Construction of any residential or public premises always starts with a detailed consideration of each structure that will be included in the project. One of these structures is a staircase. It can be indoor, outdoor, attic, basement, etc. But its detailed component always remains unchanged, on the basis of which there are parameters according to GOST and SNiP, which any erected staircase must comply with. With a detailed analysis of the staircase structure Special attention it is worth paying attention to the march, which is a continuous series of steps, consisting of a tread (horizontal part) and a riser (vertical part).
Please note: presented in one of our previous articles.
The construction of such facilities has certain standards that should be relied upon when erecting stairs:
But practical experience shows that slightly different sizes can provide safety and convenience.
It is better to make the number of steps in the march odd, so that the movement of a person on the stairs begins and ends with one foot. In addition, climbing 18 steps is a very energy-intensive activity, and 11 or 15 is the most best option, after which the person will not suffer from shortness of breath. With regards to the height of the step, its value ranges from 15 to 18 cm, and the double value of the height combined with the width of the step results in an approximate value of the length of a human step - 6064 cm.
The width of the steps also has certain building standard standards (GOST), which requires mandatory compliance with the maximum and minimum values:
Referring to SNiP, you can see:
As mentioned above, the convenient step sizes are those that are in relation to the average human step. Therefore, it is reasonable to present similar calculations in the form of the Blondel formula:
2h + b = S (60-66cm)
Providing for the angle of inclination during the construction of the stairs, it is worth noting that the recommendations of the norms of building standards in this matter have not been established. However, the slope of the stairs is determined by the ratio of the tread and the riser, and focusing on the maximum and minimum of the height and depth of the step, the angle of inclination ranges from 33 to 45 degrees. For flat (internal) stairs, the optimal value is up to 38 degrees, and for steep stairs (auxiliary, attic) - up to 45 degrees.
The parameters of each step used in the construction of the stairs must be extremely accurate and the same. This allows a person to use it while walking without much care, both day and night, relying on the muscle memory of the legs. And in case of non-compliance with this rule, a person experiences inconvenience when using the stairs, trying to feel each step with his foot. And the descent on such a ladder is quite traumatic.
As you know, rules and regulations are written in blood. Do not neglect their requirements!
The dream of any person to have their own apartment, and also better house. A building with several floors indicates that the owner has a decent income or is a jack of all trades. But it's not about whether any two- or three-story house needs a staircase. It’s good if, during installation, its specialists took into account all the nuances: the slope, height and width of the steps. Then the ladder will be equally convenient for climbing for both old people and children, and most importantly, it will also be safe. Let's find out how to calculate the steps for such a staircase.
Steps of different height and width are a direct threat to humans. After all, going down them in the dark, you can stumble, twist your leg or miss the steps and fall. Therefore, before designing a staircase indoors, make a drawing and calculate how many steps you need, what height and width they will have (the plane for the foot).
Ideally, when the stairs have a slope of 24-38º. If the angle of inclination is more than 45º, then it is required to go down such a steep staircase with your back forward. However, it saves space in the room, for a flat one you will need more space.
To calculate the number of steps, we need two values: h and l, where h is the height of the stairs, l is the length. It is very easy to measure these values: h is the distance from the floor of the first floor to the floor of the second, l is the projection of the stairs onto the floor of the first floor, in other words, the distance that the product will take on the first floor. Let's say that h = 2.4 m, and l = 3.6 m, and we need to calculate steps for a ladder of such parameters.
Knowing these measurements, you can choose the number and size of steps. It is comfortable if one step has a riser height of 16.5-23.5 centimeters, and a tread width (a) of 22.5-26 centimeters. Based on this, we calculate the number of steps (n). To do this, you need to divide the total height (h) by the height of the riser (h1), we have a comfortable h1 = 20 centimeters, we get:
n = h / h1 = 240 / 20 = 12 steps.
Therefore, the width (a) of the step tread will be equal to the projection flight of stairs per floor (l) divided by the number of steps (n):
a \u003d l / n \u003d 360 / 12 \u003d 30 centimeters, a little more than the above norm, which is not so important.
For the purchase of materials, we also need a size, namely the length of the stairs itself (c). Geometry will help us find this value: based on the theorems on right triangles, the square of the hypotenuse (c) is equal to the sum of the squares of the legs (a, b):
c² = a² + b² = h² + l² = 2.4² + 3.6² = 5.76 + 12.96 = 18.72 m²;
Also, according to the rules of a right-angled triangle, we can easily calculate the slope angle of the stairs:
sin α \u003d h / c \u003d 2.4 / 4.33 ≈ 0.55;
α ≈ 34°, this is a good, comfortable slope.
Before proceeding with the manufacture of stairs, carefully recalculate, preferably several times, the results obtained. Carefully take measurements so that there are no mistakes and the flight of stairs turns out exactly as you drew. Thanks to a clear reduced diagram of the product on graph paper, you can find errors in the calculations. With the help of this figure, it will be much easier for you to calculate the number of steps and other parameters.
In order to properly design a staircase, it is necessary not only to correctly choose its location, but also to take into account the design standards for stairs set forth in the relevant chapters of SNiP.
The width of marches and platforms determines throughput stairs and depends on requirements fire safety(evacuation) and the estimated dimensions of the things carried.
When designing a staircase, two things are taken into account at the same time: the convenience (safety) of moving up the stairs and minimizing the area occupied by the stairs. The safety of a staircase depends on its slope and the parameters of the steps.
To design a comfortable and a safe ladder, you need to use the March slope formula, defined as the ratio of the width of the step to its height: k \u003d b / a
With a step width of 26 to 30 cm and a coefficient value ranging from 1.75 to 2, the staircase is considered convenient. Convenient will be such ratios of the width of the step to its height as 30/15 (k=2), 31/16 (k=1.94) and 29/17 (k=1.70).
There are stairs in almost all residential and industrial buildings. Even in one-story small private houses, in most cases there are porches. And of course, any staircase should be not only beautiful, but also safe and convenient for people to move around. When installing such structures, the norms of SNiP and the requirements of GOST must be taken into account without fail. The height of the steps of the stairs, like any other of its parameters, must be calculated correctly.
When designing any staircase, one should be guided primarily by the standards provided for by GOST 98-18-2015. This document was adopted by the International Council for Standardization on May 29, 2015. In addition to Russia, it was signed by representatives of such countries as Armenia, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan and Tajikistan.
In addition to GOST 98-18-2015, in the manufacture of stairs, the standards stipulated by GOST must also be observed:
23120-78 - requirements for marching products;
23258-88 - means of scaffolding;
25772-83 - fencing of stair structures;
8556-72 - transfer of fire structures.
When assembling ladders should be guided, among other things, by the requirements of the document R53254-2009 ( specifications for outdoor products).
About what should be the height of the steps of the stairs according to GOST, we'll talk a little later. To begin with, let's figure out what these structures actually are. Stairs can be classified according to different features. For example, intra-house are divided into:
basic;
auxiliary.
The main staircases are capital structures and are actually designed to move to the upper floors. Auxiliaries include:
basement stairs;
loft structures.
Structurally stairs can be:
marching straight lines, G, T or U-shaped;
spiral;
on the pains.
Flight stairs are the most common option. They can be made on stringers or bowstrings. The structures are in most cases quite massive and capital. Spiral stairs They have the advantage that they take up little space in the house. They are small in size and less convenient for movement than marching structures.
Stairs on the bolts are not used very often in houses. Essentially, these are the same marching stairs. However, their steps are mounted directly on the wall.
By location, ordinary stairs are classified into indoor and outdoor. The latter are simply called porches.
Separately, fire escapes can also be distinguished. They, like ordinary ones, are in turn divided into:
outdoor;
internal.
Internal fire escapes are most often part of the design of the building itself. According to the regulations, such structures always have platforms. Outdoor stairs can be installed at any time during the operation of the building. In some cases, sites are provided for in them, in others they are not.
In the design of the stairs, this element, of course, is the main one. Steps can be made from different materials. But most often it is wood or metal. The shape of the steps can be rectangular, semicircular, trapezoidal. In any case, the height of the stairs according to GOST should be such that it would be convenient and safe to move along the march.
The steps consist of the following elements:
Tread. It is on this element that the leg of a person moving up the stairs rests.
Risers. This element is located vertically and connects the treads. In some cases, risers in stairs are not mounted. However, it is believed that with this element the march looks more reliable and solid.
According to the standards, the width of the flight of stairs should not be less than 70-80 cm. But usually the steps of such structures are longer - 1-1.5 m. Such stairs are considered more convenient when moving. After all, if necessary, people descending and ascending up can easily disperse on them.
The width of the march is, of course, of some importance in terms of the safety of movement. But the most important indicators in this case are the angle of inclination and the height of the steps. GOST, or rather the standards prescribed by it, must be observed when calculating these parameters.
Thus, they are guided primarily when choosing such an indicator as the dimensions of the stairs, GOST. Determining the height of the steps, as a concept, is very simple. This is the name of the distance between the lower and upper riser in the march. According to the regulations, this indicator should be the same along the entire length of the stairs. That is, all steps must have the same height. The only exception is the first one. This step is allowed to be made a little higher than the rest.
These indicators are calculated taking into account, among other things, the type of stairs. But in any case, according to the standards, the depth of the step must in a certain way correspond to its height. Wherein:
the height of the steps of an ordinary staircase should not go beyond150-200 mm.
evacuation ladder - 220 mm.
The minimum step width of a conventional staircase is 250 mm. The same requirements apply to evacuation structures.
If we talk about fire escapes, GOST regulates the height of the steps clearly. In this design, this figure should be exactly 220 mm. In the marches of ordinary stairs, the height of the steps may vary. But in any case, when designing such structures should be taken into account.
Indicators such as the number and height of stairs, depend primarily on the angle of the march. When calculating, the norms for designing stairs according to SNiP are also taken into account. So, the number of steps in one span should not exceed 18 pcs. Also, according to the regulations, there should be at least three of them in the march.
The calculation of the height of the step is made using the "convenience formula". As already mentioned, this indicator should be related to the depth of the riser so that it is safe to move up the stairs. Actually, the convenience formula itself looks like this:
2h+b=S(63±3 cm).
Here h is the height of the step, b is the width of the tread, S is the length of the step of a person. The last parameter can vary between 60-66 cm. When calculating the height of the stairs and the width of the tread, GOST prescribes to take into account the average optimal indicator at 63 cm.
With an increase in the height of a step by 1 mm, according to the “convenience formula”, its depth should be reduced by 2 mm.
You can calculate the stairs using a slightly different method. The convenience formula might look like this:
b-h=12 cm.
This formula was developed by specialists from the Institute of Labor Psychology named after M. Planck. It is very easy to perform calculations using it. However, it, unfortunately, does not take into account the different lengths of human steps.
So, how to determine the height of the step, we found out. But when designing stairs, be sure to correctly calculate its width. The dimensions of the stairs according to GOST and other standards should be calculated taking into account the so-called safety formula. It looks like this:
b + h = (46±1) cm.
If the width of the tread is too small, there is a possibility that the person's foot will slip when moving up the stairs. And this, of course, is fraught with injuries. Of course, it is not necessary to adhere to the calculations exactly. However, using the above formula, you can calculate the optimal performance.
In this case, the number of these elements will depend, among other things, on such an indicator as the height of the basement of the house. The requirements for the steps of street stairs are not too strict. However, the porch, of course, must also be safe for people to move around.
Step Heightstairs, according to SNiP and other standards, located on the street at the door of the house,it can vary within 12-20 cm. But the optimal range is considered to be 14-17 cm. The width of the porch step, like an ordinary staircase, should be such that a person’s leg fits completely on it. Usually it is 28-30 cm. But in any case, the width of the step of the porch,according to SNiP,should not be less than 25 cm.
Of course, when designing a staircase, it is imperative to take into account the requirements for the width of its march, the depth and height of the steps. However, there are other standards of GOST and SNiP, which must also be taken into account. So, for example:
The permissible angle of inclination of the house stairs is 20-60 degrees. The optimal indicator is considered in this case 45 gr.
The ladder can be angled up to 75 degrees.
Of course, when building such structures, the height of the railing must also be correctly selected. It is believed that safe movement there will be only a minimum of 90 cm on the stairs. Balusters in the railing, according to the standards, should be located in increments of no more than 15 cm. In this case, for example, a child will not be able to stick his head between them.
For clarity, we will make a calculation for a structure mounted in a room with a height of 275 cm. Let's say the desired height of the stairs is 17 cm. First, we determine their number:
275/17=16.18.
We round the resulting figure and get 16lifts. The number of steps is always 1 less. That is, 1 must be subtracted from 16. After all, the floor of the second floor is already a step in itself.
The exact height in this case can be calculated as follows:
275/16=17.2 cm.
The width of the step will be equal to:
63-2x17.2=28.6.
This figure can be rounded up to 29.
In order to be able to most rationally plan the room, the calculation should also determine the projection of the stairs to the floor. To do this, multiply the number of steps by their width:
15x29=435 cm.
Thus, this indicator is calculated taking into account, first of all, the safety and convenience of people moving up the stairs. The height of the step of the evacuation ladder according to GOST is strictly 220 mm. For ordinary people, this indicator may be different. In a private house, stairs are often made taking into account the height and width of the step of the people living in it. However, when choosing the height of steps in this case, it is usually necessary to take into account, among other things, the features of the material from which it is supposed to mount the structure.
Steps of a concrete ladder can have any comfortable height. When calculating, for example, a ladder made of wood if it has risers, it is worth considering standard width lumber. This indicator in most cases is 15 or 20 cm. This is usually the height of the stairs with a riser. After all, sawing boards to the desired width is impractical due to the complexity of this procedure.
The same applies to brick stairs. When choosing an indicator for the height of their steps, you also have to take into account the dimensions of this building material.
It is very important when designing and building stairs to take into account the created rules. Must comply correct distance to move forward.
You also need to observe the height for the descent, as well as the ascent. You can calculate the ratio correctly using two main parameters. In centimeters, the distance between the steps, and between their edges, is calculated. The formula for a secure ladder gives us forty-five degrees.
There are some more rules. If the building has more than two floors, there must be flights of stairs, moreover, they must be much larger. Movable type ladders can only be used for attics or basements. The width of the spans must be the same. One span can have from three to seventeen degrees, the number is odd.
As already mentioned, the climb angle is ideal if it is forty-five degrees. But the minimum limit is twenty-six degrees. According to GOST, the height of the degree should be from one hundred and fifty to two hundred millimeters. The steps must be the same height in the span. The difference is possible only within five millimeters. The width of the steps must be at least two hundred and fifty millimeters. If we are talking about a basement, or an attic, a number of two hundred millimeters is acceptable.
The protrusion of the step should not exceed thirty millimeters. From the step to the door there should be a space of at least one meter. The platform on the stairs is at least 1.3 meters. Stair railing must be at least nine hundred millimeters high.
There are some rules for safety. It is very important to follow all the rules. This guarantees convenient, safe use of the ladder structure in the future. According to SNIP, it is necessary to carry out calculations accordingly. It is necessary to take into account all the factors that can affect the design, its reliability, as well as functional qualities. Also very important is the type of stairs, its style.
And it is also worth considering the loads that can be carried out during operation. Moreover, it is very important to think about how old people will use the stairs, and whether they will be comfortable doing so. Think about whether it will be safe for children to walk up this ladder.
So, consider the main requirements for creating a staircase. It is necessary to plan this design in all details at the time of design, and even preparation of the entire necessary documentation. To design a structure, you need to determine where it will be located, what is the height of a certain room, what is the area of \u200b\u200bfree space, and what will be maximum loads on her.
Now you can choose the materials for the design that will be needed in the process. The most important thing we need to do now. We make the necessary calculations.
This is what we do before we get started. construction works. IN technical documentation to the project of the whole house, all dimensions of future stair structures should be indicated.
Only when the entire project is finally approved and approved, you can proceed with the installation work.
Stair calculations must be made in such a way as to exclude future damage that may simply stop the operation of the structure. Also, in the future, no cracks or deformations should occur that could affect the safety of the inhabitants of the house, and users of the stairs. According to the norms of SNIP, stairs that are located in residential premises must have a certain width.
It should not be less than 0.9 meters. Exactly the same requirements are provided for basements and basements.
If the building is sectional, then flights of stairs have completely different parameters. In this case, the width of the march cannot be less than one meter. According to SNIP, the width of the march should be at least a little more than one meter. It is important to note that the width of the march is the distance between the fence and the wall, or railing. According to generally accepted standards, if there are differences in floor levels, then the staircase will have at least three steps. The march between floors will be no more than eighteen climbs. An exception can only be in the case of a spiral staircase.
It is very important what will be the height from the step to the ceiling itself. The height should be at least one hundred ninety, two hundred meters. If the distance is less, then it will cause inconvenience while moving up the stairs.
There is certain rules, and the norms to be followed during construction, and during finishing works. They differ depending on the purpose of the room. These standards also apply to the design of stair structures. The safety of users largely depends on compliance with these standards.
The staircase is a complex architectural, design construction. The rules that are established for its design can be adjusted in case of special planning specifics. One of the most important standards is that the angle of inclination should not exceed forty-five degrees.
This is very important rule to be remembered. If this standard is exceeded, then the rise of the steps will be too steep. Naturally, this will be both inconvenient and unsafe.
The second standard helps to properly adjust the height stairs. The width of the step is determined by the size of the human foot. She has to match. The most convenient width is from two hundred and eighty to three hundred and twenty millimeters. If you increase the width, not by standards, then this can make it difficult to step, and it will be difficult to walk up the stairs. If the standard decreases, then it will be very uncomfortable to go down the stairs.
The width of the march on the stairs also has its own standards. Most optimal size ranges from six hundred to seven hundred millimeters. This allows a person to move up the stairs without any obstacles. It is important to remember that this is the smallest indicator for the width of the march. The most popular width, which is very common, is from nine hundred to a thousand millimeters. This option is convenient for people with any features of the figure, and weight.
When a person climbs stairs, he spends much more energy than when walking up. flat area. Therefore, experts believe that by doubling the size of the riser, you can create the most satisfactory stair designs. That is, you need to add the width of one step.
So, we have learned a lot about how to avoid mistakes when calculating a ladder, especially its steps. Knowing the basic requirements, it will be much easier to make a comfortable, reliable staircase that will serve you for more than one year.
Staircase design standards - GOST, SNP, standard sizes stacked steps, treads and risers - height, width, slope of the flight of stairs, how many steps in a flight of stairs - the maximum number
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