Pavel Petrovich	Evgeny Bazarov
I. About aristocracy
The aristocracy is the main driving force of social development. The ideal is English freedom, that is, a constitutional monarchy. Liberalism, progress, reforms - this is what helps society move.	The destruction of the old is for Bazarov an end in itself, and not a condition for the creation of a new one. A Russian person does not need the words "liberalism", "reform", "progress" for nothing. Aristocrats who sit idly by are of no use. Bazarov denies aristocratic ideals and principles.
II. About the Russian people
The people cannot live without faith, they are patriarchal, they have created healthy foundations for life: the community and the peasant family. The people are an unchanging category. The spiritual level of the people, the principles of people's life are eternal. The spirit of denial is alien to the Russian people. Passivity, faith, patriarchy - these are his permanent features.	I am ready to agree that while the people are superstitious, patriarchal, but Bazarov considers it necessary to distinguish between popular prejudices and the interests of the people. He considers himself a representative of the people. Everything that Kirsanov admires, Bazarov considers a temporary phenomenon. The peasant does not yet understand his own position, his interests, but Bazarov understands the interests of the people. Faith, humility, gullibility are the temporary state of the people, the spirit of denial is characteristic of the Russian people. Bazarov considers his negative direction to be a manifestation of the national spirit.
III. What is the negative direction of Bazarov?
It is terrible what Bazarov says when it comes to religion. He denies everything, but you have to build. Nihilism for Pavel Petrovich is an unacceptable phenomenon, nihilists respect no one, they are bad and immoral people. They have nothing to do in Russia, the Bazarovs are not needed, "there are only four and a half of them." But, according to Bazarov, “... Moscow burned down from a penny candle”, “... there are not so few of us”, and the nihilists are the first light from which a huge flame breaks out. Bazarov believes that the nihilists will also lead in the future.	From the point of view of Bazarov, the criterion of benefit is the benefit not for an individual, not for him, but for the interests of the people, and Eugene categorically says that "we are not up to abstractions." We are talking about a peasant, and from the position of a peasant, Bazarov looks at the phenomena of Russian life. Bazarov brings to the fore denial, which at the moment is most important for him. Bazarov denies everything, does not find a single provision in the civil, social, family structure that he would not completely deny. He denies the state system, public institutions, family relations, God, the benefits of aristocracy and aristocracy, art, art, the beauty of nature, etc. “The most merciless denial of everything,” says Bazarov about the order of tasks. “First, break everything, clear the place.” According to Bazarov, everything that interferes with the reasonable organization of life must be broken. According to the author, such a distinction between destruction and creation is wrong. Bazarov does not trust Pavel Petrovich and does not say whether he is really going to move from words to deeds.
IV. About nihilism
Pavel Petrovich considers nihilists to be people without "principles", and therefore immoral, i.e. respecting no one. Nihilism is alien to the spirit of the Russian people. There are few nihilists, there are only "four and a half people", and even those are not needed, they will be defeated.	Nihilism is the denial of everything: 1) God, religion; 2). social and state structure of Russia; 3). old morality ("principles"); 4). art. Bazarov believes that the nihilists will solve their main task - "to clear the place." Bazarov believes in the triumph of his ideas: "Moscow burned down from a penny candle ...". He does not deny the need to build, the need for a positive program, but he considers destruction a priority. He affirms the criteria of utility and the ideas of materialism.
V. About art
For Pavel Petrovich, art is one of the leading "principles"	Denies the benefits of art, arguing that "... Rafael is not worth a penny", "... one decent chemist is twenty times more useful than a poet."

So we know that Fathers and Sons is about a progressive and a nihilist. Why is love given so much space in the novel? Why, according to the author's intention, does Bazarov fall in love?

It's simple: the feeling will throw off everything superficial, and we will see a living person. Remember how Turgenev himself treated love. Bazarov was always and everywhere confident in himself. Spiritual stability begins to break down when a love test occurs.

What are Bazarov's views on love? Remember what Bazarov says about this after Arkady's story about Pavel Petrovich. There is nothing poetic or romantic about it. Love as an all-consuming feeling Bazarov does not accept. He does not want to know romantic relationships and does not recognize.

Relations between Bazarov and Odintsova unfold from mutual interest. Bazarov, seeing her at the ball, was amazed and, in order to hide this, rather cynically shows his interest: “Who is she?”, “She doesn’t look like other women.” Anna Sergeevna also noticed Bazarov, but she did not distinguish him by the sophistication of his manners, outwardly he did not differ from the others, he was, like everyone else, in a tailcoat. She noticed an uncommon face. The fact that he noticed her speaks in favor of Bazarov, because. Anna Sergeevna struck him not only with her "physiology", but also with something else, he admires her, but at first he hides, suppresses it. His feelings are still in their infancy. And then amazing things follow: out of interest in Bazarov, Odintsova invites friends to a hotel, and Arkady during this visit notices that Bazarov is embarrassed, embarrassed and, in the end, blushes, although there is a serious conversation. Odintsova asks him about his attitude towards people, towards science and art. Bazarov answers her questions quite seriously. We see the feeling begin to grow.

Bazarov accepts Odintsova's offer to visit Nikolskoye. He did not go there to work, but to visit a beautiful woman. This love grows not only as a passion, but also as a thirst for communication with a truly intelligent woman, able to understand him, and he intuitively feels this: “It is not like all other Russian women,” he says about Anna Sergeevna.

What new things do we learn about Bazarov during his visit to Odintsova?

We again see his embarrassment, but we also see his significance, his originality. Turgenev says about Odintsova: “One vulgar thing repelled her,” and no one will blame Bazarov for vulgarity. The word "nihilist" in the 19th century meant "ordinary". Bazarov is clearly uncommon. In a conversation with Anna Sergeevna, he speaks very seriously, and his thoughts are deep and significant: "Fix society - and there will be no diseases." In a conversation with her, he also touches on his future scientific activities. We do not see any satanic pride, but in these relations something that he did not yet know in himself is revealed: the ability for a deep, unified, all-consuming feeling. And this is very important, because it is truly human.

But what about his beliefs? He, laughing at all romanticism, suddenly realizes romance in himself. Even dying, he remembers Odintsova. Life is governed not by principles, but by sensations. It seemed to him that there was no such love, but his feelings told him that there was. And he is unable to resist the human, and benefits from this: feelings opened his soul, showed a truly human face. Passion and spirituality are harmoniously combined in Bazarov.

Anna Sergeevna Odintsova herself is not an easy woman. We learn her biography and know how she ended up in Nikolskoye. Her blood flows calmly, life rolls along the knurled path. For her, peace is everything. Anna Sergeevna makes a good duet for Bazarov in conversations. She is a match for him in terms of intellect and mind. In many ways, he disagrees. But just as Bazarov reaches out to her, so she reaches out to him.

Please note: against the background of the relationship between Bazarov and Odintsova, the feelings of Arkady and Katya develop. Arkady does not hide that he is in love, Bazarov demonstrates his Olympian calmness. With Arkady, everything happens as if by itself. Katya is what his soul wanted. Katya, music, nature - and Arkady's soul agrees with this.

But with Bazarov it is more difficult. He himself Bazarov refers to his feelings ambiguously. Bazarov loves, at some point he is angry with himself, because his deep nature understands that the romanticism that he considered unworthy of a man enters into him. Bazarov's passion is heavy, because, having fallen in love with Odintsov, he discovered obvious emptiness in his worldview. Before meeting her, he explained everything with his mind, but now he cannot explain this feeling with his mind. His worldview is crumbling. He leads a tough fight with himself, but still finds the strength to explain himself to her.

The explanation happens, and it happens in an unusual way. Anna Sergeevna herself provokes Bazarov to this act. Her life is empty, she wants life impressions, she is tired of this measured movement of life. And he is a strong, mature man, he is not like everyone else. This is what attracts her. She wanted him to tell her something about love. And Bazarov is not in the mood for jokes. He has such passion! He rested his forehead on the cold glass. She forced him to confess. She held out her hands, and the next moment she was already at the other end of the room. "We will remain friends," she says.

What repels Odintsova from Bazarov? What is she afraid of: that he is poor, or that he is a doctor and the son of a doctor? She allows herself to be loved, but she does not love herself yet, she is on the verge of love. She was frightened by that restless beginning, the beginning of the search, the revolutionary beginning, which lives in Bazarovo. To be with Bazarov means to lose peace. After all, even for her sake, he will not back down from his convictions. (Imagine, and if he backs down, then who will he become? Pavel Petrovich). At parting, she does not look brilliant, asks Bazarov to stay, and he replies: “Why?” For Bazarov, everything or nothing is needed, for Odintsova, rather, nothing than everything. Remember Odintsova's thoughts after Bazarov's note, in which he writes that he will no longer remain. She understands that there will be no such and real feeling in her life, but for her “calmness is the best thing in the world”, and having made such a decision, satisfied, she falls asleep. Anna Sergeevna would never have dared to connect her life with Bazarov. She herself builds life, proceeding only from the mind. But Bazarov and Odintsova have common features:

1) they do not share anyone's opinions;

Katya, who is afraid of her sister, having fallen in love with Arkady, changes, but Anna Sergeevna does not understand her. In her development, in her destiny, she loses more than she finds, she does not become the mistress of life. She passes by as a shadow, unlike Pavel Petrovich, who loved. Odintsova strangled everything in herself, being a bright and gifted nature. In the epilogue, Turgenev speaks of her marriage, but his words sound bitter: "... maybe he will live to see love."

Bazarov looks bigger against her background. He is talented, broad-minded, able to look life in the eye, courageous. He can accept life as it is, as it hit him in the face. But comfort is important to Odintsova, she cannot and does not want to waste herself on love, on unrest. She was frightened. One can only dream of such love, but it is difficult to live with such a person: he does not recognize any halftones. She insulted him: “You didn’t understand me ...”, and he realized that she did not love him. He, like a real man, can no longer be in this house.

Bazarov is also above all in his love, above all in his natural human simplicity. He has true love, fire, and she .... Turgenev several times emphasizes her coldness, says that she "froze" herself. From that moment on, Bazarov has changed radically. But he is lonely and in love. The tragedy of his position increases from chapter to chapter.

Odintsova, in her mysteriousness, resembles Princess R. What Bazarov denied, it turns out, exists in nature. Odintsova is a mysterious, selfish, cold creature. Both Princess R. and Odintsova are both unworthy of the great love that the heroes feel for them.

Bazarov does not accept almsgiving - "... you took my life - give yours." Why does he need crumbs, handouts? In his opinion, a person who put love on the map all his life is not a man. Remember the conversation between Bazarov and Arkady when they first leave Nikolsky (“It’s better to beat stones on the pavement. A real man should be fierce ...”). A real man should be serious and busy with real business. You can not put life on the card of a woman's love. Bazarov had to admit out of a feeling that love, in the romantic sense, exists, but he does not refuse his work, he does not cheat on him.

Having said goodbye to Odintsova, Bazarov and Arkady go to Vasilyevskoye, to his parents.

What are Bazarov's parents? Yevgeny's father wants to keep up with his son, does not want to show that Yevgeny guessed what an event it was for him - the arrival of his son. He tries to behave in such a way as to show that the arrival of his son is a normal phenomenon. Vassily Ivanovich puts on a sternness, and at the very lips and eyebrows twitch. He, like the father of Arkady, does not want to lag behind his son, he wants the blood, human, spiritual connection not to be interrupted, so the father has an internal monologue: "I will be a man of his circle, his convictions." Father's intonations irritate Yevgeny.

Vasily Ivanovich claims that a person should live by his own work, he himself has worked all his life and continues to work. Like Nikolai Petrovich, he first of all sees his connection with the century in the fact that "... not without donations that are sensitive for him, he put the peasants on quitrent and gave them his land to the full." But the good old man's efforts are in vain. Life is rapidly moving forward, and between him and his son there is an abyss. Father Eugene himself is aware of this and bows his head to the youth: “Of course, you, gentlemen, know better; where can we keep up with you? After all, you have come to replace us.”

D. I. Pisarev says on this occasion: “When parents and children have such discord as we see between the old Bazarovs and their son, then there is no way out. Yevgeny Bazarov, of course, can recoil from his parents, and his life will still be full, because it will be filled with mental labor; but their lives? And what a real Bazarov, what a thinking person will decide to push away the old people who only live and breathe him and who did everything they could for his education. These old men literally planted him on their shoulders so that he could grasp with his adolescent hands the lower branch of the tree of knowledge; he grabbed and climbed and climbed high, and there is no going back, and it’s impossible to go down, and it’s also impossible for them to go up, because they are weak and decrepit, and they have to go back and forth, and they have to suffer because there is no way to hear and understand each other friend; meanwhile, the old people are glad that they hear, at least, the obscure sounds of their native voice. Tell me, for God's sake, who does not dare, being in the position of Bazarov, to be completely silent and not answer with a single sound to meek and affectionate speeches rising to him ... And Bazarov responds.

What feelings does Bazarov experience at home? Bazarov comes to Vasilyevskoye with the thought that “a woman will not break him,” he comes to recover from love for Odintsova. His outlook is changing. The joy of the parents breaks Bazarov. He lets his mother hang on his shoulder. Previously, he said no to the feelings he called romanticism. And now everything is different. He sees how his father behaves, especially in the garden: Vasily Ivanovich sings. It turns out that everything that he did not recognize in a simple person, his father has all this, and it turns out that, according to his concepts, his father is a plebeian.

And yet, how does Bazarov feel about his parents? Is Pisarev right? Yes. Let's remember the scene of the conversation between Arkady and Bazarov under the haystack. To the question of Arkady, does Bazarov love his parents, he replies: “Yes, Arkady, I love”

And we feel even more his loneliness, we see his inner conflict, he is not in harmony with himself. In the 10th chapter, he is confident in himself, in his work: “We need to clear the place”, he knows what needs to be done in life. In chapter 21 it is different.

Pay attention to the landscape in the scene - reflections on eternal nature.

Bazarov speaks about the purpose of life, about himself from a different point of view. His mind is split. He is not only obsessed with the desire to "clear the place." Bazarov is probably beginning to realize the fallacy of his views. Hence his words: “But I hated this last peasant, Philip or Sidor, for whom I have to climb out of my skin and who (we are talking about a peasant) will not even thank me ... and why should I thank him? Well, he will live in a white hut, and burdock will grow out of me; so what next?"

Therefore, burdock after death, which is the logical conclusion of human life, according to his own theory, no longer suits Eugene, because who wants to see burdock grow out of it just like that, without any meaning, without any idea. The death of an idea becomes obvious to the hero, and therefore all further attempts to fight cause him only mental anguish.

Bazarov sees himself in connection with eternity. No matter how smart, strong he is, but we hear his dumb question: “... no matter how strong, smart I am, Lord, what do I mean, even if I am like this?”

Turgenev leads Bazarov to bitter thoughts. Bazarov looks at himself: “What does my fluttering mean for this eternal life? Is it possible to shake the eternal, the universal? “Even so strong and smart, what can he change in this eternal life? And is it necessary? He tried and hit this life.

What is Bazarov's attitude to the peasant? Bazarov believes that he looks at the people from the inside and understands him, but even he is not allowed to look into the secret of the attitude of the Russian peasant. (But in Maryino, ordinary people took him for their own, and in Vasilyevsky he is a gentleman for the peasants). Bazarov is treating the woman “according to the latest method,” in the words of Bazarov, the elder, and the woman is in herself: she is thinking about how to leave her four testicles in gratitude.

Remember the card game scene with Alexis. Both have their own principles, their own beliefs. The priest has a thousand years of living experience of communication with a Russian person. With some kind of feeling, he realized that there was no need to bless Bazarov. He is flexible, wide, plays cards, smokes. Bazarov takes risks in the game. The priest says: "Playing risky."

What is this scene for? It has a certain meaning: the extreme views of Bazarov (for Turgenev, the “extreme” gradualism) lose out to natural life, Russian life.

Bazarov, already another, who experienced love and defeat, who saw his father's tears, moved away from a friend, Turgenev makes him go through the second circle: Nikolskoye - Maryino - Nikolskoye - Vasilyevskoye.

The development of the plot leads the hero to the same places twice. And if contradictions between the characters are found on the first visit, then during the second visit they develop into a conflict. You remember that the ideological, verbal duel between Bazarov and Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov was shown by the author at the beginning of the novel, at the end of the novel a real duel took place between them.

On the second visit of young people to Maryino, the Kirsanovs - the elders greet them joyfully. Even Pavel Petrovich shook Bazarov's hand, smiling indulgently. But Pavel Petrovich does not enter into disputes with Bazarov: “We cannot understand each other, at least I do not have the honor to understand you,” he remarks. Nevertheless, he sees in Bazarov a scientist, a doctor, a person.

What prompted the duel? Let us recall the scene with Fenechka when Bazarov kisses her.

Let's think about what caused Bazarov's behavior. Bazarov loves Odintsova, and he does not need Fenechka. It was a flirt. Remember the circumstances: a summer morning, a broken Bazarov, for whom Odintsov is like an obsession. Bazarov's kiss is an attempt to return to himself. He believes that love is romanticism, it does not exist, there are only sensations. (Remember his sayings about love). He wants to return to those positions, to that state that Odintsova violated. But Fenechka is the wife of Nikolai Petrovich, and Bazarov does not recognize traditions, feelings, conventions. In his opinion, there is no love, but there is an instinct. He, as already noted, wants to return to his previous state, and therefore kisses Fenechka

Fenechka, who had previously respected Bazarov and trusted him, said: "Sin to you." It contains spiritual culture, folk morality. Feminine instinct, folk morality suggest these words to her. From her point of view, Bazarov's act is immoral, he testifies to the spiritual state of Eugene. The very nature of Baubles is spirituality and moral beauty.

But it’s interesting: Fenechka is the wife of Nikola Petrovich, and Pavel Petrovich challenges Bazarov to a duel.

Why? There are two reasons for this.

one). The former Pavel Petrovich would not have challenged a plebeian to a duel, but an internal evolution is taking place in him. Principles are one thing, practice is another. In his house, his brother's wife is insulted. It turns out that Pavel Petrovich crosses out his attitude towards the aristocracy and goes to a duel. 2). He himself is in love with Fenichka, throws passionate glances at her, from which, according to Fenichka, "it makes you feel cold and pours over you."

So, Bazarov sees Odintsova in Fenechka and tries to get rid of his love for her, P.P. Kirsanov sees Princess R.

Let us recall how an explanation takes place between them, the scene of a challenge to a duel (Chapter 24th). Pavel Petrovich comes with a stick decorated with a knob, Bazarov behaves in the only possible way: he is calm, ironic and accepts the challenge.

Why does Bazarov agree to a duel? If Pavel Petrovich had challenged Bazarov to a duel in the first dispute, Bazarov would not have agreed to accept the challenge. Then there were no feelings in the soul. Now he himself has changed, and his views have also changed, he is already a different person, living not only with sensations, but also with feelings.

Read the duel scene with the words: "Bazarov raised his head and saw Pavel Petrovich ...". The duel scene is the culmination of the development of the conflict between Bazarov and Pavel Petrovich. The only second is the coward footman Pyotr. Bazarov is calm and continues to be ironic: “I deign,” he says to Kirsanov, who offered to “deign” to choose a weapon. Ii adds: “And you must admit, Pavel Petrovich, that our duel is unusual to the point of ridiculous ...”

Pavel Petrovich aims carefully, but Bazarov does not aim at all and, by sheer chance, hits the flesh of Kirsanov's thigh. Bazarov conducts a conversation with Pavel Petrovich in a joking manner, with a mockery, and Kirsanov pompously, seriously. Bazarov agrees to measure mutual hostility with steps.

After Pavel Petrovich was wounded, Bazarov refuses to duel and goes about his usual business: he is a doctor. Pavel Petrovich's fainting is not cowardice, he is just very nervous.

Thus, the duel showed the complete failure of Pavel Petrovich in comparison with Bazarov. If in disputes Bazarov defeated Pavel Petrovich, and this was not mentioned anywhere, then in a duel the defeat is quite obvious. "This scene was introduced to denounce the elegantly noble chivalry, and rightly so."

The protagonist of the duel is Bazarov. And why is a duel needed at all, after all, we saw Bazarov quite clearly. Having outlined the positions of the characters, the author leads them through tests of love and life. Bazarov endures the test of love, he is a man of great feelings. Thus, Bazarov passes through the tragic test as a winner. Further, Turgenev leads him through the comic. The most difficult thing is not to seem ridiculous and pathetic in funny circumstances. It's hard to keep your dignity when you're in a funny situation. Bazarov passes through the funny with dignity, so that we do not condemn him. In a duel, Bazarov is a strong, courageous man worthy of respect.

But this scene has another meaning - philosophical. Extreme ideological positions push people towards confrontation. Bazarov and Pavel Petrovich are the personification of the social forces of a single nation. The unity of the nation is eternity, while ideology and social struggle are modernity, which should be guided by eternity. You can not split the nation, the family. A crack in the family is a crack in the nation. These people, the heroes of the novel, deserve each other. The duel shows that both Bazarov and Pavel Petrovich are not bad people. Pavel Petrovich praises Bazarov's behavior, and he says: “I am a doctor. And stop!” Such a duel is terrible. It's a tragedy when a verbal duel escalates into physical annihilation.

Pay attention to the landscape at the beginning of the chapter. Disharmony in the soul of the hero and in nature.

And how are Bazarov's relations with other representatives of the "old world" developing? What can be said about them?

Nikolay Petrovich. Let's remember everything we already know about him. He is a soft, weak person. (Remember the diminutive suffixes: chubby, gray-haired, legs, etc.).

Does the author sympathize with Nikolai Petrovich? Yes. It even gives its own character traits: love for nature, art, love for Pushkin. He is engaged in farming, separated from the peasants, started a farm. He tries to live by the advanced ideas of the century, a resolute opponent of serfdom. Its 200 acres are processed by civilian workers who damage machines. Liberal principles and the decency of a person do not allow sending for a camp officer .. He is superfluous, incapable of practical activity (see ch. 22). He is soft, smart, arranges a marriage with Fenechka, a loving father. N.P. Kirsanov is respected by the author, but he is "superfluous"

And how are relations with Arkady developing? Let's follow their relationship from beginning to end. Arkady Kirsanov - a young, romantic nobleman - falls under the influence of the democrat Bazarov, carried away by his ideas. Arkady is generally easily influenced. But the working lifestyle of democrats is obviously not very typical for Arkady: the author never once shows the young Kirsanov at work. But so many times Arkady declares his new views and frankly admires himself. Think of a few examples. When Arkady and his father go to Maryino, his father tells him about his native places and reads Pushkin. Arkady likes this, but, afraid to appear in front of Bazarov's romantic, making an indifferent look, he says that there is no difference for a person where to be born. Obviously wanting to puzzle his father and uncle, Arkady utters the word "nihilist", not very tactfully starts talking about Fenichka's place in the house - he wants to demonstrate the breadth of his views. Nihilistic roots are not firmly established in him.

How does Bazarov feel about Arkady? He scolds his young student, asks "not to speak beautifully", but at the same time he is attached to Arkady, and one can understand him: Arkady is a kind and in many ways handsome young man, but here is the severity and severity of the task that he wants to take on himself he understands badly.

The contradictions between friends begin to be exposed from the time when they visited Odintsova. It is in Nikolskoye that the first crack appears. Arkady does not stand comparison with Bazarov. Anna Sergeevna is not interested in him. Here, in Nikolskoye, Katya's passion begins, however, at first he does not realize this. For some time now, a kind of falsely cheeky banter has been established between the two young people, which is always a sign of secret displeasure or unspoken suspicions.

At the Bazarovs' estate, Arkady gets into an argument with Yevgeny. This has never happened before! Under the influence of rivalry, Arkady finally realizes his "I", and here Arkady's connection with the noble nest is especially manifested: he seeks to justify Pavel Petrovich in the eyes of Bazarov, does not agree with his harsh assessments.

The heroes find themselves in the same situation: both are in love with Odintsova, both without reciprocity. Bazarov's deep passion sets off the infatuation of Arkady, who quickly consoled himself.

How is the relationship between Arkady and Katya built? Arkady is a soft wax, from which a strong person blinds anything. He submits to Katya, an 18-year-old girl. This does not surprise her: she is a strong nature, she is a real miracle: smart, beautiful, able to stand up for herself. Without noticing, Arkady falls under the influence of Katerina Sergeevna. She immediately sees the difference between Arkady and Evgeny and notices that they are people of a different breed. "He's a predator, we're tame," she says. Katya understands that people like Bazarov, and he is “of a different breed”, need to be born. Clever Katya soon understands something else: after he left Bazarov, Arkady had no convictions left, only traces of a satirical direction remained. He, having fallen in love with Katya, becomes a zealous owner, leads a common life with his father in Maryino. Arkady's love for Katya finally breeds friends, and marriage "pacifies" Arkady. How strong are the democratic ideals of Arkady, the scenes in Nikolskoye say again.

Bazarov: “We say goodbye forever ... for our bitter, tart bean life you were not created. There is neither impudence nor anger in you, but there is young courage and young enthusiasm; it is not good for our business. Your noble brother cannot go further than noble humility or noble effervescence, and this is nothing. You, for example, do not fight - and you already imagine yourself doing well, but we want to fight. Our dust will eat your eyes out, our dirt will stain you, but you have not grown up to us, you involuntarily admire yourself, it is pleasant for you to scold yourself; but we are bored - give us others; we need to break others! You are a nice fellow, but you are still a soft liberal barich.

Arkady: “I am no longer the arrogant boy that I came here ... I still want to be useful; I wish to devote all my strength to the truth; but I no longer look for my ideals where I looked for them before; they seem much closer to me. Until now, I have not understood myself, but have set myself tasks that are beyond my power.

As we can see, Arkady realized the impossibility of taking part in revolutionary activities. And although "transformations are necessary", his role in them will be limited only to economic activities in his estate. The tasks of self-education turned out to be beyond Arkady's shoulder. So, the ideals of the nobility were achieved by Arkady, they are feasible. Arkady is sad at parting with Bazarov: "Are you saying goodbye to me, Eugene?" And Bazarov answers him: “You yourself said goodbye to me a long time ago” ... Arkady has long since parted with the business to which Bazarov is so devoted. This farewell is bitter for both, both are experiencing separation. “You say goodbye, and there are no other words,” says Arkady, and Bazarov is true to himself: he does not want to show his feelings, but we understand what is happening in Bazarov’s soul: “Yes, but I can get sick.” Of all the people, Arkady was the closest person to Bazarov, but Eugene understands that it is natural for Arkady to do what he did. And Eugene tells Arkady to take an example from the jackdaw. The jackdaw is a family bird sitting on the tip of its nest, and Arkady returned to his nest, becoming a zealous master.

Why "zealous"? Arkady did not go along with Bazarov, he sank below his parents - "fathers", believing that it was reasonable to build relationships with workers with the help of a camp. If Arkady's father is soft, then Arkady himself is spineless. Young Kirsanov is not kept at the level of decency of his fathers. Before us is a nobleman-owner with a capitalist grip.

Conclusion. Even the best of the nobility, free from prejudices, practical, democratic "cannot go further than a noble boiling, and this is nothing." They are weak, lethargic, unable to resist the "new people". Turgenev's main task is to prove: "if cream is bad, what is milk like?"

Turgenev remains in the assessment of the nobles a man of their circle, the nobility is his class, but he has ceased to be advanced, having, of course, the right to exist. The nobles cannot lead to the distant future. "My whole story is directed against the nobility as an advanced class."

But Turgenev did not see any conditions for development and another direction. The liberal nobles, who will do nothing, still have some conditions for their activity (Arkady’s farm is flourishing), and Bazarov is tragically lonely: there are no associates nearby, there are no people of the same scale as him, those who could “not give in to him ". Anna Sergeevna is a strong person, but she is indifferent to the affairs of Bazarov.

Bazarov says goodbye not only to Arkady, but also to Odintsova, although she expresses hope for a meeting. Let's follow their relationship again and see if Bazarov understood Anna Sergeevna. What is going on in the soul of each of them? We will need to know this in order to understand them during their last meeting before Bazarov's death.

So, Bazarov meets Anna Sergeevna at the ball. They drew attention to each other, standing out from the rest with their originality. He accepts an invitation to visit her, first at the hotel, and then at her estate in Nikolskoye. You and I also know the reason for the arrival of Bazarov and Arkady in Nikolskoye: they are each in their own way passionate about Anna Sergeevna, they are trying to hide this from each other. We know about their "monotonous" 15 days spent here. For Bazarov, these days have their own hidden dynamics of the formation of his relationship with Odintsova, we know how these relationships end.

And how does Pisarev characterize them? Bazarov's relationship with Odintsova ends with a strange scene between them. She calls him to talk about happiness and love, she, with the curiosity characteristic of cold and smart women, asks him what is happening in him, she pulls out of him a declaration of love. She pronounces his name with a touch of involuntary tenderness; then, when he, stunned by the sudden influx of sensations and new hopes, rushes to her and presses her to his chest, she jumps back with fright to the other end of the room and assures him that he misunderstood her, that he was mistaken.

Everything is over. One of Bazarov's principles: “If you like a woman, try to get the point; but it’s impossible - well, it’s not necessary, turn away - the earth has not converged like a wedge, ”- in its first part, it has outlived its usefulness. As hard as it is for Bazarov to realize, now he has nothing to do with Odintsova. “Bazarov leaves the room, and that ends the relationship. He leaves the next day after this incident, then sees Anna Sergeevna twice, even visits her with Arkady, but for him and for her the past events turn out to be really unresurrected past, and they look at each other calmly and talk to each other in a tone sensible and respectable people,” noted D.I. Pisarev.

But is it? Is everything really calm in the relationship between Bazarov and Odintsova? Did Pisarev overlook any deep processes that led to the death of Bazarov? What was for Bazarov his new visit to the estate of Odintsova? After all, his principles determine the meaning of his life, and suddenly ...

He violated this principle; I knew that Odintsova was not going to get any “use”, but anyway I went to her again. Bazarov fell in love with Odintsova very much, therefore, perhaps, he consoled himself with the fact that he could be deceived in her coldness ... Suddenly she would still turn out better, suddenly, at a new meeting, she would nevertheless utter the three words he expected. He subjected his entire worldview to a cruel test: after all, if it is worth “breaking” this one principle, then what is the price of everything else. It was not so easy for Bazarov to decide on a third visit to Odintsova's estate.

What happened during this meeting? Bazarov now stayed with Odintsova for a short time, but would have been glad to live here longer, then he came, but realized that Odintsova would not change her attitude towards him, and therefore did not stay long.

But something interesting happened nonetheless. Remember, Turgenev says that after some one phrase of Bazarov, which he said the day after his arrival, Odintsova's face "... alternately reddened and turned pale." What happened? Bazarov spoke about the possibility of the engagement of Katya and Arkady: “The party is good in all respects; Kirsanov's condition is fair, oh

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev in 1861 wrote one of his most famous works - the novel "Fathers and Sons", which was destined to become a symbol of his era. In it, the author defends not only the problem of the relationship between two generations, but also clearly shows the living image of a man of the "new time".

The novel takes place from May 1859 to the winter of 1860. It was at this time that the crisis of the feudal system began to manifest itself most intensively in Russia and the dispute between liberals and revolutionary democrats about the further development of the country and its society intensified.

The main character of the work is Yevgeny Vasilyevich Bazarov, the son of a district doctor, a democrat and a raznochinets, who in the novel is a bright representative of the younger generation. He is a strong in mind and character man who alone opposes the ossified structure of society. Therefore, each clash of the hero with the world of "fathers" becomes a kind of test of the strength of his convictions.

Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov is a typical representative of noble liberalism. He is an intelligent, honest, tidy, old-fashioned man who in his youth was a man of the world, but quit the service because of love.

Disagreements have always existed between the old and young generations, which are explained by the change in the course of time of the situation, which affects his character. Often, the younger generation refuse to accept the older one, and those, in turn, are unable or unwilling to understand the new outlook on life. Sometimes such a misunderstanding can develop into conflicts, enmity. That is why, no matter what the conversation between our two representatives of the opposing sides, they do not find a common language.

The incompatibility of the views of P.P. Kirsanov and E. Bazarov manifests itself in everything, from appearance to ideological principles in matters relating to the socio-political system, the further development of the country, cultural and moral values, the importance of science and art, education, as well as in relation to love and nature .

For example, Pavel Petrovich respected people with certain principles in life, believing that without them a person is immoral and empty. And Bazarov calls the very word "principle" empty, foreign and completely unnecessary.

Their attitude towards the people also differs. P.P. Kirsanov reproaches Yevgeny with contempt for the people, although he himself, admiring the strength of the Russian peasants, would never allow himself to sink to their level. He constantly keeps his distance from the common people. Bazarov, on the other hand, replies to such a reproach: “... well, if he deserves contempt!”, But he himself quite often emphasizes his connection with the people, and is even proud that his “grandfather plowed the land”, proving that he is much better understands the peasants than P. Kirsanov.

Evgeny and Pavel Petrovich are opposite in their characters. And not a single meeting of them is complete without some kind of conflict. But after the kiss of Bazarov with Fenechka P.P. Kirsanov becomes so indignant and furious that he challenges the young nihilist to a duel, after which they both admit that they do not always understand the common people. After this fight, Pavel Petrovich even becomes more loyal and reconsiders some of his views regarding Fenechka. He asks his brother, Nikolai Kirsanov, to marry her as soon as possible, even though Fenechka does not belong to an aristocratic society. From which we can conclude that this conflict made the opponents think about a lot and soften a little.

In conclusion, we can say that, according to the author, conservatism slows down society, and nihilism destroys it, renouncing all those values ​​that our ancestors accumulated for many years. And only the liberalization of Views can help us in the formation of a new strong state.

Updated: 2018-07-23

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The title of Turgenev's novel "Fathers and Sons" very accurately reflects the main conflict of the work. The writer raises a layer of cultural, family, romantic, platonic and friendly topics, but the relations of two generations - older and younger - come to the fore. The dispute between Bazarov and Kirsanov is a vivid example of this confrontation. The historical background for ideological conflicts was the middle of the 19th century, the time before the abolition of serfdom in the Russian Empire. At the same time, liberals and revolutionary democrats clashed head-on. We will consider the details and outcome of the controversy using the example of our heroes.

The central conflict of the novel "Fathers and Sons" is the dispute between Bazarov and Kirsanov

It is a mistake to believe that the essence of the work "Fathers and Sons" is reduced to a mere change in the ideology of generations, which has a socio-political overtones. Turgenev endowed this novel with deep psychologism and a multi-layered plot. With a superficial reading, the reader's focus is only on the conflict between the aristocracy and the raznochintsy. Helps to identify the views held by Bazarov and Kirsanov, dispute. The table below shows the essence of these contradictions. And if we dig deeper, we can see that there is an idyll of family happiness, and intrigue, and emancipation, and the grotesque, and the eternity of nature, and reflections on the future.

Yevgeny Bazarov finds himself in the midst of a conflict between fathers and children when he agrees to come to Maryino with his university friend Arkady. In the house of a friend, the atmosphere immediately went wrong. Manners, appearance, divergence of views - all this provokes mutual antipathy with Uncle Arkady. A further dispute between Bazarov and Kirsanov flares up over a variety of topics: art, politics, philosophy, the Russian people.

Portrait of Evgeny Bazarov

Evgeny Bazarov is a representative of the generation of "children" in the novel. He is a young student with progressive views, but at the same time prone to nihilism, which the "fathers" condemn. Turgenev, as if on purpose, dressed the hero ridiculously and carelessly. The details of his portrait emphasize the rudeness and spontaneity of the young man: a wide forehead, red hands, self-confident behavior. Bazarov, in principle, is outwardly unattractive, but has a deep mind.

The dispute between Bazarov and Kirsanov is aggravated by the fact that the former does not recognize any dogmas and authorities. Eugene is convinced that any truth begins with a doubt. The hero also believes that everything can be verified empirically, he does not accept judgments on faith. The situation is aggravated by Bazarov's intolerance for opposing opinions. He is emphatically harsh in his statements.

Portrait of Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov

Pavel Kirsanov is a typical nobleman, a representative of the generation of "fathers". He is a pampered aristocrat and a staunch conservative who adheres to liberal political views. He dresses elegantly and neatly, wears formal English-style suits and starches his collars. Bazarov's opponent is outwardly very well-groomed, elegant in manners. He shows his "breed" in every way.

From his point of view, established traditions and principles should remain unshakable. The dispute between Bazarov and Kirsanov is reinforced by the fact that Pavel Petrovich perceives everything new negatively and even hostilely. Here, congenital conservatism makes itself felt. Kirsanov bows before the old authorities, only they are true for him.

The dispute between Bazarov and Kirsanov: a table of disagreements

The main problem has already been voiced by Turgenev in the title of the novel - the difference between generations. The line of dispute between the main characters can be traced in this table.

"Fathers and Sons": generational conflict

Evgeny Bazarov	Pavel Kirsanov
Manners and portrait of heroes
Careless in his statements and behavior. Self-confident, but smart young man.	A fit, sophisticated aristocrat. Despite his venerable age, he retained his slenderness and presentable appearance.
Political views
Promotes nihilistic ideas, which are also followed by Arkady. Has no authority. Recognizes only what he considers useful to society.	Adheres to liberal views. The main value is the personality and self-respect.
Attitude towards common people
He despises commoners, although he is proud of his grandfather, who worked on the earth all his life.	Comes to the defense of the peasantry, but keeps a distance from them.
Philosophical and aesthetic views
Convinced materialist. Does not consider philosophy something important.	Believes in the existence of God.
Motto in life
Has no principles, guided by sensations. Respects people who are either listened to or hated.	The main principle is aristocracy. And unprincipled people are equated with spiritual emptiness and immorality.
Attitude towards art
Denies the aesthetic component of life. Does not recognize poetry and any other manifestation of art.	He considers art important, but he himself is not interested in it. The person is dry and unromantic.
Love and women
Voluntarily renounces love. Considers it only from the point of view of human physiology.	Women are treated with respect, reverence, respect. In love - a real knight.

Who are the nihilists

The ideas of nihilism are clearly manifested in the confrontation of opponents, which are Pavel Kirsanov, Bazarov. The dispute exposes the rebellious spirit of Yevgeny Bazarov. He does not bow before the authorities, and this unites him with the revolutionary democrats. The hero questions and denies everything he sees in society. This is the characteristic of nihilists.

Story line outcome

In general, Bazarov belongs to the category of people of action. He does not accept conventions and pretentious aristocratic etiquette. The hero is in a daily search for the truth. One of these searches is the dispute between Bazarov and Kirsanov. The table clearly shows the contradictions between them.

Kirsanov is good at polemics, but things do not go beyond conversations. He talks about the life of the common people, but only an ashtray in the shape of a bast shoes on his desktop speaks of his true connection with him. Pavel Petrovich talks with pathos about serving for the good of the Motherland, while he himself lives a well-fed and calm life.

Because of the uncompromising character of the characters, the truth is not born in the novel "Fathers and Sons". The dispute between Bazarov and Kirsanov ends with a duel, which demonstrates the emptiness of noble chivalry. The collapse of the ideas of nihilism is identified with the death of Eugene from blood poisoning. And the passivity of the liberals is confirmed by Pavel Petrovich, since he remains to live in Dresden, although life away from his homeland is hard for him.

Plot.

Literary direction: realism

Genre: novel

Written: 1861

The novel became a landmark for its time, and the image of the protagonist - the nihilist Yevgeny Bazarov - was perceived by young people as an example to follow. Such ideals as uncompromisingness, lack of reverence for authorities and old truths, the priority of the useful over the beautiful, were perceived by the people of that time and were reflected in Bazarov's worldview.

On May 20, 1859, Nikolai Petrovich Kirsanov, a forty-three-year-old, but no longer young-looking landowner, was anxiously waiting at the inn for his son Arkady, who had just graduated from the university.

Nikolai Petrovich was the son of a general, but the military career intended for him did not take place (he broke his leg in his youth and remained “lame” for the rest of his life). Nikolai Petrovich early married the daughter of an obscure official and was happily married. To his deep grief, his wife died in 1847. He devoted all his strength and time to raising his son, even in St. Petersburg he lived with him and tried to get close to his son's comrades, students. Recently, he has been intensively engaged in the transformation of his estate.

There comes a happy moment of meeting. However, Arkady does not appear alone: ​​with him is a tall, ugly and self-confident young man, an aspiring doctor who agreed to stay with the Kirsanovs. His name is, as he certifies himself, Evgeny Vasilyevich Bazarov.

The conversation between father and son at first does not stick. Nikolai Petrovich is embarrassed by Fenechka, a girl whom he keeps with him and from whom he already has a child. Arkady in a condescending tone (this slightly jars his father) tries to smooth out the awkwardness that has arisen.

Pavel Petrovich, father's elder brother, is waiting for them at home. Pavel Petrovich and Bazarov immediately begin to feel mutual antipathy. But the yard boys and servants willingly obey the guest, although he does not even think about seeking their favor.

The very next day, a verbal skirmish occurs between Bazarov and Pavel Petrovich, and Kirsanov Sr. is its initiator. Bazarov does not want to argue, but nevertheless speaks out on the main points of his convictions. People, according to his ideas, strive for this or that goal, because they experience various “sensations” and want to achieve “benefit”. Bazarov is sure that chemistry is more important than art, and in science the practical result is more important. He is even proud of his lack of "artistic meaning" and believes that there is no need to study the psychology of an individual individual: "One human specimen is enough to judge all others." For Bazarov, there is not a single "decree in our modern life ... which would not cause a complete and merciless denial." He has a high opinion of his own abilities, but he assigns a non-creative role to his generation - "first you need to clear the place."

To Pavel Petrovich, the "nihilism" professed by Bazarov and Arkady, who imitates him, seems to be a daring and unfounded doctrine that exists "in the void."

Arkady tries to somehow smooth out the tension that has arisen and tells his friend the story of the life of Pavel Petrovich. He was a brilliant and promising officer, a favorite of women, until he met the socialite Princess R*. This passion completely changed the existence of Pavel Petrovich, and when their romance ended, he was completely devastated. From the past, he retains only the sophistication of costume and manners and a preference for all things English.

The views and behavior of Bazarov irritate Pavel Petrovich so much that he again attacks the guest, but he quite easily and even condescendingly breaks all the "syllogisms" of the enemy aimed at protecting traditions. Nikolai Petrovich seeks to soften the dispute, but he cannot agree with Bazarov's radical statements in everything, although he convinces himself that he and his brother are already behind the times.

Young people go to the provincial town, where they meet with Bazarov's "disciple", the offspring of the farmer, Sitnikov. Sitnikov takes them to visit the "emancipated" lady, Kukshina. Sitnikov and Kukshina belong to the category of "progressives" who reject any authority, chasing the fashion for "free thinking". They don’t really know anything and don’t know how, but in their “nihilism” they leave both Arkady and Bazarov far behind. The latter openly despises Sitnikova, while at Kukshina's he "does more champagne."

Arkady introduces a friend to Odintsova, a young, beautiful and rich widow, whom Bazarov is immediately interested in. This interest is by no means platonic. Bazarov cynically says to Arkady: “I have a life ...”

It seems to Arkady that he is in love with Odintsova, but this feeling is feigned, while mutual attraction arises between Bazarov and Odintsova, and she invites young people to stay with her.

In the house of Anna Sergeevna, the guests get acquainted with her younger sister Katya, who is constrained. And Bazarov does not feel at ease, he began to get annoyed in a new place and "looked angrily." Arkady is also uncomfortable, and he seeks solace in Katya's company.

The feeling inspired in Bazarov by Anna Sergeevna is new to him; he, who so despised all manifestations of "romanticism", suddenly discovers "romanticism in himself." Bazarov explains with Odintsova, and although she did not immediately free herself from his embrace, however, after thinking, she comes to the conclusion that "calmness [...] is the best thing in the world."

Not wanting to become a slave to his passion, Bazarov leaves for his father, a district doctor who lives nearby, and Odintsova does not hold back the guest. On the way, Bazarov sums up what happened and says: “... It is better to beat stones on the pavement than to let a woman take possession of at least the tip of her finger. It's all [...] nonsense."

Bazarov's father and mother cannot breathe in their beloved "Enyusha", and he is bored in their company. After a couple of days, he leaves his parental home, returning to the Kirsanovs' estate.

Out of heat and boredom, Bazarov draws attention to Fenechka and, finding her alone, kisses the young woman tightly. An accidental witness to the kiss is Pavel Petrovich, who is outraged to the depths of his soul by the act of "this hairy one." He is especially indignant also because it seems to him: in Fenichka there is something in common with Princess R *.

According to his moral convictions, Pavel Petrovich challenges Bazarov to a duel. Feeling embarrassed and realizing that he is sacrificing his principles, Bazarov agrees to shoot with Kirsanov Sr. (“From a theoretical point of view, a duel is absurd; well, from a practical point of view, this is a different matter”).

Bazarov slightly wounds the enemy and gives him first aid himself. Pavel Petrovich behaves well, even makes fun of himself, but at the same time both he and Bazarov are embarrassed. Nikolai Petrovich, from whom the true reason for the duel was hidden, also behaves in the most noble manner, finding an excuse for the actions of both opponents.

The consequence of the duel is that Pavel Petrovich, who had previously strongly objected to his brother's marriage to Fenechka, now himself persuades Nikolai Petrovich to take this step.

And Arkady and Katya establish a harmonious understanding. The girl shrewdly remarks that Bazarov is a stranger to them, because "he is predatory, and we are tame."

Having completely lost hope for reciprocity, Odintsova Bazarov breaks himself and breaks up with her and Arkady. In parting, he says to his former comrade: “You are a nice fellow, but you are still a soft, liberal gentleman ...” Arkady is upset, but pretty soon he is comforted by Katya’s company, declares his love to her and is sure that he is also loved.

Bazarov, on the other hand, returns to his parental penates and tries to forget himself in work, but after a few days "the fever of work jumped off him and was replaced by dreary boredom and deaf anxiety." He tries to talk to the peasants, but finds nothing but stupidity in their heads. True, even the peasants see in Bazarov something "like a pea jester."

Practicing on the corpse of a typhoid patient, Bazarov injures his finger and gets blood poisoning. A few days later, he notifies his father that, by all indications, his days are numbered.

Before his death, Bazarov asks Odintsova to come and say goodbye to him. He reminds her of his love and admits that all his proud thoughts, like love, have gone to dust. “And now the whole task of the giant is how to die decently, although no one cares about this ... All the same: I won’t wag my tail.” He says bitterly that Russia does not need it. “Yes, and who is needed? A shoemaker is needed, a tailor is needed, a butcher is needed ... "

When Bazarov, at the insistence of his parents, is communed, "something resembling a shudder of horror was instantly reflected on the dead face."

Six months pass. Two couples are getting married in a small village church: Arkady with Katya and Nikolai Petrovich with Fenechka. Everyone was happy, but something in this contentment was also felt artificial, “as if everyone had agreed to play some kind of ingenuous comedy.”

Over time, Arkady becomes a father and a zealous owner, and as a result of his efforts, the estate begins to generate significant income. Nikolai Petrovich takes on the duties of a conciliator and works hard in the public arena. Pavel Petrovich lives in Dresden and, although he still looks like a gentleman, "it's hard for him to live."

Kukshina lives in Heidelberg and hangs out with students, studies architecture, in which, according to her, she discovered new laws. Sitnikov married a princess who pushed him around, and, as he assures, he continues Bazarov's "case", working as a publicist in some dark magazine.

Decrepit old men often come to Bazarov’s grave and weep bitterly and pray for the repose of the soul of their untimely deceased son. The flowers on the grave mound are reminiscent of more than just the tranquility of "indifferent" nature; they also speak of eternal reconciliation and endless life...

The fight took place on the same day at evening tea. Pavel Petrovich went down into the drawing room, already ready for battle, irritated and resolute. He waited only for an excuse to pounce on the enemy; but the proposal was not presented for a long time. Bazarov generally spoke little in the presence of the "old Kirsanovs" (as he called both brothers), but that evening he felt out of sorts and silently drank cup after cup. Pavel Petrovich was all burning with impatience; his wishes came true at last.

We were talking about one of the neighboring landowners. “Rubbish, aristocratic,” Bazarov, who met him in St. Petersburg, remarked indifferently.

Allow me to ask you, - began Pavel Petrovich, and his lips trembled, - according to your concepts, the words: "rubbish" and "aristocrat" mean the same thing?

I said: "Aristocratic," said Bazarov, lazily taking a sip of tea.

Exactly so, sir: but I suppose that you have the same opinion about aristocrats as about aristocrats. I consider it my duty to tell you that I do not share this opinion. I dare to say that everyone knows me for a liberal and progress-loving person; but that's why I respect aristocrats - real ones. Remember, dear sir (at these words Bazarov raised his eyes to Pavel Petrovich), remember, gracious sir, he repeated bitterly, the English aristocrats. They do not yield an iota from their rights, and therefore they respect the rights of others; they demand the performance of duties in relation to them, and therefore they themselves perform their duties. The aristocracy gave freedom to England and supports it.

We have heard this song many times,” objected Bazarov, “but what do you want to prove by this?

I AM eftim I want to prove, my dear sir (Pavel Petrovich, when angry, said with intent: “eftim” and “efto”, although he knew very well that grammar does not allow such words. This quirk reflected the rest of the legends of the Alexander time. cases when they spoke their native language, used one - efto, other - ehto: we are, they say, native Russians, and at the same time we are nobles who are allowed to neglect school rules), I eftim I want to prove that without self-respect, without respect for oneself - and in an aristocrat these feelings are developed - there is no solid foundation for a public ... bien public, a public building. Personality, dear sir, is the main thing: the human personality must be strong as a rock, for everything is built on it. I know very well, for example, that you deign to find my habits, my toilet, my cleanliness ridiculous, but all this stems from a sense of self-respect, from a sense of duty, yes, yes, yes, duty. I live in a village, in the wilderness, but I do not drop myself, I respect a person in myself.

Excuse me, Pavel Petrovich, - said Bazarov, - you respect yourself and sit with folded hands; what is the use of this for the bien public? You would not respect yourself and you would do the same.

Pavel Petrovich turned pale.

This is a completely different question. I don't have to explain to you now why I sit with folded hands, as you like to express yourself. I only want to say that aristocracy is a principle, and without principles only immoral or empty people can live in our time. I said this to Arkady on the second day of his arrival, and now I repeat it to you. Isn't that right, Nicholas?

Nikolai Petrovich nodded his head.

Aristocratism, liberalism, progress, principles,” Bazarov said meanwhile, “just think how many foreign ... and useless words! Russian people do not need them for nothing.

What do you think he needs? Listen to you, so we are outside of humanity, outside of its laws. Have mercy - the logic of history requires ...

Why do we need this logic? We do without it.

How so?

Yes, the same. You don't need logic, I hope, to put a piece of bread in your mouth when you're hungry. Where are we before these abstractions!

Pavel Petrovich waved his hands.

I don't understand you after that. You insult the Russian people. I don't understand how it is possible not to recognize principles, rules! What are you acting on?

I already told you, uncle, that we do not recognize authorities, - Arkady intervened.

We act by virtue of what we recognize as useful, ”said Bazarov. - At the present time, the most useful thing is denial - we deny.

How? not only art, poetry ... but also ... it's scary to say ...

Everything,” Bazarov repeated with inexpressible calmness.

Pavel Petrovich stared at him. He did not expect this, and Arkady even blushed with pleasure.

However, allow me, - Nikolai Petrovich spoke. - You deny everything, or, to be more precise, you destroy everything ... Why, you must also build.

It's none of our business... First we need to clear the place.

The present state of the people demands this,” added Arkady with gravity, “we must fulfill these requirements, we have no right to indulge in the satisfaction of personal egoism.

This last phrase apparently did not please Bazarov; from her breathed philosophy, that is, romanticism, for Bazarov also called philosophy romanticism; but he did not consider it necessary to refute his young pupil.

No no! Pavel Petrovich exclaimed with a sudden impulse, “I don’t want to believe that you, gentlemen, know the Russian people exactly, that you are representatives of their needs, their aspirations! No, the Russian people are not what you imagine them to be. He sacredly honors traditions, he is patriarchal, he cannot live without faith...

I won’t argue against that,” Bazarov interrupted, “I’m even ready to agree that you are right about this.

And if I'm right...

And yet it doesn't prove anything.

It doesn't really prove anything,” Arkady repeated with the confidence of an experienced chess player who foresaw the opponent's apparently dangerous move and therefore was not at all embarrassed.

How does it prove nothing? muttered the astonished Pavel Petrovich. “So you are going against your people?”

And even so? exclaimed Bazarov. - The people believe that when the thunder rumbles, this is Elijah the prophet in a chariot driving around the sky. Well? Should I agree with him? And besides, he is Russian, but am I not Russian myself?

No, you are not Russian after everything you just said! I can't recognize you as a Russian.

My grandfather plowed the land, ”Bazarov answered with haughty pride. - Ask any of your own peasants, in which of us - in you or in me - he would rather recognize a compatriot. You don't even know how to talk to him.

And you talk to him and despise him at the same time.

Well, if he deserves contempt! You blame my direction, but who told you that it is in me by accident, that it is not caused by the same folk spirit in whose name you advocate so?

How! We really need nihilists!

Whether they are needed or not is not for us to decide. After all, you do not consider yourself useless.

Gentlemen, gentlemen, please, no personalities! exclaimed Nikolai Petrovich and got up.

Pavel Petrovich smiled and, putting his hand on his brother's shoulder, made him sit down again.

Don't worry, he said. - I will not be forgotten precisely because of that sense of dignity, over which the lord ... lord doctor so cruelly mocks. Excuse me,” he continued, turning again to Bazarov, “perhaps you think that your teaching is new? You are right to imagine it. The materialism that you preach has been in vogue more than once and has always proved untenable...

Another foreign word! interrupted Bazarov. He began to get angry, and his face took on a kind of coppery and rough color. - Firstly, we don't preach anything; it's not our habit...

What are you doing?

Here's what we're doing. Before, in recent times, we said that our officials take bribes, that we have neither roads, nor trade, nor a proper court ...

Well, yes, yes, you accusers - that's what they call it, I think. I agree with many of your accusations, but ...

And then we guessed that chatting, just chatting about our ulcers is not worth the trouble, that this only leads to vulgarity and doctrinairism; we saw that our wise men, the so-called progressive people and accusers, are no good, that we are engaged in nonsense, talking about some kind of art, unconscious creativity, about parliamentarism, about advocacy, and the devil knows what, when it comes to urgent bread, when the grossest superstition is choking us, when all our joint-stock companies are going bust solely because there is a shortage of honest people, when the very freedom that the government is busy with is hardly going to benefit us, because our peasant is happy to rob himself, just to get drunk dope in a tavern.

So, - Pavel Petrovich interrupted, - so: you have convinced yourself of all this and have decided not to take yourself seriously for anything.

And they decided not to take on anything, ”Bazarov repeated gloomily.

He suddenly felt annoyed with himself, why he had spread himself so much in front of this gentleman.

And just swear?

And swear.

And this is called nihilism?

And this is called nihilism,” Bazarov repeated again, this time with particular impudence.

Pavel Petrovich narrowed his eyes slightly.

So that's how! he said in a strangely calm voice. - Nihilism should help all grief, and you, you are our deliverers and heroes. But why do you honor others, at least the same accusers? Don't you just talk like everyone else?

Than others, but this sin is not sinful, ”Bazarov said through his teeth.

So what? you act, don't you? Are you going to take action?

Bazarov did not answer. Pavel Petrovich trembled, but immediately mastered himself.

Hm! .. Act, break ... - he continued. - But how to break it, not even knowing why?

We break because we are strong, - Arkady noticed.

Pavel Petrovich looked at his nephew and grinned.

Yes, strength - it never gives an account, ”Arkady said and straightened up.

Unhappy! cried Pavel Petrovich; he was decidedly not in a position to hold on any longer - even if you thought what in Russia you support with your vulgar maxim! No, this can lead an angel out of patience! Power! Both in the wild Kalmyk and in the Mongol there is strength - but what do we need it for? Civilization is dear to us, yes, sir, yes, sir, its fruits are dear to us. And don't tell me that these fruits are worthless: the last filthy, un barbouilleur, the pianist who gets five kopecks a night, and those are more useful than you, because they are representatives of civilization, and not of brute Mongol power! You imagine yourself to be progressive people, and all you have to do is sit in a Kalmyk wagon! Power! Finally, remember, strong gentlemen, that there are only four and a half of you, and there are millions of those who will not allow you to trample under your feet your most sacred beliefs, who will crush you!

If they crush it, the road is there, ”said Bazarov. - Only the grandmother said in two. We are not as few as you think.

How? Do you not jokingly think to get along, get along with the whole people?

From a penny candle, you know, Moscow burned down, ”Bazarov answered.

Well well. At first almost satanic pride, then mockery. This is what the youth is fond of, this is what the inexperienced hearts of the boys submit to! Here, look, one of them is sitting next to you, because he almost prays for you, admire it. (Arkady turned away and frowned.) And this infection has already spread far. I was told that in Rome our artists never set foot in the Vatican. Rafael is considered almost a fool, because this, they say, is authority; but they themselves are powerless and fruitless to the point of disgust, and they themselves lack fantasy beyond “The Girl at the Fountain”, no matter what you say! And the girl is badly written. You think they are great, don't they?

In my opinion, - objected Bazarov. - Raphael is not worth a penny, and they are no better than him.

Bravo! Bravo! Listen, Arkady ... that's how modern young people should express themselves! And how, you think, they can't follow you! Formerly young people had to learn; they did not want to pass for ignoramuses, so they involuntarily worked. And now they should say: everything in the world is nonsense! - and it's in the hat. The young people rejoiced. And in fact, before they were just blockheads, and now they have suddenly become nihilists.

So your vaunted sense of your own dignity has betrayed you, ”Bazarov remarked phlegmatically, while Arkady flushed all over and flashed his eyes. - Our dispute has gone too far ... It seems that it is better to stop it. And then I will be ready to agree with you,” he added, getting up, “when you present me at least one decision in our modern life, in family or public life, which would not cause complete and merciless denial.

I will present you millions of such resolutions,” exclaimed Pavel Petrovich, “millions! Yes, at least the community, for example.

A cold smile twisted Bazarov's lips.

Well, about the community, - he said, - talk better with your brother. He now seems to have experienced in practice what a community, mutual responsibility, sobriety and the like are.

The family, finally, the family, as it exists among our peasants! cried Pavel Petrovich.

And this question, I believe, is better for you not to analyze in detail. Have you, tea, heard of daughters-in-law? Listen to me, Pavel Petrovich, give yourself a day or two, you will hardly find anything right away. Go through all our estates and think carefully about each, and for now we will be with Arkady ...

Everyone should be mocked,” put in Pavel Petrovich.

No, cut the frogs. Let's go, Arkady; goodbye gentlemen.

Both friends left. The brothers were left alone and at first only looked at each other.

Here, - Pavel Petrovich finally began, - here is the youth of today! Here they are - our heirs!

Heirs,” repeated Nikolai Petrovich with a despondent sigh. During the entire argument he sat as if on coals and only furtively glanced painfully at Arkady. - Do you know what I remembered, brother? Once I quarreled with the deceased mother: she screamed, did not want to listen to me ... I finally told her that you, they say, cannot understand me; we supposedly belong to two different generations. She was terribly offended, and I thought: what should I do? The pill is bitter - but it must be swallowed. Now our turn has come, and our heirs can tell us: they say, you are not of our generation, swallow the pill.

You are already too complacent and modest, - Pavel Petrovich objected, - on the contrary, I am sure that you and I are much more right than these gentlemen, although we may express ourselves in somewhat outdated language, vieilli, and do not have that impudent arrogance ... And such an inflated this youth of today! Ask another: what kind of wine do you want, red or white? "I have a habit of preferring red!" - he answers in a bass voice and with such an important face, as if the whole universe is looking at him at that moment ...

Would you like more tea? said Fenechka, sticking her head in the door; she did not dare to enter the drawing-room while the voices of those arguing could be heard in it.

No, you can order the samovar to be accepted, - answered Nikolai Petrovich and went up to meet her. Pavel Petrovich abruptly said to him: bon soir and went to his office.

"WHO WILL LIVE WELL IN RUSSIA"

Three main disputes between Bazarov and P.P. Kirsanov, in which these issues are raised.

1) nobility theme, his role in life. According to Kirsanov, aristocrats are the driving force of social development. Their ideal is "English freedom" (constitutional monarchy), the path to the ideal is liberal (reforms, glasnost, progress). According to E. Bazarov, the aristocrats are not capable of action, they are of no use, Bazarov rejects liberalism, denies the ability of the nobility to lead Russia to the future.

2) nihilism and the role of nihilists in life. Pavel Petrovich condemns the nihilists because they "respect no one", live without principles, considers them unnecessary and powerless: "There are only four and a half of you." To this Bazarov replies: "Moscow burned down from a penny candle." By denying “everything,” Bazarov means religion, the autocratic-feudal system, and generally accepted morality. What do the nihilists say? First of all, the need for revolutionary action. Their criterion is the public good.

3) both sides look at the people. Pavel Petrovich glorifies the peasant community, family, religiosity, patriarchy of the Russian peasant. Bazarov says that the people do not understand their own interests, are dark and ignorant, but considers it necessary to distinguish between people's interests and people's prejudices, claims that the people are revolutionary in spirit, therefore nihilism is a manifestation of the people's spirit.

4) the attitude of the arguing towards art and nature. Pavel Petrovich blesses and glorifies art. The author agrees with P. Kirsanov in this. Bazarov, on the other hand, denies art (“Rafael is not worth a penny”), he approaches nature purely materialistically: (“Nature is not a temple, but a workshop, and man is a worker in it.)

Evgeny Bazarov and Anna Sergeevna Odintsova. The test of love in the novel by I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons".

I. S. Turgenev in his works subjected the heroes to two tests: the test of love and the test of death. Why did he choose these tests?

love is the purest, highest and most beautiful feeling, the soul and personality of a person are revealed before it, showing their true qualities, and death is a great equalizer, one must be prepared for it as an inevitable and be able to die with dignity.

At the beginning of the novel, the author presents his hero as a nihilist, a person “who does not bow to any authorities, who does not take a single principle on faith”, for whom romanticism is nonsense and a whim: “Bazarov recognizes only that which can be felt with his hands , to see with the eyes, to put on the tongue, in a word, only that which can be witnessed by one of the five senses. Therefore, he considers mental suffering unworthy of a real man, high aspirations - far-fetched and ridiculous. Thus, “... disgust for everything that is detached from life and vanishes in sounds is a fundamental property” of Bazarov. And this man, who denies everything and everything, falls in love with Anna Sergeevna Odintsova, a rich widow, an intelligent and mysterious woman. The protagonist drives away this romantic feeling, hiding behind crude cynicism. In a conversation with Arkady, he asks about Odintsova: “What kind of figure is this? She doesn't look like other women." It can be seen from the statement that she interested Bazarov, but he is trying in every possible way to discredit her in his own eyes, comparing her with Kukshina, a vulgar person.

On the second visit to Odintsova's estate, Bazarov is very worried, but tries to restrain himself. He understands more and more that he has some kind of feeling for Anna Sergeevna, but this does not agree with his convictions, because love for him is “rubbish, unforgivable nonsense”, a disease. Doubts and anger rage in Bazarov’s soul, the feeling for Odintsova torments and infuriates him, but still he dreams of reciprocal love. The hero indignantly recognizes romance in himself. Anna Sergeevna tries to provoke him to talk about feelings, and he speaks about everything romantic with even greater contempt and indifference.

Before leaving, Odintsova invites Bazarov to her room, says that she has no purpose and meaning in life, and cunningly pulls a confession out of him. The main character says that he loves her “stupidly, madly”, by his appearance it is clear that he is ready for anything for her and is not afraid of anything. But for Odintsova this is just a game, she likes Bazarov, but she does not love him. The protagonist in a hurry leaves Odintsova's estate and goes to his parents. There, helping his father in medical research, Bazarov becomes infected with a serious illness. Realizing that he will soon die, he casts aside all doubts and convictions and sends for Odintsova. Before his death, Bazarov forgives Anna Sergeevna and asks to take care of his parents.

In the novel “Fathers and Sons”, the protagonist withstands the test of love, unlike the heroes of other works by I. S. Turgenev. Bazarov sacrifices everything for the sake of love: his beliefs and views - he is ready for this feeling and is not afraid of responsibility. But here nothing depends on him: he completely surrenders to the feeling that has gripped him, but receives nothing in return - Odintsova is not ready for love, therefore she repels Bazarov.

In the novel Fathers and Sons, I. S. Turgenev finds the hero he has been looking for for so long, the hero who has withstood the test of love and death.

8) General characteristics of poetry of the 2nd half of the 19th century (N.A. Nekrasov, A.A. Fet, F.I. Tyutchev). Civic lyrics and "pure art". Reading by heart a poem by one of the poets.

It must be said that by the mid-1950s, after the clear dominance of prose, lyric poetry flourished. Writers of the XIX century - N. A. Nekrasov, A. A. Fet, F. I. Tyutchev.

More details about each of them:

Features of Nekrasov's lyrics:

1) Nekrasov spoke the language of the common people (special vocabulary stylized as folklore; special syntactic turns; deliberate errors in pronunciation, spelling of words);

2) The poet writes for the upper strata of society, so that they know better about the life of the common people;

3) Sonority, melodiousness of verses;

4) A clear plot, the presence (usually) of several characters, a rhyming story;

5) Nekrasov brought poetry closer to prose.

The main themes of Nekrasov's work:

The theme of the poet and poetry ("Poet and Citizen", "Elegy", "Yesterday at six o'clock...");

The theme of the suffering of the Russian people (Nekrasov showed interest in the fate of peasant children, in the Russian peasant woman). These include the poems "On the Road", "Troika".

The theme of nature ("Uncompressed band").

F. I. Tyutchev - main topics and features:

The theme of nature (he believed that the universe is a living spiritual being that develops and grows, strives for the triumph of truth and goodness. With it, the barrier between nature and man disappears. Tyutchev feels regret, bitterness for people to whom nature is alien and incomprehensible). Poems: "Spring Thunderstorm", "Noon", "Spring Waters".

The theme of love (Tyutchev believed that love brings a person out of the stuffiness of loneliness. It gives a breath of fresh air. Love cannot satisfy all a person’s needs. As a result, it leads a person to death. There is no goodness and harmony in love. This is a destructive element.) Poems: " She was sitting on the floor”, “Oh, how deadly we love”, “Last love”, “I still yearn for desires”.

Philosophical theme (the world of nature and man in Tyutchev's perception is not completed, it is in a state of painful creative development. This development in Tyutchev's philosophical lyrics takes place in the struggle of two universal states of being - chaotic with cosmic. Chaos embodies the element of rebellion and destruction, space - the element of reconciliation and harmony (Demonic energies predominate in chaos, divine energies predominate in space). Poems: "Day and Night", "Silentium" ("Silence").

The main themes and features of the lyrics of A. A. Fet:

Poems about the purpose of poetry (the theme of the poet and poetry) (Fet believes that a true poet should free the reader from everyday problems, change his life, give the reader another world full of emotions, impressions): "With one push to drive the boat alive";

The theme of love (pays attention to the origin, the beginning of feelings. A joyful state from the first falling in love. Love is a deep, spontaneous feeling that brings joy and pain. Another feature is the absence of an idealized image of the heroine): "I came to you with greetings", "Whisper , timid breathing";

Theme of nature (shows interest in the transitional states of nature. Nature is merged with the emotional experiences of a person): "Evening", "This morning, this joy."

You can also compare Tyutchev with Fet (to be sure):

They have similarities in that they are contemporaries. That both poets are characterized by a deep analysis of the emotional experiences of a person. That they are both representatives of "pure art".

Fet in his poems describes a minute moment. His poetic space is filled with color and smells. The scale of Tyutchev is cosmic. He rarely draws from nature. He has a taste for chaos.

In poems about nature, Fet pays attention to the transitional states of nature. Nature is the natural environment for man, in his opinion. Tyutchev's poems about nature contain creative thoughts about fate (poet-philosopher). He strives to understand nature, to include it in the system of views.