Akhmatova Anna Andreevna (1889-1966) - Russian and Soviet poetess, literary critic and translator, occupies one of the most significant places in Russian literature of the twentieth century. In 1965 she was nominated for the literary Nobel Prize.
Anna was born on June 23, 1889 near the city of Odessa, at that time the family lived in the Bolshoi Fountain area. Her real name is Gorenko. In total, six children were born in the family, Anya was the third. Father - Andrei Gorenko - a nobleman by birth, served in the Navy, mechanical engineer, captain of the 2nd rank. When Anya was born, he was already retired. The girl's mother, Stogova Inna Erazmovna, was a distant relative of the first Russian poetess Anna Bunina. Maternal roots went deep to the legendary Horde Khan Akhmat, hence Anna took her creative pseudonym.
On the next year after Anya was born, the Gorenko family left for Tsarskoye Selo. Here, in a small corner of the Pushkin era, she spent her childhood. Knowing the world, a girl from an early age saw everything that the great Pushkin described in his poems - waterfalls, green magnificent parks, a pasture and a hippodrome with small motley horses, the old railway station and the wonderful nature of Tsarskoye Selo.
For the summer, every year she was taken away near Sevastopol, where she spent all her days with the sea, she adored this Black Sea freedom. She could swim during a storm, jump from a boat into the open sea, wander along the shore barefoot and without a hat, sunbathe until her skin began to peel off, which shocked the local young ladies incredibly. For this, she was nicknamed the "wild girl."
Anya learned to read according to the alphabet of Leo Tolstoy. At the age of five, listening to how the teacher deals with older children French she learned to speak it.
Anna Akhmatova began her studies in Tsarskoe Selo at the Mariinsky Gymnasium in 1900. AT primary school she studied poorly, then she improved her academic performance, but she was always reluctant to study. She studied here for 5 years. In 1905, Anna's parents divorced, the children were ill with tuberculosis, and their mother took them to Evpatoria. Anya remembered this city as alien, dirty and rude. She studied for a year at a local educational institution, after which she continued her studies in Kyiv, where she left with her mother. In 1907 she completed her studies at the gymnasium.
In 1908, Anna began to study further at the Kyiv Higher Women's Courses, she chose the legal department. But the lawyer from Akhmatova did not work out. Positive side these courses affected Akhmatova in that she learned Latin, thanks to which she subsequently mastered Italian and could read Dante in the original.
Literature was everything to her. Anna composed her first poem at the age of 11. While studying at Tsarskoe Selo, she met the poet Nikolai Gumilyov, who had a considerable influence on her choice of her future. Despite the fact that Anna's father was skeptical about her passion for poetry, the girl did not stop writing poetry. In 1907, Nikolai helped in the publication of the first poem "There are many brilliant rings on his hand ..." The verse was published in the Sirius magazine published in Paris.
In 1910, Akhmatova became Gumilev's wife. They got married in a church near Dnepropetrovsk and went on their honeymoon to Paris. From there they returned to Petersburg. At first, the newlyweds lived with Gumilyov's mother. Only a couple of years later, in 1912, they moved to a small one-room apartment in Tuchkov lane. A small cozy family nest Gumilyov and Akhmatova affectionately called the "cloud".
Nikolai helped Anna in publishing her poetry. She didn't sign her poems either. maiden name Gorenko, nor the surname after Gumilyov's husband, she took the pseudonym Akhmatova, under which the greatest Russian poetess silver age became famous all over the world.
In 1911, Anna's poems began to appear in newspapers and literary magazines. And in 1912, her first collection of poems, entitled "Evening", was published. Of the 46 poems included in the collection, half is devoted to parting and death. Before that, Anna's two sisters had died of tuberculosis, and for some reason she was firmly convinced that she would soon suffer the same fate. Every morning she woke up with a feeling of imminent death. And only many years later, when she was over sixty, she would say:
"Who knew that I was conceived for so long."
The birth of Leo's son in the same year, 1912, relegated thoughts of death to the background.
Two years later, in 1914, after the release of a new collection of poems called Rosary, recognition and fame came to Akhmatova, critics warmly accepted her work. Now it has become fashionable to read her collections. Her poems were admired not only by “high school students in love”, but also by Tsvetaeva and Pasternak, who entered the world of literature.
Akhmatova's talent was recognized publicly, and Gumilyov's help no longer had such a significant meaning for her, they increasingly disagreed about poetry, there were many disputes. Contradictions in creativity could not but affect family happiness, discord began, as a result, Anna and Nikolai divorced in 1918.
After the divorce, Anna quickly linked herself with a second marriage to the scientist and poet Vladimir Shileiko.
The pain of the tragedy of the First World War passed like a thin thread through the poems of Akhmatova's next collection, The White Flock, which was released in 1917.
After the revolution, Anna remained in her homeland, "in her sinful and deaf land", she did not go abroad. She continued to write poetry and released new collections "Plantain" and "Anno Domini MCMXXI".
In 1921, she broke up with her second husband, and in August of the same year, her first husband, Nikolai Gumilyov, was arrested, then shot.
The third husband of Anna in 1922 was the art critic Nikolai Punin. She stopped printing altogether. Akhmatova was very fussy about the release of her two-volume collection, but its publication did not take place. She took up a detailed study of life and creative way A. S. Pushkin, as well as she was madly interested in the architecture of the old city of St. Petersburg.
In the tragic years of 1930-1940 for the whole country, Anna, like many of her compatriots, survived the arrest of her husband and son. She spent a lot of time under the "Crosses", and one woman recognized in her the famous poetess. The heartbroken wife and mother asked Akhmatova if she could describe all this horror and tragedy. To which Anna gave a positive answer and began work on the poem "Requiem".
Then there was a war that found Anna in Leningrad. Doctors insisted on her evacuation for health reasons. Through Moscow, Chistopol and Kazan, she nevertheless reached Tashkent, where she stayed until the spring of 1944 and released a new collection of poems.
In 1946, the poetry of Anna Akhmatova was sharply criticized by the Soviet government and she was expelled from the Union. Soviet writers.
In 1949, her son Lev Gumilyov was again arrested, he was sentenced to 10 years in a forced labor camp. The mother tried to help her son by any means, beat the thresholds politicians, sent petitions to the Politburo, but everything was to no avail. When Leo was released, he believed that his mother had not done enough to help him, and their relationship would remain strained. Only before her death, Akhmatova will be able to establish contact with her son.
In 1951, at the request of Alexander Fadeev, Anna Akhmatova was reinstated in the Writers' Union, she was even given a small country house from the literary fund. The dacha was located in the writer's village of Komarovo. In the Soviet Union and abroad, her poems began to be published again.
In Rome in 1964, Anna Akhmatova was awarded the Etna-Taormina Prize for creativity and contribution to world poetry. The following year, 1965, at Oxford University, she was awarded an honorary degree of Doctor of Literature, and at the same time the last collection of her poems, The Passage of Time, was published.
In November 1965, Anna suffered a fourth heart attack. She went to a cardiological sanatorium in Domodedovo. On March 5, 1966, doctors and nurses came to her room to do an examination and a cardiogram, but in their presence the poetess died.
There is a Komarovskoye cemetery near Leningrad, an outstanding poetess is buried there. Her son Leo, a doctor of the Leningrad University, together with his students collected stones throughout the city and laid out a wall on his mother's grave. He made this monument himself, as a symbol of the “Crosses” wall, under which his mother stood for days in lines with a parcel.
Anna Akhmatova kept a diary all her life and, just before her death, made an entry:
"I regret not having a bible around."
Anna Andreevna Akhmatova (real name Gorenko) was born on June 11 (23), 1889. Akhmatova's ancestors on her mother's side, according to family tradition, went back to Tatar Khan Akhmatu (hence the pseudonym). Father is a mechanical engineer in the Navy, occasionally engaged in journalism. One year old baby Anna was moved to Tsarskoe Selo, where she lived until she was sixteen. Her first memories are from Tsarskoye Selo: “The green, damp splendor of the parks, the pasture where the nanny took me, the hippodrome, where small motley horses galloped, the old station.” Every summer she spent near Sevastopol, on the shore of the Streletskaya Bay. She learned to read according to the alphabet of Leo Tolstoy. At the age of five, listening to how the teacher worked with older children, she also began to speak French. Akhmatova wrote her first poem when she was eleven years old. Anna studied at the Tsarskoye Selo Women's Gymnasium, at first badly, then much better, but always reluctantly. In Tsarskoe Selo in 1903 she met N. S. Gumilyov and became a constant recipient of his poems. In 1905, after the divorce of her parents, she moved to Evpatoria. The last class was held at the Fundukleevskaya gymnasium in Kyiv, which she graduated in 1907. In 1908-10 she studied at the law department of the Kyiv Higher Women's Courses. Then she attended the women's historical and literary courses of N.P. Raev in St. Petersburg (early 1910s).
In the spring of 1910, after several refusals, Akhmatova agreed to become the wife of N.S. Gumilyov. From 1910 to 1916 she lived with him in Tsarskoye Selo, for the summer she went to the Gumilyov estate Slepnevo in the Tver province. On her honeymoon, she made her first trip abroad, to Paris. She visited there a second time in the spring of 1911. In the spring of 1912, the Gumilyovs traveled around Italy; in September their son Lev (L. N. Gumilyov) was born. In 1918, having divorced Gumilyov (in fact, the marriage broke up in 1914), Akhmatova married the Assyriologist and poet V. K. Shileiko.
First publications. First collections. Success.
Writing poetry from the age of 11, and publishing from the age of 18 (the first publication in the Sirius magazine published by Gumilyov in Paris, 1907), Akhmatova first announced her experiments to an authoritative audience (Ivanov, M. A. Kuzmin) in the summer of 1910. Defending from the very start family life spiritual independence, she makes an attempt to publish without the help of Gumilyov, in the fall of 1910 she sends poems to V. Ya. ”, which, unlike Bryusov, publish them. Upon Gumilyov's return from an African trip (March 1911), Akhmatova reads to him everything she had written during the winter and for the first time received full approval of her literary experiments. Since that time, she has become a professional writer. Released a year later, her collection "Evening" found a very quick success. In the same year, 1912, members of the newly formed "Workshop of Poets", of which Akhmatova was elected secretary, announced the emergence of a poetic school of acmeism. Akhmatova’s life in 1913 proceeds under the sign of the growing metropolitan fame: she speaks to a crowded audience at the Higher Women’s (Bestuzhev) Courses, artists paint her portraits, poets (including A.A. Blok, which gave rise to the legend of their secret romance). New, more or less prolonged, intimate attachments of Akhmatova to the poet and critic N. V. Nedobrovo, to the composer A. S. Lurie, and others appeared. numerous imitations, which approved the concept of "Akhmatov's line" in the literary consciousness. In the summer of 1914, Akhmatova wrote the poem "By the Sea", which goes back to childhood experiences during summer trips to Chersonese near Sevastopol.
"White Flock"
With the outbreak of World War I, Akhmatova severely limited her public life. At this time, she suffers from tuberculosis, a disease that did not let her go for a long time. An in-depth reading of the classics (A. S. Pushkin, E. A. Baratynsky, Rasin, etc.) affects her poetic manner, the sharply paradoxical style of cursory psychological sketches gives way to neoclassical solemn intonations. Insightful criticism guesses in her collection The White Flock (1917) the growing "sense of personal life as a national, historical life" (B. M. Eikhenbaum). Inspiring in her early poems the atmosphere of "mystery", the aura of autobiographical context, Akhmatova introduces free "self-expression" as a stylistic principle into high poetry. The apparent fragmentation, dissonance, spontaneity of lyrical experience is more and more clearly subject to a strong integrating principle, which gave V.V.
Post-revolutionary years
The first post-revolutionary years in Akhmatova's life were marked by hardships and a complete estrangement from the literary environment, but in the fall of 1921, after the death of Blok, the execution of Gumilyov, she, having parted with Shileiko, returned to active work, participated in literary evenings, in the work of writers' organizations, published in periodicals. In the same year, her two collections "Plantain" and "Anno Domini. MCMXXI". In 1922, for a decade and a half, Akhmatova joined her fate with the art critic N. N. Punin.
Years of silence. "Requiem"
In 1924, Akhmatova's new poems were published for the last time before a long break, after which an unspoken ban was imposed on her name. Only translations appear in the press (Rubens' letters, Armenian poetry), as well as an article about Pushkin's "The Tale of the Golden Cockerel". In 1935, her son L. Gumilyov and Punin were arrested, but after a written appeal from Akhmatova to Stalin, they were released. In 1937, the NKVD prepared materials to accuse her of counter-revolutionary activities. In 1938, Akhmatova's son was again arrested. The experiences of these painful years, clothed in verses, made up the Requiem cycle, which for two decades she did not dare to fix on paper. In 1939, after a half-interested remark by Stalin, the publishing authorities offered Akhmatova a number of publications. Her collection "From Six Books" (1940) was published, which included, along with the old poems that had undergone strict censorship selection, and new works that arose after many years of silence. Soon, however, the collection is subjected to ideological scrutiny and withdrawn from libraries.
War. Evacuation
In the first months of the Great Patriotic War, Akhmatova wrote poster poems (subsequently, "Oath", 1941, and "Courage", 1942 became popularly known). By order of the authorities, she is evacuated from Leningrad before the first blockade winter, she spends two and a half years in Tashkent. He writes many poems, working on "A Poem without a Hero" (1940-65), a baroque-complicated epic about the St. Petersburg 1910s.
Decree of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks of 1946
In 1945-46, Akhmatova incurs the wrath of Stalin, who learned about the visit to her by the English historian I. Berlin. The Kremlin authorities make Akhmatova, along with M. M. Zoshchenko, the main object of party criticism. The decree of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks directed against them “On the magazines Zvezda and Leningrad” (1946) tightened the ideological dictate and control over the Soviet intelligentsia, misled by the liberating spirit of national unity during the war. Again there was a ban on publications; an exception was made in 1950, when Akhmatova feigned loyal feelings in her poems, written for the anniversary of Stalin in a desperate attempt to alleviate the fate of her son, once again subjected to imprisonment.
Anna Andreevna Akhmatova (real name Gorenko) was born on June 23 (June 11, old style), 1889, near Odessa, in the family of a retired fleet mechanical engineer Andrei Gorenko.
On the part of her mother, Inna Stogova, Anna was distantly related to Anna Bunina, a Russian poetess. Akhmatova considered the legendary Horde Khan Akhmat to be her maternal ancestor, on whose behalf she subsequently formed her pseudonym.
She spent her childhood and youth in Pavlovsk, Tsarskoye Selo, Evpatoria and Kyiv. In May 1907 she graduated from the Kyiv Fundukleev gymnasium.
In 1910, Anna married the poet Nikolai Gumilev (1886-1921), in 1912 her son Lev Gumilev (1912-1992) was born, who later became a famous historian and ethnographer.
The first known poems by Akhmatova date back to 1904, since 1911 she began to publish regularly in Moscow and St. Petersburg publications.
In 1911, she joined the creative group "Workshop of Poets", from which in the spring of 1912 a group of acmeists stood out, preaching a return to the naturalness of the material world, to primordial feelings.
In 1912, her first collection "Evening" was published, the verses of which served as one of the foundations for creating the theory of acmeism. One of the most memorable poems in the collection is "The Gray-Eyed King" (1910).
Separation from a loved one, the happiness of "love torture", the transience of light minutes - the main theme of the subsequent collections of the poetess - "Rosary" (1914) and "White Flock" (1917).
The February Revolution of 1917 by Akhmatov, the October Revolution - as a bloody turmoil and the death of culture.
In August 1918, the poetess's divorce from Gumilyov was formalized; in December, she married the orientalist, poet and translator Vladimir Shileiko (1891-1930).
In 1920, Akhmatova became a member of the Petrograd branch of the All-Russian Union of Poets, since 1921 she was a translator at the World Literature publishing house.
At the end of 1921, when the work of private publishing houses was allowed, three books by Akhmatova were published in Alkonost and Petropolis: the collections Plantain and Anno Domini MCMXXI, the poem By the Sea itself. In 1923, five books of poems were published in three volumes.
In 1924, in the first issue of the Russian Contemporary magazine, Akhmatova's poems "And the righteous followed the messenger of God ..." and "And the month, bored in the cloudy darkness ..." were published, which served as one of the reasons for closing the magazine. The books of the poetess were withdrawn from mass libraries, her poems almost ceased to be printed. The collections of poems prepared by Akhmatova in 1924-1926 and in the mid-1930s were not published.
In 1929, Akhmatova withdrew from the All-Russian Union of Writers in protest against the persecution of writers Yevgeny Zamyatin and Boris Pilnyak.
In 1934, she did not join the Writers' Union of the USSR and found herself outside the boundaries of official Soviet literature. In the years 1924-1939, when her poems were not published, Akhmatova earned her livelihood by selling her personal archive and translations, and studied the work of Alexander Pushkin. In 1933, in her translation, "Letters" by the artist Peter Paul Rubens were published, her name was named among the participants in the publication of "Manuscripts of A. S. Pushkin" (1939).
In 1935, Lev Gumilyov and Akhmatova's third husband, art historian and art critic Nikolai Punin (1888-1953), were arrested and released shortly after the poet's petition to Joseph Stalin.
In 1938, Lev Gumilyov was arrested again, and in 1939, the Leningrad NKVD opened the "Operative Development Case against Anna Akhmatova", where the political position of the poetess was characterized as "hidden Trotskyism and hostile anti-Soviet sentiments." In the late 1930s, Akhmatova, fearing surveillance and searches, did not write down poetry and led a secluded life. At the same time, the poem "Requiem" was created, which became a monument to the victims Stalinist repressions and published only in 1988.
By the end of 1939 the attitude state power changed for Akhmatova - she was offered to prepare books for publication for two publishing houses. In January 1940, the poetess was admitted to the Writers' Union, in the same year the magazines Leningrad, Zvezda and Literary Contemporary published her poems, the Soviet Writer publishing house published a collection of her poems "From Six Books", put forward on the Stalin premium. In September 1940, the book was condemned by a special resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks on the basis of a memorandum from the head of the Central Committee about the absence of a connection with Soviet reality in the book and the preaching of religion in it. Subsequently, all books by Akhmatova published in the USSR were published with censorship exceptions and corrections related to religious themes and images.
During the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945) Akhmatova was evacuated from besieged Leningrad to Moscow, then, together with the family of Lydia Chukovskaya, she lived in evacuation in Tashkent (1941-1944), where she wrote many patriotic poems - "Courage", "The enemy's banner ...", "Oath", etc.
In 1943, Akhmatova's book "Selected: Poems" was published in Tashkent. Poems of the poetess were published in the magazines Znamya, Zvezda, Leningrad, Krasnoarmeyets.
In August 1946, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks adopted a resolution "On the magazines" Zvezda "and" Leningrad ", directed against Anna Akhmatova. She was accused of the fact that poetry, "impregnated with the spirit of pessimism and decadence", "bourgeois-aristocratic aesthetics" and decadence, harms the cause of educating young people and cannot be tolerated in Soviet literature.The works of Akhmatova were no longer printed, the editions of her books "Poems (1909-1945)" and "Selected Poems" were destroyed.
In 1949, Lev Gumilyov and Punin were again arrested, with whom Akhmatova broke up before the war. In order to mitigate the fate of loved ones, the poetess wrote several poems in 1949-1952 glorifying Stalin and the Soviet state.
The son was released in 1956, and Punin died in the camp.
Since the early 1950s, she has been working on translations of poems by Rabindranath Tagore, Kosta Khetagurov, Jan Rainis and other poets.
After Stalin's death, Akhmatova's poems began to appear in print. In 1958 and 1961, her books of poetry were published, and in 1965, the collection The Run of Time. The poem "Requiem" (1963) and "Works" in three volumes (1965) were published outside the USSR.
The final work of the poetess was "A Poem without a Hero", published in 1989.
In the 2000s, the name of Anna Akhmatova was given to a passenger ship.
The material was prepared on the basis of information from RIA Novosti and open sources
Anna Andreevna Akhmatova (nee - Gorenko, after her first husband Gorenko-Gumilyov, after a divorce she took the surname Akhmatova, after her second husband Akhmatova-Shileiko, after Akhmatov's divorce). She was born on June 11 (23), 1889 in the Odessa suburb of Bolshoi Fountain - she died on March 5, 1966 in Domodedovo, Moscow Region. Russian poetess, translator and literary critic, one of the most significant figures of Russian literature of the 20th century.
Recognized as a classic of Russian poetry back in the 1920s, Akhmatova was subjected to silence, censorship and harassment (including the decision of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks of 1946, which was not canceled during her lifetime), many works were not published in her homeland, not only during the life of the author, but and for more than two decades after her death. At the same time, the name of Akhmatova, even during her lifetime, was surrounded by fame among admirers of poetry both in the USSR and in exile.
Three people close to her were subjected to repressions: her first husband, Nikolai Gumilyov, was shot in 1921; the third husband, Nikolai Punin, was arrested three times and died in the camp in 1953; the only son, Lev Gumilyov, spent more than 10 years in prison in the 1930s and 1940s and in the 1940s and 1950s.
Akhmatova's ancestors on her mother's side, according to family tradition, ascended to the Tatar Khan Akhmat (hence the pseudonym).
Father is a mechanical engineer in the Navy, occasionally engaged in journalism.
As a one-year-old child, Anna was transferred to Tsarskoye Selo, where she lived until the age of sixteen. Her first memories are those of Tsarskoye Selo: "The green, damp splendor of the parks, the pasture where the nanny took me, the hippodrome, where small motley horses galloped, the old station."
Every summer she spent near Sevastopol, on the shore of the Streletskaya Bay. She learned to read according to the alphabet of Leo Tolstoy. At the age of five, listening to how the teacher worked with older children, she also began to speak French. Akhmatova wrote her first poem when she was eleven years old. Anna studied at the Tsarskoye Selo Women's Gymnasium, at first badly, then much better, but always reluctantly. In Tsarskoe Selo in 1903 she met N. S. Gumilyov and became a constant recipient of his poems.
In 1905, after the divorce of her parents, she moved to Evpatoria. The last class was held at the Fundukleevskaya gymnasium in Kyiv, which she graduated in 1907.
In 1908-10 she studied at the law department of the Kyiv Higher Women's Courses. Then she attended the women's historical and literary courses of N.P. Raev in St. Petersburg (early 1910s).
In the spring of 1910, after several refusals, Akhmatova agreed to become a wife.
From 1910 to 1916 she lived with him in Tsarskoye Selo, for the summer she went to the Gumilyov estate Slepnevo in the Tver province. On her honeymoon, she made her first trip abroad, to Paris. I visited there for the second time in the spring of 1911.
In the spring of 1912, the Gumilyovs traveled around Italy; in September their son Leo () was born.
Anna Akhmatova, Nikolai Gumilyov and son Leo
In 1918, having divorced Gumilyov (in fact, the marriage broke up in 1914), Akhmatova married the Assyriologist and poet V. K. Shileiko.
Vladimir Shileiko - the second husband of Akhmatova
Writing poetry from the age of 11, and publishing from the age of 18 (the first publication in the Sirius magazine published by Gumilyov in Paris, 1907), Akhmatova first announced her experiments to an authoritative audience (Ivanov, M. A. Kuzmin) in the summer of 1910. Defending from the very the beginning of family life, spiritual independence, she makes an attempt to publish without the help of Gumilyov, in the fall of 1910 she sends poems to V. Ya. , Apollo, which, unlike Bryusov, publish them.
Upon Gumilyov's return from an African trip (March 1911), Akhmatova reads to him everything she had written during the winter and for the first time received full approval of her literary experiments. Since that time, she has become a professional writer. Released a year later, her collection "Evening" found a very quick success. In the same 1912, members of the newly formed "Shop of Poets", of which Akhmatova was elected secretary, announced the emergence of a poetic school of acmeism.
Akhmatova's life in 1913 proceeds under the sign of growing metropolitan fame: she speaks to a crowded audience at the Higher Women's (Bestuzhev) Courses, artists paint her portraits, poets turn to her with poetic messages (including Alexander Blok, which gave rise to the legend of their secret romance ). There are new, more or less long-term intimate attachments of Akhmatova to the poet and critic N. V. Nedobrovo, to the composer A. S. Lurie, and others.
In 1914 the second collection was published. "Beads"(reprinted about 10 times), which brought her all-Russian fame, gave rise to numerous imitations, approved the concept of "Akhmatov's line" in the literary mind. In the summer of 1914 Akhmatova writes a poem "By the Sea" going back to childhood experiences during summer trips to Chersonese near Sevastopol.
With the outbreak of World War I, Akhmatova severely limited her public life. At this time, she suffers from tuberculosis, a disease that did not let her go for a long time. An in-depth reading of the classics (A. S. Pushkin, E. A. Baratynsky, Rasin, etc.) affects her poetic manner, the sharply paradoxical style of cursory psychological sketches gives way to neoclassical solemn intonations. Insightful criticism guesses in her collection "White Flock"(1917) the growing "sense of personal life as a national, historical life" (B. M. Eikhenbaum).
Inspiring in her early poems the atmosphere of "mystery", the aura of autobiographical context, Akhmatova introduces free "self-expression" as a stylistic principle into high poetry. The seeming fragmentation, fragmentation, spontaneity of lyrical experience is more and more clearly subject to a strong integrating principle, which gave Vladimir Mayakovsky reason to remark: "Akhmatova's poems are monolithic and will withstand the pressure of any voice without cracking."
The first post-revolutionary years in Akhmatova's life were marked by hardships and complete estrangement from the literary environment, but in the fall of 1921, after the death of Blok, the execution of Gumilyov, she, having parted with Shileiko, returned to active work, participated in literary evenings, in the work of writers' organizations, published in periodicals. In the same year, two of her collections were published. "Plantain" and "Anno Domini. MCMXXI".
In 1922, for a decade and a half, Akhmatova joined her fate with the art critic N. N. Punin.
Anna Akhmatova and third husband Nikolai Punin
In 1924, Akhmatova's new poems were published for the last time before a long break, after which an unspoken ban was imposed on her name. Only translations appear in the press (Rubens' letters, Armenian poetry), as well as an article about Pushkin's "The Tale of the Golden Cockerel". In 1935, her son L. Gumilyov and Punin were arrested, but after a written appeal from Akhmatova to Stalin, they were released.
In 1937, the NKVD prepared materials to accuse her of counter-revolutionary activities.
In 1938, Akhmatova's son was again arrested. The experiences of these painful years clothed in verses constituted a cycle "Requiem", which she did not dare to put down on paper for two decades.
In 1939, after a half-interested remark by Stalin, the publishing authorities offered Akhmatova a number of publications. Her collection "From Six Books" (1940) was published, which included, along with the old poems that had undergone a strict censorship selection, new works that arose after many years of silence. Soon, however, the collection is subjected to ideological scrutiny and withdrawn from libraries.
In the first months of the Great Patriotic War, Akhmatova wrote poster poems (later "Oath", 1941, and "Courage", 1942 became popularly known). By order of the authorities, she is evacuated from Leningrad before the first blockade winter, she spends two and a half years in Tashkent. He writes many poems, works on "A Poem without a Hero" (1940-65), a baroque-complicated epic about the St. Petersburg 1910s.
In 1945-46, Akhmatova incurs the wrath of Stalin, who learned about the visit to her by the English historian I. Berlin. The Kremlin authorities make Akhmatova, along with M. M. Zoshchenko, the main object of party criticism. The resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks “On the magazines Zvezda and Leningrad” (1946) directed against them tightened the ideological dictate and control over the Soviet intelligentsia, misled by the liberating spirit of national unity during the war. Again there was a ban on publications; an exception was made in 1950, when Akhmatova feigned loyal feelings in her poems, written for the anniversary of Stalin in a desperate attempt to alleviate the fate of her son, once again subjected to imprisonment.
In the last decade of Akhmatova's life, her poems gradually, overcoming the resistance of party bureaucrats and the timidity of editors, come to a new generation of readers.
In 1965 the final collection was published "Running Time". At the end of her days, Akhmatova was allowed to accept the Italian literary prize Etna-Taormina (1964) and an honorary doctorate from Oxford University (1965).
March 5, 1966 in Domodedovo (near Moscow) Anna Andreevna Akhmatova died. The very fact of Akhmatova's existence was a defining moment in the spiritual life of many people, and her death meant the breaking of the last living connection with a bygone era.
And Anna Akhmatova wrote about herself that she was born in the same year as Charlie Chaplin, Tolstoy's Kreutzer Sonata and the Eiffel Tower. She witnessed the change of eras - she survived two world wars, a revolution and the blockade of Leningrad. Akhmatova wrote her first poem at the age of 11 - from then until the end of her life she did not stop doing poetry.
Anna Akhmatova was born in 1889 near Odessa in the family of a hereditary nobleman, a retired fleet mechanical engineer Andrei Gorenko. The father was afraid that his daughter's poetic hobbies would disgrace his surname, therefore, at a young age, the future poetess took on a creative pseudonym - Akhmatova.
“They called me Anna in honor of Anna Egorovna Motovilova’s grandmother. Her mother was a Genghisid, Tatar princess Akhmatova, whose last name, not realizing that I was going to be a Russian poet, I made my literary name.
Anna Akhmatova
Anna Akhmatova's childhood passed in Tsarskoye Selo. As the poetess recalled, she learned to read from Leo Tolstoy's ABC, spoke French, listening to how the teacher studied with her older sisters. The young poetess wrote her first poem at the age of 11.
Anna Akhmatova in childhood. Photo: maskball.ru
Anna Akhmatova. Photos: maskball.ru
The Gorenko family: Inna Erazmovna and children Viktor, Andrei, Anna, Iya. Photo: maskball.ru
Akhmatova studied at the Tsarskoye Selo Women's Gymnasium “at first badly, then much better, but always reluctantly”. In 1905 she was homeschooling. The family lived in Evpatoria - Anna Akhmatova's mother broke up with her husband and went to the southern coast to treat tuberculosis that had become aggravated in children. In the following years, the girl moved to relatives in Kyiv - there she graduated from the Fundukleevskaya gymnasium, and then enrolled in the law department of the Higher Women's Courses.
In Kyiv, Anna began to correspond with Nikolai Gumilyov, who courted her back in Tsarskoe Selo. At this time, the poet was in France and published the Parisian Russian weekly Sirius. In 1907, the first published poem by Akhmatova, “There are many brilliant rings on his hand…”, appeared on the pages of Sirius. In April 1910, Anna Akhmatova and Nikolai Gumilyov got married - near Kyiv, in the village of Nikolskaya Slobodka.
As Akhmatova wrote, "no generation has ever had such a fate". In the 1930s, Nikolai Punin was arrested, and Lev Gumilyov was arrested twice. In 1938 he was sentenced to five years in labor camps. About the feelings of the wives and mothers of "enemies of the people" - victims of the repressions of the 1930s - Akhmatova later wrote one of her famous works - the autobiographical poem "Requiem".
In 1939, the poetess was accepted into the Union of Soviet Writers. Before the war, Akhmatova's sixth collection, "From Six Books," was published. « Patriotic War 1941 caught me in Leningrad", - the poetess wrote in her memoirs. Akhmatova was evacuated first to Moscow, then to Tashkent - there she performed in hospitals, read poetry to wounded soldiers and "eagerly caught news about Leningrad, about the front." The poetess was able to return to the Northern capital only in 1944.
“A terrible ghost pretending to be my city struck me so much that I described this meeting with him in prose ... Prose always seemed to me both a mystery and a temptation. I knew everything about poetry from the very beginning - I never knew anything about prose.
Anna Akhmatova
In 1946, a special Decree of the Organizing Bureau of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks “On the magazines Zvezda” and “Leningrad” was issued for “providing a literary platform” for “unprincipled, ideologically harmful works.” It concerned two Soviet writers - Anna Akhmatova and Mikhail Zoshchenko. They were both expelled from the Writers' Union.
Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin. Portrait of A.A. Akhmatova. 1922. State Russian Museum
Natalia Tretyakova. Akhmatova and Modigliani at the unfinished portrait
Rinat Kuramshin. Portrait of Anna Akhmatova
“Zoshchenko portrays the Soviet order and Soviet people in an ugly caricature form, slanderously representing the Soviet people as primitive, uncultured, stupid, with philistine tastes and mores. Zoshchenko's maliciously hooligan portrayal of our reality is accompanied by anti-Soviet attacks.
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Akhmatova is a typical representative of empty, unprincipled poetry, alien to our people. Her poems, imbued with the spirit of pessimism and decadence, expressing the tastes of the old salon poetry, frozen in the positions of bourgeois-aristocratic aestheticism and decadence, “art for art’s sake”, which does not want to keep pace with its people, harm the cause of educating our youth and cannot be tolerated. in Soviet literature.Excerpt from the Decree of the Organizing Bureau of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks “On the magazines Zvezda and Leningrad”
Lev Gumilyov, who, after serving his sentence as a volunteer, went to the front and reached Berlin, was again arrested and sentenced to ten years in labor camps. All his years of imprisonment, Akhmatova tried to achieve the release of her son, but Lev Gumilyov was released only in 1956.
In 1951, the poetess was reinstated in the Writers' Union. Having never had her own home, in 1955 Akhmatova received a country house in the village of Komarovo from the Literary Fund.
“I never stopped writing poetry. For me, they are my connection with time, with new life my people. When I wrote them, I lived by those rhythms that sounded in the heroic history of my country. I am happy that I lived in these years and saw events that had no equal.
Anna Akhmatova
In 1962, the poetess completed work on "A Poem Without a Hero", which she had been writing for 22 years. As the poet and memoirist Anatoly Naiman noted, “A Poem Without a Hero” was written by Akhmatova late about Akhmatova early - she recalled and reflected on the era she found.
In the 1960s, Akhmatova's work received wide recognition - the poetess became a nominee for the Nobel Prize, received the Etna-Taormina literary prize in Italy. Oxford University awarded Akhmatova an honorary doctorate in literature. In May 1964, an evening dedicated to the 75th anniversary of the poetess was held at the Mayakovsky Museum in Moscow. The following year, the last lifetime collection of poems and poems, "The Run of Time", was published.
The illness forced Anna Akhmatova in February 1966 to move to a cardiology sanatorium near Moscow. She passed away in March. The poetess was buried at the Nikolsky Naval Cathedral in Leningrad and buried at the Komarovsky cemetery.
Slavic professor Nikita Struve
