The study of world trends in the development of technology, the evaluation of exhibits of international exhibitions indicate that up to 80% of the developments that have received maximum development during last years, despite the crisis, are associated with intelligent solutions based on the use of information technology. The strategic vector of innovative development of agricultural production is associated with the widespread use of information technology, electronics, and automated systems. The intellectual basis for this is the fundamental innovative solutions in other areas and industries, which are also successfully used in agriculture.
In crop production, precise, precise, or intelligent farming (Smart Farming) is formed and implemented. It involves the management of land productivity, crops, labor, financial resources, the formation of optimal logistics, taking into account market conditions. Electronic maps of fields are created, information bases are formed for each field, including area, yield, agrochemical and agrophysical properties (normative and actual), the state of plants in the corresponding phases of vegetation, etc. Software is being developed for analysis and acceptance management decisions, as well as giving commands to chip cards that are loaded into robotic devices, agricultural units for differentiated agricultural operations.
In animal husbandry, unified methods and means of animal identification are used as an intellectual basis for a long-term strategy for the organizational and structural development of a farm, a complex, and an industry as a whole.
As an example, it is advisable to cite the operation of the PigWatc system, which implements an innovative technology for the management of artificial insemination of pigs.
Three infrared sensors monitor the behavior of the sow 24 hours a day, all seven days of the week. The monitoring device is installed directly above the sow in an individual pen. On the LED display at any time you can read the entire important information, for example, regarding proholost, the status of insemination or the need for it. The core of this system is a powerful computer that continuously analyzes incoming information about the behavior of animals in real time, while comparing the results with the original data. Based on these calculations, the exact time of artificial insemination of each sow is determined individually. All information on the course of sexual hunting is displayed on a connected PC or laptop in the form of available charts.
In the processing of agricultural products, the most advanced technology is the contactless reading of information from objects and storing REID (Radio Frequency Identification) data, as well as automated systems for planning and managing production in conditions of rapid changes in volumes and assortment.
Especially popular is the effective development of the OKB "Milk Machines of Russians" - automated system management of technological processes at a milk processing enterprise.
On the basis of the technological log and the time schedule of the equipment operation, the software creates an operation diagram and a process protocol that displays the specified parameters and the sequence of interactions of both individual pieces of equipment and entire production sites.
In the technical service of agricultural machinery, a system for remote monitoring of the state of the MTP in the agro-industrial complex is successfully operating. It was developed by GNU GOSNITI based on the Outrak remote diagnostics system. Signals about the state of the ICC are transmitted via mobile communications to the TELEMATIC5 web server, equipped with the software and hardware complex of the Global Automation Systems (GLOSAV) company with the Agroprom industry application.
The effectiveness of the development of the agro-industrial complex is largely determined by the availability of tools and technology for managing knowledge obtained on the basis of many years of experience in agricultural production. The intuition of individual representatives of the industry and the large amount of know-how created in the world over many years of work are extremely valuable for the further development of agriculture. There is an urgent task of converting tacit knowledge gained by experience into explicit knowledge, with the fixation of scientific results, which will ultimately improve the quality and efficiency of agricultural and food production. It is advisable to improve communication and exchange of information and knowledge between experts and agricultural producers. The use of cloud computing is of particular practical interest and has significant prospects, which are successfully used in various fields and have a number of advantages: cost reduction; distribution of information resources on demand, without limitation; maintenance and upgrade software, which runs in the background; rapid innovation development, including collaboration with other systems in the cloud; great opportunities for the global development of the services provided.
The cycle of work performed in the process of agricultural production with active support of the cloud service includes four main stages: production and operation planning; performance of work; monitoring and evaluation of results; adjustment of plans.
For each specific agricultural producer, the cloud service is an innovation that allows solving specific, urgent tasks:
In the conditions of the WTO, such economic indicators as profit, the level of profitability of production, make it possible to assess the effectiveness of a single agricultural enterprise or industry. The maximum increase in performance is final goal introduction of new information technologies. The following mechanisms contribute to the achievement of this goal:
Receiving information from the cloud service in accordance with the professional profile and individual data, real-time information is transmitted to agricultural producers depending on their geographical location, type of cultivated crops, weather in their region. Information is provided on methods for identifying pests that can destroy crops. In addition, the cloud system can provide information with recommendations on the stages of ongoing agricultural work, assist in the calculation of costs and provide an opportunity to familiarize yourself with the approved regulations in a particular region. For producers exporting their goods, the cloud will report prices for products in agricultural markets, help in making decisions: sell their crops or wait best prices on the world market.
Schematically, the sequence of collecting, storing and analyzing information can be represented from five stages: data collection - storage - visualization - analysis - instruction. Implementation full cycle data processing will provide industry workers with up-to-date, timely, reliable information to improve the efficiency of production and product sales.
The use of cloud computing allows the flexibility to link together various systems industry, can become one of the fundamental approaches in innovative development and integrate entire Information Systems:
The cloud service allows maintenance of millions of users by simply making changes and additions to the program on one system in the center of the cloud. Moreover, in cloud computing, there is no difference in the version of the software used by different users, resulting in improved usability in addition to lower operating costs. The benefits of virtualization are to optimize management, increase data storage security, reduce operating costs, increase staff efficiency, which leads to significant savings time and financial costs.
It becomes practical to connect the basic authentication and billing functions for processing and intelligent analysis of GPS data, mapping system images, speech and other information, which creates the conditions for optimizing the entire production process and performing it daily based on accurate and verified data.
Weather and soil information, GPS data, worker observations, land data can be used to obtain advice and recommendations based on the analysis of these stored data, the formation and development of a knowledge system stored in the cloud.
The process of accumulation and exchange of knowledge in the agricultural sector leads to an improvement in the overall production efficiency. Agriculture is a generator of a large amount of knowledge and technology and should be ready for further innovative development and improvement. Cloud computing can support this process. The mechanism of cloud computing purposefully solves the problem of transferring knowledge to working agricultural producers and subsequent generations of agricultural workers.
Thus, in order to ensure the implementation of the tasks and parameters determined by the State Program for the Development of Agriculture and the Regulation of Agricultural Products, Raw Materials and Food Markets for 2013-2020, it is necessary to intensify work in this direction. They are the intellectual basis for the formation of the fourth and fifth technological modes in the agricultural production of Russia.
Based on the materials of the article: Fedosenko, V.F. Information Technology in agricultural production / V.F. Fedosenko. - Scientific and technological progress in agricultural production: materials of the Intern. sci.-tech. conf. (Minsk, October 22-23, 2014). In 3 volumes. T. 1. - Minsk: Scientific and Practical Center of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus for Agricultural Mechanization, 2014. - 257 p.
Qualitative improvement of production is carried out in the form of innovations, which form the basis of the investment process. Innovation is a new way of satisfying needs, which gives an increase in a beneficial effect and, as a rule, is based on the achievements of science and technology.
Innovation (innovation) represents the end result of innovation, embodied in the form of a new or improved product introduced to the market, a new or improved technological process, a new approach to social services. Innovation activity- a system of measures to bring scientific and technical ideas, inventions, developments to a result suitable for practical use. In full, innovation activity includes all types of scientific research(fundamental and applied), design, technological, experimental development, as well as measures to master innovations in production.
As a result of innovative activity, new products, technologies and forms of organization and management of production appear. This is an important aspect of scientific and technological progress, one of the necessary conditions for effective functioning of agricultural producers in a market economy.
Innovative activity is associated with bringing scientific, technical ideas, developments to implementation in specific products and technologies that are in demand on the market. Depending on the technological parameters, innovations are divided into product and process innovations. Obtaining a fundamentally new product is a product innovation. Process innovation is the development of new or significantly improved production methods, technologies, forms of organization and production management. According to the degree of novelty, innovations are divided into new for the industry and new for a given enterprise (group of enterprises). Depending on the depth of the changes introduced, radical (basic) innovations are singled out, which implement major inventions and become the basis for the formation of new generations and directions for the development of technology; improving, usually implementing small and medium-sized inventions and prevailing in the phases of dissemination and stable development of the scientific and technical cycle; modification (private) aimed at partial improvement of obsolete generations of equipment and technology.
By role in manufacturing process innovations are consumer and investment. In terms of scale, innovations are divided into complex (synthetic) and simple. The incentive motive for innovation is market competition. Due to the use of outdated equipment and technologies agricultural enterprises suffer losses, so they are forced to reduce production costs through innovation. Enterprises that are the first to master effective innovations can reduce the cost of production, and therefore strengthen their position in the competition with enterprises offering similar products.
Innovative activity is a powerful lever with which to overcome the decline in production, ensure its restructuring, and saturate the market with a variety of competitive products. The transition to an innovative model of the economy means not only stabilization, but also a constant increase in the technical and technological level domestic production. The main areas of innovation in agriculture are: energy and resource-saving technologies for production, storage and processing agricultural products; innovations that contribute to filling the domestic market with cheap and high-quality food products; innovations to increase the productivity, efficiency, maintainability of machinery and equipment, extend their service life, increase productivity; training of highly qualified personnel for the agro-industrial complex, taking into account the construction of an innovative model of the economy; measures to improve the environment. The most important role in innovation activity belongs to the state. The state provides financing and selection of priorities in the innovation sphere, strategic planning, determination of the list of goods and services that can become the subject of a state order, the creation of mechanisms for self-organization in the innovation sphere, encouragement of big capital for participating in innovative projects, expertise and analysis of innovative projects. The necessary conditions innovation activities - monitoring, a developed innovation infrastructure that contributes to the prompt delivery of information to producers about the results of scientific and technical activities, specific recommendations of science on various aspects of agro-industrial production. Information and advisory services play an important role in this. Their importance increases sharply due to the reduction in the number of highly qualified specialists working directly in the agro-industrial complex.
The most important component of innovation activity is research and development work. The result of innovative activities in the agro-industrial complex should be an increase in crop yields and animal productivity, labor productivity, a reduction in the cost and material intensity of a unit of production, an increase in profits, as well as a reduction in economic damage from pollution environment. The economic efficiency of innovation activity is characterized by the ratio of the economic effect from the introduction of innovations to the costs that caused it. The effect can be represented by gross and net output, profit. Under the costs of innovation activities understand the totality of material and monetary resources spent to achieve the effect. In the economic evaluation of innovative projects, indicators of the comparative effectiveness of capital investments are used. In a market economy, innovation should be aimed at creating competitive products, increasing the volume of its production and increasing the profitability of agriculture.
25. Intensification of agriculture: the concept and economic essence of intensification
The development of agriculture is carried out in accordance with the objective economic laws of expanded reproduction. Growth in agricultural production can be achieved both by expanding land areas and increasing the number of livestock, and by the effective use of means of production. In the first case, we are talking about an extensive path of development of the industry. The increase in output in this form of production is achieved through a quantitative increase in the means of labor involved in the production process. The extensive path of agricultural development is characterized by the expansion of land resources in the former technical basis without a significant change in technology and production technology. The extensive path does not have a broad perspective, since the amount of land is limited and cannot be significantly increased. An extensive development path does not provide an increase in the productivity of land. Consequently, with this path, the growth of agricultural production cannot be unlimited.
In turn, the intensive path of development contributes to the continuous growth of crop yields and livestock productivity. This path allows more efficient use of available resources, agricultural land, livestock and poultry. Achievement of these goals can be achieved through the application of the achievements of scientific and technological progress, the efficient use of land, material and labor resources. With an intensive development path, there is a concentration of capital on the same unit of land area to increase production volumes per hectare of land.
This path of development of agriculture provides unlimited opportunities for increasing the production of agricultural and livestock products. The intensive path of development of agriculture does not exclude the extensive conduct of production in certain periods or in certain regions of the country. The development of new lands in the conditions of the vast territory of our country with its diversity in natural and economic regions becomes an economic inevitability. It was dictated by the need to master the productive forces, more rational use of land resources, the interests of locating production and increasing agricultural output.
The term "intensity" means tension, increased activity. With regard to agriculture, the growth of intensity implies the active functioning of the main means in agriculture, namely land resources.
In the economic sense, the intensification of agriculture should be understood as the ever-increasing use of more advanced means of production, and sometimes skilled labor on the same land area in order to increase production and increase the efficiency of the industry as a whole. Intensification is such an economic process in which there is an increase in costs per unit area or head of livestock and an increase in crop and livestock production is achieved, its quality is improved, and material and monetary costs for production and sale are reduced. The intensification of agriculture is based on continuous technical progress, the growth of high-performance machines, mineral fertilizers, land reclamation, breeding of new high-yielding varieties of crops and highly productive animal breeds. It represents an objective and natural process of agricultural development on an expanded basis. This is not a simple mechanical growth of a mass of provisions, but a further qualitative development of the productive forces of agriculture.
The main goal of the intensification of agriculture is to increase production and improve its quality in order to better meet the growing needs of the population. It plays an important role in bringing the material and cultural conditions of life of the rural and urban population closer together, contributes to the transformation of agricultural labor into a variety of industrial labor, bringing agriculture closer to the level of industry in terms of technical equipment and organization of production.
The acceleration of scientific and technological progress in agriculture leads to a change in the ratio of living and materialized labor to the production of a unit of output. At the same time, the share of materialized labor increases, the share of living labor decreases, and total costs labor per 1 quintal of production decrease. This shows the economic essence of intensification as the most important direction in the development of agriculture in modern conditions.
Intensification as a process of development of agricultural production is possible and justified not only when the growth of production is carried out in higher proportions and sizes in comparison with the increase in additional investments, but also in the case when production grows at a much smaller scale than the additional costs increase. A decrease in output with additional investments of capital occurs only if the level of technical equipment of agriculture remains unchanged.
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Modern nanotechnologies are of great interest in relation to grain as a strategic raw material and one of the key factors of the country's food security.
Pests of grain reserves cause enormous damage to crop production, reducing crop yields by an average of 30-35% with a significant deterioration in the quality of the products obtained.
For example, in the Novosibirsk region, which produces 3 million tons of grain per year, due to violations of the grain processing and storage technology, losses from pathogenic microorganisms account for at least 15%, which is comparable to the volume of wheat grain (300 thousand tons) necessary to provide the population of this region with bread.
In the laboratory of microbiological research of SibUPK, together with the Siberian branch of the VNIIZ, work was carried out to assess the effectiveness of the effect of various concentrations of silver and bismuth nanopreparations on phytopathogenic microflora and seed quality of wheat grain. On the example of the strain Vas. mesentericus (potato stick), as a representative of the microflora of grain and flour, it was found that the silver nanobiocomposite reduces the amount of the causative agent of the “potato disease” of bread by up to 44%, which positively affects the quality of flour and baked bread.
One of the significant reserves for increasing the yield and quality of grain is the phytosanitary optimization of the technology of growing grain crops, based on the disinfection of seed material from pathogens (about 75% of fungal nature and more than 88% of bacterial), which are transmitted in bulk from planting material.
The Siberian branch of the State Scientific Institution VNIIZ, together with the State Scientific Institution SibNIIRS of the Russian Agricultural Academy and the ICTTM SB RAS, conducted comprehensive exploratory studies of the effect of bismuth and silver nanopreparations on the phytosanitary state and sowing properties of spring wheat seeds in laboratory and field conditions. According to the experimental results, the use of bismuth and silver nanopreparations had a positive effect on the sowing rates of seeds of spring wheat varieties Novosibirskaya 29 and Sibirskaya 12. Their germination and germination energy increased by 1.2-2.5 times, compared with the control and the use of imported disinfectants. The infestation of seeds with phytopathogenic fungi against the background of treatment with bismuth nanopreparations decreased by 2.3-2.8 times, which was higher than when seeds were treated with silver nanopreparations.
Optimal concentrations and consumption rates of bismuth nano-preparation for pre-sowing treatment of spring wheat seeds have been developed.
The drug is a colloidal solution of bismuth subcitrate in the form of nanosized particles, which has a stimulating effect along with fungicidal and anti-stress properties and is safe for the environment.
Recommendations on the use of bismuth nanopreparation in agriculture for growing crops and grain storage have been approved. Bismuth-based nanopreparations are more economical than imported grain dressers similar in function. Bismuth is also more than 20 times cheaper than silver.
The estimated annual economic effect from the use of bismuth nanopreparation, instead of imported disinfectants, for pre-sowing treatment of wheat seed grain in the amount of 250 thousand tons (for the Novosibirsk region) is determined at 50 million rubles. At the same time, the expected increase in the yield of wheat grain can be at least 15-20%.
The research results have been repeatedly (more than 10 times) published. They received a patent and filed an application for another patent. Twice works on nanotechnology were exhibited at the International Nanotechnology Forum in Moscow.
Based on the data of a comprehensive study of the effect of silver and bismuth nanopreparations on the phytosanitary state of wheat seeds and on the productive indicators of farm animals and poultry, the following conclusions can be drawn:
* the use of nanopreparations based on bismuth and silver, which have a multifunctional effect, in particular, the ability to suppress pathogens, stimulate growth and increase plant resistance to stress factors, can become a modern direction for the disinfection and storage of grain;
* in the production of compound feed, nanopreparations based on bismuth and silver are promising to be used within the established norms as therapeutic and prophylactic additives to prevent gastrointestinal diseases in farm animals and poultry, which will completely abandon antibiotics;
* It is important to note the economic importance of the use of nanotechnology in the agro-industrial complex, which ensures the growth of agricultural production by 15-20% with a significant reduction in material costs and the preservation of the environment. At the same time, the priority is the use of nanopreparations based on bismuth, as the most economically promising.
2. Basic tillage.
| Processing is understood as the mechanical impact on the soil by the working bodies of tillage machines and implements in order to create optimal soil conditions for grown plants, destroy weeds, and protect the soil from erosion. Soil cultivation is the main agrotechnical means of regulating soil regimes, the intensity of biological processes and, most importantly, maintaining a good phytosanitary condition of the soil and crops. Qualitatively cultivating the soil, we increase the effective fertility and productivity of crops. |
| The main tasks of the tillage system in modern agriculture are as follows: |
| creation of a powerful cultural arable layer, maintenance of high effective fertility in it, favorable water-air, thermal and nutritional regimes for plants by changing its structure and structural state, periodically wrapping and mixing soil layers; |
| complete destruction of growing weeds, pathogens and pests of agricultural crops, reduction of potential infestation, improvement of the general phytosanitary situation in crop rotation fields; |
| increasing the erosion resistance of the soil and protecting it from erosion; |
| incorporation and uniform distribution of plant residues and fertilizers in the soil; |
| giving the best structure and structural condition to the sowing soil layer in order to place the seeds at a specified depth, creating conditions for the high-performance use of tillage and harvesting machines. |
| Methods and methods of tillage. |
| To create optimal living conditions, plants are used various ways and tillage practices. |
| The method of soil cultivation is the mechanical effect of the working bodies of tillage implements and machines on the density of addition and the location of genetic and heterogeneous horizons of the cultivated soil layer in terms of fertility. There are mouldboard, non-moldboard, rotary and combined methods of tillage. |
| The moldboard method involves processing with moldboard tools with full or partial wrapping of the treated layer in order to change the location of soil layers or genetic soil horizons of different quality in the vertical direction in combination with loosening, mixing, cutting and incorporating plant residues and fertilizers into the soil. |
| The non-moldboard method provides for the processing with non-moldboard tillage tools and machines without changing the location of layers and genetic horizons of different quality in terms of fertility in order to loosen or compact, cut weeds and preserve plant residues on the soil surface. |
| The rotary method provides for the processing of soil-cultivating tools and machines by rotating working bodies to eliminate the differentiation of the cultivated layer in terms of its density and fertility by active crumbling and mixing of soil, plant residues and fertilizers to form a homogeneous layer. |
| Combined methods include processing with combined and conventional soil-cultivating tools and machines, providing a different combination of horizons and layers, as well as the timing of the moldboard, moldboardless and rotary methods of tillage. |
| Soil cultivation methods are used to increase the effective fertility and productivity of crops. At the same time, climatic conditions, the type of soil and the degree of its cultivation, the requirements of cultivated crops are taken into account. |
| Reception of tillage - a single mechanical impact on the soil by the working bodies of tillage machines and implements in one way or another to perform one or more technological operations to a certain depth. |
| According to the depth of processing, methods of basic, surface and special tillage are distinguished. |
| The main processing is understood as the deepest tillage, which significantly changes its composition for a certain crop rotation. The main processing includes plowing and deep loosening. |
| Surface tillage is the cultivation of the soil with various tools to a depth not exceeding 12 ... 14 cm. This includes peeling, cultivation, harrowing, rolling, smoothing, thinning. |
| Special tillage is used in the presence of specific conditions for a specific purpose. The methods of special processing include multi-layer (longline) processing using longline plows, plantation plowing, slotting, and mole-catching. |
| Methods of basic tillage |
| Plowing is carried out by plows with blades of various designs, which determines the dissimilarity in the composition of technological operations and the quality of their implementation. Plows with screw blades wrap the soil layer well, but crumble it poorly; on the contrary, plows with a cylindrical moldboard surface crumble the soil layer well, but wrap it poorly. |
| If during the operation of the plow the soil layer is completely turned around (by 180 °), then they speak of plowing with a layer turnover. With incomplete overturning of the soil layer and its oblique setting (by 135 °) on the edge, one speaks of plowing with uplift of the layer. |
| However, the best wrapping and crumbling of the soil layer, especially the soil released from under perennial grasses, is achieved by plowing with a plow with a cultural dump and a skimmer installed in front of it. The skimmer removes 2/3 of the working width of the main body upper layer soil 8…10 cm thick, containing stubble, plant residues, harmful insects and phytopathogenic microorganisms, seeds and organs of vegetative renewal of weeds, and dumps it to the bottom of the furrow. In order to cover and close up the top layer of soil well, the main body should work at least 10 ... 12 cm deeper than the skimmer. It raises the lower layer to the dump, which is well structured and relatively free from harmful organisms, wraps, crumbles it and completely sprinkles it with the previously discarded top layer. Such plowing with a plow with a cultural blade and with a skimmer to a depth of at least 20 ... 22 cm is called cultural, or classical, plowing. It is widely used as an autumn (autumn) plowing in different regions Russia in the fields where there is no real danger of erosion processes. |
| When plowing with moldboard plows, the soil layer falls off to the right. Therefore, if the plowing of each paddock into which the field to be plowed is divided starts from the edges of the paddock, then a detachable furrow is formed in the middle, and this method is called waddle plowing. If plowing is started from the middle of the corral, then a dump ridge is formed in the middle, and this method is called dump plowing. |
| For plowing, various moldboard plows are used (PLN-5-35, PTK-9-35, PVN-3-35, etc.). When using reversible plows, the field is not divided into paddocks; neither breaking furrows nor dump ridges are formed on it. Such plowing is called smooth. |
| In areas subject to wind erosion, in order to preserve stubble and other plant residues on the surface, which protect the soil from blowing out and accumulate a large amount of moisture in the form of snow, which is so necessary in arid steppe regions, only loosening the soil without wrapping it, which is called subsurface plowing, is carried out. . Such plowing to a depth of 27 ... 30 cm or more, developed in the early 50s of the XX century. Academician T. S. Maltsev, are widely used in Western and Eastern Siberia and the European part of Russia using earlier non-moldboard plows, and later flat cutters and subsoilers of various designs (KPE-3.8, KPP-2.2, KPG-2-150, KPG-250, GUN-4, paraplow type, etc.). |
| In fields with an uneven surface and a large amount of slightly decomposed plant residues (annual plowing in one direction, the formation of tussocks, weed clumps) nice results how the main processing provides milling. During the operation of milling tools (FNB-0.9, FN-1.25, KFG-3.6, etc.), the soil intensively crumbles to a depth of 10 ... 20 cm and mixes thoroughly, creating a homogeneous arable or immediately only a sowing layer where crop seeds are sown. |
3. Cultivation technology winter wheat vCentral Black Earth region
Full provision of plants with life factors and their protection from harmful effects is ensured by intensive technology based on the use of optimal doses of fertilizers, the use of fractional nitrogen supplements, on integrated crop protection, etc.
In the current crisis conditions, intensive technology for many farms is possible only on a small part of winter wheat crops in order to ensure the production required amount strong and valuable grain. In most cases, the technology for cultivating winter wheat on farms should be low-cost, energy- and resource-saving, and environmentally friendly. the minimum amount fertilizers and chemical means of crop protection.
Predecessors and place in crop rotation
The forerunners of winter crops in the CCR are very diverse. Their ordered classification is given in table 18.
Winter wheat is very demanding on its predecessors, the presence of moisture and nutrients in the soil at the time of its sowing, the friendliness of the emergence and development of seedlings, the phytosanitary state of crops, the yield and quality of grain. Winter crops in crop rotations are placed on clean, occupied, green manure fallows and on non-fallow predecessors.
Pure fallow is a repair field, it is good for applying lime, manure or compost, for killing weeds, etc. In areas with insufficient and unstable moisture, it is the most reliable predecessor. Steam can provide better humidity in the soil, obtaining good seedlings and high yields even in dry conditions. In conditions of shortage of fertilizers and means of crop protection, the role of pure fallows increases sharply. Their area can be up to 10% of arable land, especially in the steppe zone.
Employed and green manure (melilot) pairs are of great importance, freeing the soil 1.5-2 months or more before the start of winter crops sowing. The best fallow crops are: clover, sainfoin or sweet clover for 1 cut, winter rye, triticale, rapeseed and their mixtures with winter vetch for green fodder, vetch-oat or pea-oat mixtures, lupine or corn for green fodder, etc.
Non-steam predecessors are less reliable, especially in dry steppe regions. However, under moisture-provided conditions, quite high yields can be obtained after early-harvested leguminous crops (peas, peas, lentils, etc.), early potatoes, buckwheat, silage corn, etc. Worse than other predecessors are stubble cereal occupied pairs.
As the analysis of world agricultural markets and the agro-industrial complex of a number of countries shows, innovations in agriculture occupy a significant part of the agro-industrial budget. The growth of such expenditures is especially noticeable in 18 developed countries. However, in our country, paradoxically, funding is declining, and not in stages, but in noticeable leaps. In recalculation over the past decade, funding for programs aimed at developing new technologies and innovative projects in the agro-industrial complex has halved by 1 ha.
Therefore, it turns out that, having one of the largest agricultural lands in terms of area and quality on the planet, we do not increase production through the introduction of modern technologies, but rather destroy it, and squeeze out of the agro-industrial complex everything that was laid down under the USSR. However, with this approach, all the accumulated potential in the agro-industrial complex, which was provided by innovations in agriculture back in the USSR, will quickly decline, which will lead to a noticeable increase in the cost of agricultural products and a decrease in the volume of its production.
In addition, innovation in agriculture meets another obstacle in its path. This is not the perception by agricultural workers of all levels of the new and this is not at all surprising, because over the past two decades, the outflow of human resources from the agricultural sector to the industrial sector has not only increased, but has become catastrophic. As a result, most of the people who worked there under the USSR remained to work in agriculture, and this, moreover, is an age component and causes them to completely or partially not perceive such trends in the development of the industry. And if we add the simply deplorable state of education in the villages, then even young workers in the agro-industrial complex will not be able to adequately and professionally accept all the innovations in agriculture. By the way, this is also confirmed by a number of experiments on the construction of agricultural facilities using modern technologies with maximum automation of production processes. As experience has shown, it is very difficult, it turned out to select volunteers for the implementation of such projects as the "Village of the Future" and similar ones. Since if a person has enough knowledge and a good education, he simply does not want to return to the village, and most of those who wish have a significant lack of knowledge (and not because of stupidity, but because of disgusting education in the village), which does not allow them to immediately take advantage of such project that requires additional training. And despite the fact that the audit in agriculture shows the profitability of such projects, they often turn into forgotten or dead-end experiments.
Therefore, when saying "innovations in agriculture", one cannot mean only the agro-industrial complex and NTI that are engaged in developments in this area. In order for everything to come true, it is also necessary to have high-quality and modern financing, strengthening the education system in countryside, increasing its level, creating attractive social conditions for attracting younger generation into the agricultural sector. And only after completing such a set of measures, we can talk about the introduction of some projects in agriculture.
The main directions in this area are biotechnology and technical progress (modernization). Biotechnologies in agriculture are aimed at increasing the volume of crop and livestock production by increasing soil fertility, increasing crop yields, improving the quality of crops, and preventing degradation and destruction of natural ecological systems and the environment.
Technical progress or modernization of equipment and machinery is aimed at reducing energy consumption in the cultivation and processing of agricultural products. Modernization of production processes, both in the livestock sector and crop production through automation and robotization of most processes, which in turn will lead to a decrease in the number of human resources involved in production.
It is possible to describe innovations in agriculture for a very long time, their types and types, but all of them are impossible without the minimum conditions that we described above. Therefore, this issue applies not only to private capital, but mainly to the state itself, with its significant support for such processes, agriculture in our country can become one of the main sources of budget revenues.
Technical means for increasing labor productivity, used in agriculture for the mechanization of operations and technological processes. For each type of work, there are various types of equipment. Modern agricultural machinery for the harvest is divided into several types. Equipment for tillage and preparation of the soil, equipment for the implementation of direct crop care and equipment for the collection of fodder products.
Today, physical labor is also facilitated by the use of modern agricultural machinery with space navigation systems. Which make it possible to carry out high-quality plowing, subdivided into two groups: autopilot systems and parallel driving systems. V last case a GPS navigator (Global Positioning System) is installed on the tractor, which allows you to monitor deviations from the trajectory of movement on the plowed object. The autopilot system allows the worker to expend less effort and pay more attention to the technological process itself and its quality. This is done by installing an electro-hydraulic system on the tractor. automatic control, in which the tractor driver participates in the control process only on turns. Such devices allow to reduce the cost of working time, used fuel, mineral fertilizers and plant protection products.
In agriculture, small aircraft are often used to spray and spray pest control products. In this method of processing, there are a number of advantages over conventional ground methods: increased productivity, which consists in reducing the processing time large territories. The use of small aircraft makes it possible to apply late top dressing to grown crops without damaging the plants, unlike ground devices. Pest control is more effective. Thus, using such technical means, it is possible to significantly improve the quality of crops produced. There are also a number of disadvantages, such as dependence on weather conditions, the possibility of getting drugs on neighboring crops and high cost.
Agriculture provides people in many areas of life, and its development is an integral part of progress. The vital activity of mankind, its number and successful development largely depend on the process of modernization of agriculture, therefore the introduction of the latest devices and mechanisms is a natural process.
The Russian Federation has a huge development potential for the agricultural sector of the economy in almost all of its sectors. Until recently, its growth has been modest due to the limited use of innovative agricultural technologies and best practices.
Since 2014, when the government decided to launch sectoral vectors for import substitution, the agricultural sector of the economy has come out on top in terms of production growth, giving a 3.5% increase in gross agricultural output. By the end of 2015, grocery imports were down to less than a quarter of a billion dollars. Back in 2012, it was about fifty billion.
However, not everything is as rosy as we would like to see it. The period of agricultural import substitution is a rather lengthy process that requires protective assistance from the state and huge investments from domestic investors.
And if everything is more or less in order with state protections, then there is a significant lethargy with investments, which is explained by the less attractiveness of the agricultural industry in comparison with other sectors of import substitution. Trade, raw material processing and the construction sector, as before, are the most popular among investors in the Russian Federation.
After all, despite the optimistic figures, the share of the population employed in agriculture is only 10-12%, and the domestic food and vegetable market in winter period still includes up to 80-90% of the products of the countries of near and far abroad. What can we say about products, even if the defense department is seriously dependent on the import of components.
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Of course, this situation undoubtedly needs to be leveled, and the policy of import substitution plays its constructive role in this. But we should not forget about the pitfalls of this course. After all, such a path is not at all new for world economic experience: it was used by a number of countries in the South Latin American region in the third quarter of the 20th century.
The experience of these countries must be taken into account. And it shows that long-term state protection and an inflexible import-substitution policy can do a disservice. Yes, at first these countries experienced good intra-production growth with a proportionate decrease in unemployment.
But then growth slowed down significantly, foreign trade priority specializations were lost, and the stimulating effect of entrepreneurial risks was reduced to nothing. Ultimately, this led to the same thing from which they started: high unemployment and economic depression.
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What then should be done in the case of domestic import substitution, in agricultural production, in order to avoid the scenario passed by other countries? Is it really necessary to curtail this program, in which very large investments have already been made.
Far from it. There is a modern effective method for optimizing import substitution. This is a parallel mandatory introduction of an advanced and innovative component into import-substituting projects. It is necessary to take successful and avant-garde world achievements as a basis here, refine and adapt them to Russian business models. Then there will be no loss of specializations, no reduction in efficiency and returns. Here you can with great benefit to borrow some ideas from the experience of the successful countries of the South-Eastern region.
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What specific agricultural advanced and innovative technologies suitable for adaptation in Russia can be cited as an example for future widespread implementation? A lot of them. By reading just a few, you will realize the full power of technological innovations that border on the fantastic: allowing fish to be farmed in deserts and potatoes to be watered. sea water. Let's dwell on the most characteristic: 
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Advanced projects and innovations should become a priority for the development of Russian agriculture in the near and medium term and play a key role in the import substitution policy.
But we can list a number of successful implementations already today. Of course, in terms of their innovative component, these projects are far from fish in the desert, but they are also quite fresh and show confidence in their work.
It makes sense to add to this that last year the Ministry of Agriculture identified the main priorities in agricultural development.
