What are clericalisms, what are examples of clericalisms?
Chancellery- words and speech turns that in the literary language imitate the official business style. Also, these are the whole constructions of the official business style. This includes all types of documents, statements, certificates, acts, resolutions, powers of attorney, which are written based on generally accepted norms.
Examples of clerical phrases:
Chancellery are words and expressions used for official business style. A person who uses such expressions may seem more erudite, but often the abundance of bureaucracy in speech makes it incomprehensible. ordinary people. Especially often officials and politicians abuse clericalism. For example: The government has created the Global Investment Impact Learning Exchange. The impact of the investment provides the necessary capital for social and financial results.
Chancellery is such a turn of speech when phrases or phrases have a certain, as they say business stylequot ;. One of the most famous such phrases is put at the end of the letter:
Sincerely, such a person...
Chancery is called individual words or fixed turns of speech that are used in the official business style of communication (in documents, official certificates, statements, etc.).
Examples include the following words and phrases:
Which one (in conversation or in fiction we use the word which).
Incoming / outgoing documents (in colloquial style we usually do not use these adjectives in relation to the noun documents).
Family ties (in life we will just say relatives).
I hereby bring to your attention / confirm / notify / guarantee.
Chancellery these are speech turns, as well as words that are characteristic of the official business style, but are used in texts of other styles, as well as in colloquial speech.
The clerical words include, for example: expenditure, presence, takes place, the above other.
The official business style is characterized by ready-made verbal formulas, stamps, standard syntactic models, stencils, the purpose of which is to simplify the process of compiling business papers and some kind of standardization.
Like these ones examples: in order to improve efficiency, in accordance with the agreement reached (could be used by agreement), in connection with the order, higher authorities, the identification of undesirable elements, now.
Chancery is phrases, grammatical forms and even patterns that are used in business speech, conversation or letter, bureaucratic option.
For example: brought to your attention...
after time..
has to be (instead of our usual will)
Office work is speech and words that are mainly used by office workers, this word refers to important contracts, papers, orders, it is justified by the type of expansion of one word into several, for example: not dismissal, but selective reduction of workers.
It is customary to call clericalism words or speech turns that are characteristic of the business style of papers and documents. This is the accepted form of constructing official correspondence, for example. As an example of clericalism, one can cite - what, instead of which.
Chancery - these are words, combinations of words, speech turns that are typical for business style, often used in important papers and documents. For example, instead of watering in the document they will write wateringquot ;. Instead of help use clericalism to helpquot ;.
Chancellery are words or phrases that have come to us from the scientific and professional worlds. Some people like to speak smart language in everyday life in order to appear smarter and accept clericalism.
Examples of clericalism:
soil irrigation or irrigation instead of watering plants.
profit instead of a word profit.
Stationery - words and expressions characteristic of the official business style. They are suitable for business papers, acts, statements, certificates, etc.
An example of clericalism: is, given, indicated, stated, function, being, is, aspect, certain etc. The clericalisms also include turns demonstrating superiority over the reader: it is no secret that; no wonder, as you know, etc.
The "clerical language" came from the "official" bureaucratic language of the tsarist departments. Chancellery became widespread in the Russian language in Soviet time Not only in writing, but also in spoken language.
The term "clerk" was introduced by Korney Ivanovich Chukovsky. He formed the term after the pattern of words denoting diseases: "diphtheria", "colitis", "meningitis", etc. Chukovsky called "clerk" the language of bureaucrats (officials and lawyers), who create the appearance of violent activity - this is where their language comes from: because of the words and expressions of "clerk" it is difficult to understand the meaning of what was said.
He brought illustrative examples clerk in speech with options for their correction. Here are some of them:
“My friend lives on South Street” (instead of “lives”), “my mother informed me” (instead of “told me”), “there was” (instead of “it was”), etc.
According to the results of a study by the TopExpert center “Influence various factors for website promotion”, for 82% of website visitors ease of perception is important. Chancery makes text unreadable for 4/5 visitors. Chancellery allegedly gives "solidity" to the text, but in fact makes it less unique, "depersonalizes" information about the company, goods and services. Texts become similar to thousands of others, they lack a “zest”. In order to make the text easier to read, clericalisms need to be removed.
Each speech style has its own norms and features. The inept use of stylistic means leads to the fact that speech looks pompous and pretentious, or vice versa, inappropriately lively and expressive. One of the stylistic enemies of speech is clericalism.
In linguistics, there are several styles of speech:
Each of them has distinctive features. In a scientific text, it is undesirable to abuse colloquial words or means artistic expressiveness. And in ordinary speech, the use of official business terminology should be avoided.
Chancellery are words, constructions and stable expressions of the official business style, but also used in other styles of speech. Often these expressions can be found in journalism and scientific papers. It looks strange when such words are used in colloquial speech. The use of clericalism gives it inappropriate formality, pomposity, pretentiousness. She ceases to be alive and begins to resemble a clerk's report. Therefore, it is desirable to avoid the use of clericalism in ordinary speech.
There are several groups of clericalisms in the Russian language.
A large layer of clericalisms are nouns formed from verbs. Usually they have suffixes -ani-, -eni-. Examples of clericalisms in the language: retention, consideration, coercion, presentation, provision, oppression, etc.
Suggestion examples:
Among clericalisms, there are also non-suffixal verbal nouns, for example, “hijacking”, “time off”, etc. Example:
Among clericalisms, this is a very wide group, by which the official business style is immediately recognizable. Examples of such suggestions:
This group of clericalisms is connected in use with the previous one. Examples of such proposals:
This group of clerical words includes the division of one verb into two words. Its meaning does not change from this, but the text becomes heavier, becomes more cumbersome. Examples of splitting: make a decision (decide), exercise control (control), provide support (support), show interest (be interested), express sympathy (sympathize), etc.
Another common feature of the official business style.
For instance:
In this style of speech, the passive voice often replaces the active voice. Examples of clericalism:
A typical example of clericalism is the use of speech stamps and clichés. This is the name of expressions with a "hackneyed" meaning that have lost their brightness and expressiveness. Stamp examples:
Stamps are divided as follows:
In the field of journalism, the use of clichés is acceptable, even if they have already lost their originality and originality. But in colloquial speech, their use should be avoided.
A few more words and expressions that are interpreted as clericalism: comprehensive, given, significant, important, provide, pay attention, respectively, necessary, implement, provide, as a result, implement, ongoing activities, etc.
Each speech style has its own scope of use. Chancery in speech is recommended to be used only in an official business style.
The consequences of their inappropriate use include a mixture of speech styles:
Syllable weighting:
Semantic redundancy:
Blurring, fuzziness of the main idea:
Difficulty to understand:
Dryness and lack of expressiveness of speech:
From the above, the following conclusions can be drawn:
In this article, we will talk about such language concept as "clericalism". Examples, the main properties and scope of this will be considered by us in particular detail.
In Russian, clericalisms are referred to such a language group as speech stamps. Therefore, let's first understand what this phenomenon is.
Let's start by looking at the most common mistakes, which are allowed both in writing and in communication.
Stamps and clericalism (examples of which will be presented below) are closely interconnected. More precisely, the linguistic phenomenon we are considering is one of the types of cliches (this concept names such words and expressions that are often used, due to which they have lost their meaning). Therefore, such constructions simply overload the speaker's speech and are considered redundant.
Stamps are words and phrases that are often used in speech. Usually such linguistic phenomena do not have any concreteness. For example, the phrase “the meeting took place at the very high level' is used instead of giving a detailed report of the event.
In the Russian language, there are a number of words, the use of which is considered appropriate only in a specific one. These words include clericalism. This term is usually called words, grammatical constructions and forms, as well as phrases, the use of which is fixed in the literary language for formal business style. For instance: solicit, should, activity not pursuing the purpose of making a profit, exercise control etc.
Now let's define the signs of such words and consider examples.
Stationery - the words of the official business style, however, in addition to this, they have a number of purely language features. Among them are:
Chancery and speech stamps (examples confirm this), often used in speech, lead to the fact that it loses its imagery, expressiveness, conciseness, and individuality. As a result, the following shortcomings arise:
The bureaucracy, examples of which we have presented, deprives speech of figurativeness, expressiveness, and persuasiveness. Because they are commonly used expressions with the erased lexical meaning, faded expressiveness.
Usually journalists tend to use stamps. Therefore, in a journalistic style, such expressions are especially common.
It looks natural only in business speech clericalism. Examples of their use indicate that very often these words are used in other styles of speech, which is considered rude. stylistic mistake. In order to prevent such an oversight, it is necessary to know exactly which words belong to clericalism.
So, clericalism can be characterized by:
Chancellery (examples of words we examined in detail above), according to the laws literary language, should be used only in a formal business style. Then these turns do not stand out against the background of the text.
The very term "clericalism" is appropriate to use only in cases where such words and phrases are used in someone else's style. Then the speech acquires an inexpressive, official character, loses its emotionality, liveliness, naturalness and simplicity.
But clericalism is not always attributed to speech shortcomings. Examples from works of art show that often similar words and phrases are used as stylistic device. For example, for the speech characteristics of the hero.
Writers often use clericalism to create a humorous effect. For example, Zoshchenko, Chekhov, Saltykov-Shchedrin, Ilf and Petrov. For example, in Saltykov-Shchedrin - "... it is forbidden to gouge out an eye, take away a head, bite off a nose"; in Chekhov - "the killing occurred due to drowning."
Chancellery (we examined examples of words in some detail) in Russia reached its greatest distribution during the period of stagnation, when they penetrated into all spheres of speech, including even everyday life. This example once again confirms the idea that the language is a reflection of all the changes that take place in the country and society.
Stationery - words and turns of speech characteristic of the style of business papers and documents. The use of clericalism in scientific. and public Chancery - words and expressions, the use of which is assigned to the official business style, but in other styles of speech they are inappropriate, they are clichés. This applies primarily to the use of terms and clericalism. On this, perhaps, we will conclude our conversation about clericalism.
Natural in business speech, outside of it K. become alien and undesirable. Sufficiently relevant and necessary in repetitive situations of.-cases. No, it’s better without lunch than with such a mandate,” the hungry Davydov decided dejectedly, after reading the note and heading to the regional field and water union (Sholokhov). And the first thing I propose to start with is an analysis of the mistakes and shortcomings that beginner authors make in their writings.
Unfortunately, clericalism can be found in almost every work, regardless of authorship, and I think it is not possible to weed them out of the text to the last. This is what we will do now. For example, the use of turns in a literary text " roadbed” instead of “road”, “repair” instead of “repair” and others. Next, I offer you my classification of types of bureaucracy.
The clerical connotation in these words can be further exacerbated by the prefixes non- and under- (failure to detect, underfulfillment). They are very closely related to the concept of speech stamps - that is, words and expressions that have become widespread and have lost their original emotional coloring. This category should also include words of mass use that have fairly broad and vague meanings: question, event, individual, specific, and others.
Stamps are hackneyed expressions with a faded lexical meaning and erased expressiveness. An example of clericalisms: is, given, indicated, stated, function, being, is, aspect, certain, etc.
To K. are treated as separate words with the coloring of. Since the installation is already underway, we ask you to carry out this work directly on the site (from letter of guarantee). The described vocabulary and phraseology from of.-del. K. only in those cases when it is used in an alien area, outside of office.
The use of K. in a stylistic context unusual for them (not in office work. The intentional use of K. as a stylistic device is not a speech flaw, for example, in artistic speech as a means of speech characterization of a character: Davydov went out, unfolded the note.
In order to achieve a humorous effect, K. is used in the following example: the Muse was not given to him for a long time, and when it was given, the poet was surprised at what he did with her. In any case, after reading the production, it became clear to him that there could be no question of a fee (Zoshchenko). One of the linguistic achievements of perestroika was the rejection of ritual speech in favor of living, stylistically normal texts, which, unfortunately, were by no means always literate.
The main trouble of clericalism is that they make the language of narration inexpressive and ponderous. 1. Errors in mastering the meaning of phraseological units. The clericalisms also include turns demonstrating superiority over the reader: it is no secret that; no wonder, as you know, etc. In principle, the use of denominative prepositions can often be justified, but their large accumulation in the text gives an undesirable clerical coloring.
