic and literary style, therefore, from this we can conclude that figurativeness is a necessary element of this style. However, this concept is still much broader, most often in linguistic science the question of imagery of a word as a unit of language and speech, or, in other words, lexical imagery, is considered.
In this regard, figurativeness is considered as one of the connotative characteristics of a word, as the ability of a word to contain and reproduce in speech communication a concrete-sensory appearance (image) of an object, fixed in the minds of native speakers, a kind of visual or auditory representation.
In the work of N.A. Lukyanova "On the semantics and types of expressive lexical units" contains a number of judgments about lexical imagery, which we fully share. Here are some of them (in our formulation):
1. Imagery is a semantic component that actualizes sensory associations (representations) associated with a certain word, and through it with a specific object, a phenomenon called this word.
2. Imagery can be motivated and unmotivated.
3. The linguistic (semantic) basis of motivated figurative expressive words is:
a) figurative associations that arise when comparing two ideas about real objects, phenomena, - metaphorical figurativeness (to boil - "to be in a state of strong indignation, anger"; to dry - "to worry a lot, take care of someone, something");
b) sound associations - (burn, grunt);
c) imagery internal form as a result of word-formation motivation (play, star, shrink).
4. The linguistic basis of unmotivated figurativeness is created due to a number of factors: obscuration of the inner form of the word, individual figurative representations etc.
Thus, we can say that figurativeness is one of the most important structural and semantic properties of a word, which affects its semantics, valence, emotional and expressive status. The processes of formation of verbal imagery are most directly and organically associated with the processes of metaphorization, that is, they serve as figurative and expressive means.
Figurativeness is "figurativeness and expressiveness", that is, the functions of a language unit in speech with the features of its structural organization and a certain environment, which reflects exactly the plane of expression.
The category of figurativeness, being a mandatory structural characteristic of each language unit, covers all levels of reflection of the surrounding world. It is precisely because of this constant ability to potentially generate figurative dominants that it became possible to talk about such qualities of speech as figurativeness and expressiveness.
They, in turn, are characterized precisely by the ability to create (or actualize linguistic figurative dominants) sensory images, their special representation and saturation with associations in the mind. The true function of figurativeness is revealed only when referring to a real objective action - speech. Consequently, the reason for such qualities of speech as figurativeness and expressiveness lies in the language system and can be found at any of its levels, and this reason is figurativeness - a special inseparable structural characteristic of a language unit, while already the objectivity of the reflection of the representation and the activity of its construction can be studied only at the level of the functional implementation of the language unit. In particular, it can be vocabulary with a subject-specific meaning, as the main means of representation.
As a means of communication, artistic speech has its own language - a system of figurative forms, expressed by linguistic and extralinguistic means. Artistic speech, along with non-artistic speech, make up two levels of the national language. The basis of the artistic style of speech is the literary Russian language. The word in this functional style performs a nominative-figurative function. Here is the beginning of V. Larin's novel "Neuron Shock":
“Marat's father, Stepan Porfiryevich Fateev, an orphan from infancy, was from the family of Astrakhan bandits. The revolutionary whirlwind blew him out of the locomotive vestibule, dragged him through the Michelson plant in Moscow, machine-gun courses in Petrograd and threw him into Novgorod-Seversky, a town of deceptive silence and goodness.(Star. 1998. No. 1).
In these two sentences, the author showed not only a segment of individual human life, but also the atmosphere of the era of enormous changes associated with the 1917 revolution. The first sentence gives knowledge of the social environment, material conditions, human relations in the childhood years of the life of the father of the hero of the novel and his own roots. Simple, rude people surrounding the boy (binduzhnik– colloquial term for a longshoreman) hard work, which he saw from childhood, the restlessness of orphanhood - that's what stands behind this proposal. And the next sentence includes private life in the cycle of history. Metaphorical phrases The revolutionary whirlwind blew ..., dragged ..., threw ... liken human life a kind of grain of sand that cannot withstand historical cataclysms, and at the same time convey the element of the general movement of those "who were nobody." Such figurativeness, such a layer of in-depth information is impossible in a scientific or official business text.
The lexical composition and functioning of words in the artistic style of speech have their own characteristics. Among the words that form the basis and create the imagery of this style, first of all, are the figurative means of the Russian literary language, as well as words that realize their meaning in the context. These are words with a wide range of uses. Highly specialized words are used to a small extent, only to create artistic authenticity in describing certain aspects of life. For example, L. N. Tolstoy in "War and Peace" used special military vocabulary when describing battle scenes; significant amount we will find words from the hunting lexicon in I. S. Turgenev’s “Notes of a Hunter”, in the stories of M. M. Prishvin, V. A. Astafiev, and in A. S. Pushkin’s “Queen of Spades” there are many words from the lexicon card game etc.
In the artistic style of speech, the speech polysemy of the word is very widely used, which opens up additional meanings and semantic shades in it, as well as synonymy at all language levels, which makes it possible to emphasize the subtlest shades of meanings. This is explained by the fact that the author strives to use all the richness of the language, to create his own unique language and style, to a bright, expressive, figurative text. The author uses not only the vocabulary of the codified literary language, but also various figurative means from colloquial speech and space. Let's take a small example:
"In Evdokimov's tavern alreadygathered was put out the lamps when the scandal began. The scandal started like this.First everything looked fine in the hall, and even Potap, the tavern clerk, told the owner that,they say, now God has mercy - not a single broken bottle, when suddenly in the depths, in the semi-darkness, in the very core, there was a buzzing like a swarm of bees.
- Fathers of light, - the owner lazily amazed, - here,Potapka, your evil eye, damn it! Well, you should have croaked, damn it! (Okudzhava B. Shilov's adventures).
The emotionality and expressiveness of the image come to the fore in the artistic text. Many words that in scientific speech act as clearly defined abstract concepts, in newspaper and journalistic speech - as socially generalized concepts, in artistic speech carry concrete sensory representations. Thus, the styles functionally complement each other. For example, the adjective lead in scientific speech realizes its direct meaning (lead ore, lead bullet), and artistic forms an expressive metaphor (lead clouds, lead night, lead waves). Therefore, in artistic speech, phrases play an important role, which create a certain figurative representation.
For artistic speech, especially poetic, inversion is characteristic, that is, a change in the usual word order in a sentence in order to enhance the semantic significance of a word or give the whole phrase a special stylistic coloring. An example of inversion is the well-known line from A. Akhmatova's poem “Everything I see is hilly Pavlovsk ...” Variants of the author's word order are diverse, subject to a common plan.
The syntactic structure of artistic speech reflects the flow of figurative-emotional impressions of the author, so here you can find the whole variety of syntactic structures. Each author subordinates linguistic means to the fulfillment of his ideological and aesthetic tasks. So, L. Petrushevskaya, to show disorder, "troubles" family life the heroine of the story "Poetry in Life", includes several simple and complex sentences in one sentence:
“In the history of Mila, then everything rolled on the rise, Mila’s husband in a new two-room apartment now he no longer protected Mila from her mother, her mother lived separately, and there was no telephone either there or here - Mila's husband became himself and Iago and Othello and with mockery from around the corner watched how men of his type pester Mila on the street, builders, prospectors, poets, who do not know how heavy this burden is, how unbearable life is, if you fight alone , since beauty is not a helper in life, one could roughly translate those obscene, desperate monologues that the former agronomist, and now a researcher, Mila's husband, shouted both on the night streets, and in his apartment, and after getting drunk, so Mila hid somewhere with her young daughter, found shelter, and the unfortunate husband beat the furniture and threw iron pans.
This proposal is perceived as an endless complaint of an uncountable number of unfortunate women, as a continuation of the theme of the sad female lot.
In artistic speech, deviations from structural norms are also possible, due to artistic actualization, i.e., the allocation by the author of some thought, idea, feature that is important for the meaning of the work. They can be expressed in violation of phonetic, lexical, morphological and other norms. Especially often this technique is used to create a comic effect or a bright, expressive artistic image:
"Ay, cute, - Shipov shook his head, - why is that so? Do not. I can see right through you, mon cher… Hey, Potapka, why did you forget the man on the street? Bring him here, wake up. And what, mister student, how does this tavern seem to you? Dirty, do you think I like him?... I've been to real restaurants, sir, I know ... Pure Empire, sir... But you can’t talk to people there, but here I can learn something” (Okudzhava B. Shilov's adventures).
The speech of the protagonist characterizes him very clearly: not very educated, but ambitious, wanting to give the impression of a gentleman, master. Shipov uses elementary French words (my cher) along with vernacular wake up, hello, here, which do not correspond not only to the literary, but also to the colloquial norm. But all these deviations in the text serve the law of artistic necessity.
Bibliography:
1. Azarova, E.V. Russian language: Proc. allowance / E.V. Azarova, M.N. Nikonov. - Omsk: Publishing house of OmGTU, 2005. - 80 p.
2. Golub, I.B. Russian language and culture of speech: Proc. allowance / I.B. Golub. - M. : Logos, 2002. - 432 p.
3. Culture of Russian speech: Textbook for universities / ed. prof. OK. Graudina and prof. E.N. Shiryaev. - M.: NORMA-INFRA, 2005. - 549p.
4. Nikonova, M.N. Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook for non-philologist students / M.N. Nikonov. - Omsk: Publishing House of OmGTU, 2003. - 80 p.
5. Russian language and culture of speech: Proc. / edited by prof. IN AND. Maksimov. - M .: Gardariki, 2008. - 408s.
6. Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook for technical universities/ ed. IN AND. Maksimova, A.V. Golubev. - M. : Higher education, 2008. - 356 p.
It affects the imagination and feelings of the reader, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the richness of vocabulary, the possibilities of different styles, is characterized by figurativeness, emotionality, and concreteness of speech.
The emotionality of the artistic style differs significantly from the emotionality of the colloquial and journalistic styles. The emotionality of artistic speech performs an aesthetic function. Artistic style involves a preliminary selection of language means; all language means are used to create images.
The artistic style is realized in the form of drama, prose and poetry, which are divided into the corresponding genres (for example: tragedy, comedy, drama and other dramatic genres; novel, short story, short story and other prose genres; poem, fable, poem, romance and other poetic genres ).
Distinctive feature artistic style of speech can be called the use of special figures of speech, the so-called art trails that give color to the story, the power of depicting reality.
The artistic style is individually variable, which is why many philologists deny its existence. But it is impossible not to take into account that the individual-author's features of the speech of a particular writer arise against the background of common features artistic style.
In the artistic style, everything is subordinated to the goal of creating an image in the perception of the text by readers. This goal is served not only by the use by the writer of the most necessary, most accurate words, due to which the artistic style is characterized by the highest index of vocabulary diversity, not only by the widespread use of the expressive possibilities of the language (figurative meanings of words, updating metaphors, phraseological units, comparisons, personification, etc. .), but also a special selection of any figuratively significant elements of the language: phonemes and letters, grammatical forms, syntactic constructions. They create background impressions, a certain figurative mood among readers.
Art style finds application in fiction, which performs a figurative-cognitive and ideological-aesthetic function.
For the artistic style of speech is typical attention to the particular and the accidental, followed by the typical and the general. Remember "Dead Souls" by N.V. Gogol, where each of the shown landowners personified certain specific human qualities, expressed a certain type, and all together they were the "face" modern author Russia.
World of fiction - this is a "recreated" world, the depicted reality is, to a certain extent, the author's fiction, which means that in the artistic style of speech the most important role plays a subjective moment. The whole surrounding reality is presented through the vision of the author. But in a literary text we see not only the world of the writer, but also the writer in this world: his preferences, condemnations, admiration, rejection, etc. This is connected with emotionality and expressiveness, metaphoricalness, meaningful diversity of the artistic style of speech.
The basis of the artistic style of speech is the literary Russian language. The word performs a nominative-figurative function.
The lexical composition in the artistic style of speech has its own characteristics. The words that form the basis and create the figurativeness of this style include figurative means of the Russian literary language, as well as words that realize their meaning in the context. These are words with a wide range of uses. Highly specialized words are used to a small extent, only to create artistic authenticity in describing certain aspects of life.
In the artistic style of speech is very widely used speech ambiguity of the word, revealing in it the meanings and semantic shades, as well as synonymy at all language levels, which makes it possible to emphasize the subtlest shades of meanings. This is explained by the fact that the author strives to use all the richness of the language, to create his own unique language and style, to a bright, expressive, figurative text. The author uses not only the vocabulary of the codified literary language, but also a variety of figurative means from colloquial speech and vernacular.
The emotionality and expressiveness of the image come to the fore in the artistic text. Many words that in scientific speech act as clearly defined abstract concepts, in newspaper and journalistic speech - as socially generalized concepts, in artistic speech carry concrete sensory representations. Thus, the styles are complementary to each other.
For artistic speech especially poetic, inversion is characteristic, i.e. changing the usual order of words in a sentence in order to enhance the semantic significance of the word or to give the whole phrase a special stylistic coloring.
The syntactic structure of artistic speech reflects the flow of figurative and emotional author's impressions, so here you can find the whole variety of syntactic structures. Each author subordinates linguistic means to the fulfillment of his ideological and aesthetic tasks.
In artistic speech, it is possible and deviations from structural norms for the author to highlight some thought, feature that is important for the meaning of the work. They can be expressed in violation of phonetic, lexical, morphological and other norms.
Syntactic features of the journalistic style of speech
In a journalistic style of speech, as in a scientific one, nouns are often used in genitive case in the role inconsistent definition like the voice of the world, neighboring countries. In sentences, verbs in the form imperative mood, reflexive verbs.
The syntax of this style of speech is characterized by the use homogeneous members, introductory words and sentences, participial and adverbial phrases, complex syntactic constructions.
The literary and artistic style serves the artistic and aesthetic sphere of human activity. Artistic style is a functional style of speech that is used in fiction. The text in this style affects the imagination and feelings of the reader, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the richness of vocabulary, the possibilities of different styles, is characterized by figurativeness, emotionality, and concreteness of speech.
The emotionality of the artistic style differs significantly from the emotionality of the colloquial and journalistic styles. The emotionality of artistic speech performs an aesthetic function. Artistic style involves a preliminary selection of language means; all language means are used to create images.
A distinctive feature of the artistic style of speech is the use of special figures of speech, the so-called artistic tropes, which give color to the narrative, the power of depicting reality.
The function of the message is connected with the function of aesthetic impact, the presence of imagery, the totality of the most various means language, both general language and individual author's, but the basis of this style is general literary language means.
Characteristic features: the presence of homogeneous members of the proposal, complex sentences; epithets, comparisons, rich vocabulary.
Substyles and genres:
1) prosaic (epic): fairy tale, story, story, novel, essay, short story, essay, feuilleton;
2) dramatic: tragedy, drama, comedy, farce, tragicomedy;
3) poetic (lyric): song, ode, ballad, poem, elegy, poem: sonnet, triolet, quatrain.
Style-forming features:
1) figurative reflection of reality;
2) artistic-figurative concretization of the author's intention (a system of artistic images);
3) emotionality;
4) expressiveness, appraisal;
6) speech characteristics of characters (speech portraits).
Are common language features literary and artistic style:
1) a combination of language tools of all other functional styles;
2) the subordination of the use of language means in the system of images and the intention of the author, figurative thought;
3) the performance of the aesthetic function by language means.
Language tools art style:
1. Lexical means:
1) rejection of template words and expressions;
2) the widespread use of words in a figurative sense;
3) intentional clash of different styles of vocabulary;
4) the use of vocabulary with two-dimensional stylistic coloring;
5) the presence of emotionally colored words.
2. Phraseological means- colloquial and literary character.
3. Word-building means:
1) the use of various means and models of word formation;
4. Morphological means:
1) the use of word forms in which the category of concreteness is manifested;
2) frequency of verbs;
3) passivity of indefinite personal forms of verbs, forms of the 3rd person;
4) insignificant use of neuter nouns compared to masculine and feminine nouns;
5) shapes plural abstract and material nouns;
6) wide use of adjectives and adverbs.
5. Syntactic means:
1) using the entire arsenal available in the language syntactic means;
2) wide use of stylistic figures.
