Introduction
1. Beginnings of synergetics
2. Scientific schools (trends) in synergetics
3. Main ideas, subject and object of synergetics
4. Interdisciplinarity of synergetics
5. Synergetics with respect to dynamic systems
6. Self-organization in synergetics
7. Synergistic process from a social point of view
8. Methodological problems of synergetics
9. Criticism of synergetics and synergetics
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
synergetics science
The term "synergy" comes from the Greek "synergos" - jointly acting.
Synergetics is a scientific direction that studies the relationships between structural elements (subsystems) that are formed in open systems (biological, physico-chemical, and others) due to the intensive (flow) exchange of matter and energy with the environment in non-equilibrium conditions.
Quite a lot of time has passed since the advent of synergetics. Apparently, the time has come for this interdisciplinary approach to maturity and self-identification. What at the beginning could only be foreseen, despite the serious work of major scientists and founders of this concept, today has become a real fact and gives the right to consider it not just an approach, but a kind of philosophy of post-non-classical science. If the first steps of synergetics were directed towards rapprochement, even almost dissolution with science, and the search for justification, and moreover, from science and drawing inspiration and information for generalization, then today the time has come for self-reflection, for analyzing one’s own conceptual foundation as a theory in general, and as a philosophical theory in particular. It is worth noting that the significance of synergetics is not really in its natural philosophical roots, not in proximity to experimental science, not in its connection with the names of famous scientists who stood at its foundation and pay attention to it to this day, with the presence of old and new adherents from scientific environment. Its significance lies mainly in the desire to find answers to the most global questions about the structure of the World. And this, as you know, is the prerogative of philosophy. The fact that synergetics was created precisely by scientists, that is, people who do not experience particularly warm feelings and the need for advice from philosophical scholasticism abstracted from reality, speaks of an urgent need to form their own philosophy close to science, which could solve such problems that scientific science itself poses. practice, analysis of the phenomena studied by science, some features of which have undeniable signs of universality.
It is no coincidence that, one way or another, synergetics began to acquire the features of a certain intersectoral philosophy, protected by the authority of its creators. And if in the beginning philosophical generalizations had a somewhat declarative character, today we can say that this declarativeness has begun to outlive itself. It is replaced by clear formulations of such properties inherent in any objects of various levels of organization, which can be considered as special, philosophical laws. And their systematization, as an attempt to form a full-fledged philosophical theory.
The purpose of this work is to try at an accessible level to reveal the essence and concept of synergetics as a new direction of modern scientific thought, as well as to consider the main problems of synergetics and the attitude of other sciences to it.
This work, in essence, is the result of a combination of many sources, the result of a search for a certain golden mean in the description of synergetics as a promising area of modern science.
1. Beginnings of synergetics
Synergetics emerged in the early 1970s. XX century. Until that time, it was believed that there was an insurmountable barrier between inorganic and organic, living nature. Only wildlife has the effects of self-regulation and self-government.
Synergetics has thrown a bridge between inorganic and living nature. It tries to answer the question of how the macrosystems in which we live arose. In many cases, the process of ordering and self-organization is associated with the collective behavior of the subsystems that form the system. Along with the processes of self-organization, synergetics also considers the issues of self-disorganization - the emergence of chaos in dynamic systems. As a rule, the systems under study are dissipative, open systems.
The basis of synergetics is the unity of phenomena, methods and models that one has to face when studying the emergence of order from disorder or chaos - in chemistry (Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction), cosmology (spiral galaxies), ecology (organization of communities), etc. An example of self-organization in hydrodynamics is the formation of hexagonal Benard cells in a heated liquid (starting from a certain temperature), the emergence of toroidal vortices (Taylor vortices) between rotating cylinders. An example of forced organization is mode locking in a multimode laser with the help of external periodic influences. Of interest for understanding the laws of synergetics are the processes of prebiological self-organization to the biological level. Self-organizing systems arose historically in the period of the emergence of life on Earth.
The creator of the synergetic direction and the inventor of the term "synergetics" is a professor at the University of Stuttgart and director of the Institute for Theoretical Physics and Synergetics Herman Haken. He first used this term to refer to a new scientific direction. Haken began to use it for these purposes at his lectures in 1969. In an interview with E.N. Knyazeva for the journal “Problems of Philosophy” G. Haken explains his choice in this way: “I chose the word “synergetics” then, because Greek terms were assigned to many disciplines in science. I was looking for a word that would express joint activity, a common energy to do something ... I pursued the goal of setting in motion a new field of science ... Even then I saw that there was a striking similarity between completely different phenomena, for example, between laser radiation and sociological processes or evolution, which should be just the tip of the iceberg. True, at that time I did not suspect that this area could influence so many and distant areas of research, such as, for example, psychology and philosophy. According to Haken, synergetics is the study of systems consisting of a large (very large, "huge") number of parts, components or subsystems, in a word, details that interact in a complex way with each other. The word "synergetics" means "joint action", emphasizing the coherence of the functioning of the parts, which is reflected in the behavior of the system as a whole.
2. Scientific schools (trends) in synergetics
In synergetics, several scientific schools have already developed by now. These schools are painted in the tones that their supporters bring to understanding the ideas of synergetics from the standpoint of their original disciplinary field, be it mathematics, physics, biology, or even social science.
Among these schools is the Brussels school, founded by Ilya Romanovich Prigozhin, the Nobel Prize winner in chemistry in 1977 (from among the descendants of Russian emigrants who left Russia after the revolutionary events of 1917), who develops the theory of dissipative structures, revealing the historical background and ideological foundations of the theory self-organization.
G. Haken's school also works intensively. He united a large group of scientists around the Springer series of books on synergetics, within which more than 60 volumes have already been published.
Classical works in which the mathematical apparatus for describing catastrophic synergetic processes is developed are written by the Russian mathematician V.I. Arnold and the French mathematician R. Thomas. This theory is called differently: the theory of catastrophes, singularities or bifurcations.
Among Russian scientists, one should also mention Academician A.A. Samarsky and S.P. Kurdyumov. Their school is developing a theory of self-organization based on mathematical models and a computational experiment on computer displays. This school put forward a number of original ideas for understanding the mechanisms of emergence and evolution of relatively stable structures in open (nonlinear) environments (systems).
Also widely known are the works of Academician N. N. Moiseev, who develops the ideas of universal evolutionism and co-evolution of man and nature, the works of biophysicists, corresponding members of the Russian Academy of Sciences M. V. Volkenshtein and D. S. Chernavsky.
Such a variety of scientific schools, directions, ideas indicates that synergetics is more of a paradigm than a theory. This means that it embodies certain fairly general conceptual frameworks, a few fundamental ideas generally accepted in the scientific community, and methods (patterns) of scientific research.
3. Main ideas, subject and objects of synergetics
The "cornerstone" of synergetics are three main ideas: non-equilibrium, openness and non-linearity.
Balance state can be stable (stationary) and dynamic. A stationary equilibrium state is said to be in the event that, when the parameters of the system change, which arose under the influence of external or internal disturbances, the system returns to its previous state. The state of dynamic (unstable) equilibrium occurs when a change in parameters entails further changes in the same direction and increases over time. It is important to emphasize that such a stable state can arise in a system that is far from stationary equilibrium.
For a long time, only closed systems that do not have connections with the external environment can be in equilibrium, while for open systems, equilibrium can only be an instant in the process of continuous changes. Equilibrium systems are not capable of development and self-organization, since they suppress deviations from their stationary state, while development and self-organization involve its qualitative change.
Disequilibrium can be defined as the state of an open system, in which there is a change in its macroscopic parameters, that is, its composition, structure and behavior. In his article “The Philosophy of Instability”, I. Prigogine writes: “Our perception of nature becomes dualistic, and the idea of non-equilibrium becomes the pivotal moment in such perception. Moreover, non-equilibrium, leading not only to order and disorder, but also opening up the possibility for the occurrence of unique events, because the range of possible ways for the existence of objects in this case is significantly expanded (in comparison with the image of an equilibrium world).
openness- the ability of the system to constantly exchange matter (energy, information) with the environment and have both "sources" - zones of replenishment of its environmental energy, the action of which contributes to the growth of the structural heterogeneity of this system, and "sinks" - zones of scattering, "discharge" of energy , as a result of which the smoothing of structural inhomogeneities in the system occurs. Openness (the presence of external "sources" ("sinks")) is a necessary condition for the existence of non-equilibrium states, as opposed to a closed system, which inevitably tends, in accordance with the second law of thermodynamics, to a homogeneous equilibrium state.
non-linearity is the property of a system to have in its structure various stationary states corresponding to various admissible laws of behavior of this system. Whenever the behavior of such objects can be expressed by a system of equations, these equations turn out to be nonlinear in the mathematical sense. Mathematical objects with this property correspond to the appearance of a spectrum of solutions instead of a single solution of a system of equations describing the behavior of the system. Each solution from this spectrum characterizes a possible way the system will behave. Unlike linear systems, whose subsystems weakly interact with each other and practically independently enter the system, that is, they have the property of additivity (the whole system is reducible to the sum of its components), the behavior of each subsystem in a nonlinear system is determined depending on coordination with others. A system is nonlinear if at different times, under different external influences, its behavior is determined by different laws. This creates a phenomenon of complex and varied behavior that does not fit into a single theoretical scheme. From this behavioral feature of nonlinear systems follows the most important conclusion about the possibility of predicting and controlling them. The evolution of the behavior (and development) of this type of systems is complex and ambiguous, therefore, external or internal influences can cause deviations of such a system from its stationary state in any direction. The same stationary state of such a system is stable under certain conditions, and not stable under other conditions, i.e. transition to another stationary state is possible.
Nonlinearity is also considered as an unusual reaction to external influences, when the "correct" influence has a greater influence on the evolution of the system than the influence that is stronger, but organized inadequately to its own tendencies. Clarifying this point, let's say that an important achievement of synergetics is the discovery of a mechanism resonant excitation. It turns out that a system in a non-equilibrium state is sensitive to influences consistent with its own properties. Therefore, fluctuations in the external environment turn out to be not "noise", but a factor in the generation of new structures. Small, but consistent with the internal state of the system, external influences on it can be more effective than large ones. Nonlinear systems exhibit unexpectedly strong responses to resonant perturbations that are relevant to their internal organization.
The concept of nonlinearity implicitly implies the existence of potentiality as a property (characteristic) of a given type of systems. Qualitatively different states of the same nonlinear system are alternative, that is, they cannot actually exist in the same system at the same time. At the moment when the stationary state corresponding to a certain quality of the system exists actually (manifested), then the stationary states corresponding to other qualities exist only potentially, outside its spatio-temporal certainty, since they can be actualized only under other conditions.
In modern physics, in particular, in quantum field theory, theoretical constructions find their empirical application, in which the unity of potential and actualized reality is fixed. The essence of the field in quantum theory as a fundamental physical object is made up of virtual processes and virtual states of physical objects, as well as the conditions for their actualization.
The concept of non-linearity is beginning to be used more and more widely, acquiring an ideological meaning. The idea of non-linearity includes multivariance, alternative choice of evolution paths and its irreversibility. Nonlinear systems are influenced by random, small influences generated by nonequilibrium.
Synergetics studies two types of structures:
1) The so-called dissipative structures arising in the process of self-organization, for the implementation of which a scattering (dissipative) factor is required. The role of effluents is more important here. Such structures gravitate towards a stationary state; they seem to freeze on drains. Dissipative structures appear in open oscillatory systems with a strong external feed. The energy stored in them can be released, in particular, when weak excitations (fluctuations) enter the system, and the response of the system to this excitation can be unpredictably strong. Dissipative structures "live" (in the systemic sense) by using the rejected energy of the external environment for their own needs.
An open non-linear system in a situation of critical disequilibrium is capable of generating a “miracle of creating order from chaos”, changing the very type of its behavior. It can form new dynamic states, which I. Prigogine called dissipative structures. If the smearing process of dissipation (diffusion, molecular chaos) leads an equilibrium system to chaos, then in non-equilibrium systems it leads, on the contrary, to the emergence of new structures, since it eliminates all lifeless, unstable states. “Dissipativity is a factor of “natural selection” that destroys everything that does not meet development trends, a “sculptor’s hammer”, with which he cuts off everything superfluous from a block of stone, creating a sculpture” .
In the dissipative structure, long-range correlations are established between the particles, the type of behavior changes - the particles begin to behave in a coordinated, coherent manner, "as if on command" the spatially separated processes are synchronized. Order in synergetics is understood as macroscopic order while maintaining microscopic molecular disorder, that is, order at the macro level coexists quite peacefully with chaos at the micro level.
The emergence of dissipative structures has a threshold character. Non-equilibrium thermodynamics connected the threshold character with instability, showing that a new structure is always the result of the opening of instability as a result of fluctuations. Fluctuations are the movements of micro-level elements, usually regarded as random and not of interest to the researcher. Fluctuations are internal (intrasystem) and external (microperturbations of the environment). Depending on their strength, fluctuations affecting the system can have completely different consequences for it. If the fluctuations of an open system are not strong enough, the system will respond with strong tendencies to return to the old state, structure, or behavior. If the fluctuations are very strong, the system may collapse. And finally, the third possibility is to form a new dissipative structure and change the state, behavior and/or composition of the system.
Any of the described possibilities can be realized in the so-called bifurcation point caused by fluctuations, in which the system experiences instability. The bifurcation point is a turning point, a critical moment in the development of the system, in which it makes a choice of path; in other words, it is a branching point of development options, a point at which a catastrophe occurs. The term "catastrophe" in the concepts of self-organization refers to qualitative, spasmodic changes that occur with a smooth change in external conditions. Having scanned the fluctuation background, the system decides which type of development to choose (which fluctuation to fix). Drawing analogies with psychology, we can say that at the bifurcation point the system is in a state of imprint vulnerability, where the fluctuation imprints ("imprints") a new direction of evolution.
In the middle of the century, Arnold Toynbee, analyzing the historical fate of various civilizations, drew attention to bifurcation points, where the choice of path (fluctuations) determined the course of development of huge states for several centuries. He also owns the term "alternative history" for non-traditional analysis, which deals not with one realized trajectory of a civilization, state or ethnic group, but with a field of possibilities. In contrast to Toynbee, V.S. Kapustin gives an interesting metaphor: “The bifurcation approach in the study of sociocultural phenomena makes us look at the world not as a kind of museum in which every bit of information is stored, but as processes constantly destroying the old and generating new structure and information.”
There are many potential trajectories of the development of the system, and it is impossible to predict exactly what state the system will enter after passing the bifurcation point, which is due to the fact that the influence of the environment is random. From a mathematical point of view, instability and the threshold nature of self-organization are associated with the nonlinearity of the equations. As already mentioned, for linear equations there is one stationary state, for nonlinear ones there are several. Thus, the threshold nature of self-organization is associated with the transition from one stationary state to another.
2) Another type of structures - non-stationary (evolving) structures , arising due to the activity of nonlinear energy sources. Here, the structure is a process localized in certain parts of the environment, which has a certain geometric shape and is able to develop, transform or be transferred in the environment while maintaining the shape.
Similar structures are studied by the Russian synergetic school. It should be noted that, in fact, these two types of structures are different stages in the development of processes in open nonlinear media.
The object of synergetics are systems that satisfy at least two conditions:
· they must be open;
They must be substantially non-equilibrium.
But that's exactly what most of the systems we know about are. Isolated systems of classical thermodynamics are a certain idealization; in reality, such systems are the exception, not the rule. It is more difficult with the entire Universe as a whole: if we consider it an open system, then what can serve as its external environment? Modern physics believes that vacuum is such a medium for our material Universe.
4. Interdisciplinarity of synergetics
The systems that make up the object of study of synergetics can be of a very different nature and meaningfully and specifically studied by various sciences, for example, physics, chemistry, biology, mathematics, neurophysiology, economics, sociology, linguistics (the list of sciences could easily be continued). Each of the sciences studies “its own” systems with its own methods, inherent only to it, and formulates the results in “its own” language. With the existing far-reaching differentiation of science, this leads to the fact that the achievements of one science often become inaccessible to the attention and, even more so, to the understanding of representatives of other sciences.
Unlike traditional areas of science, synergetics is interested in the general patterns of evolution (development in time) of systems of any nature. Rejecting the specific nature of systems, synergetics acquires the ability to describe their evolution in an international language, establishing a kind of isomorphism of two phenomena studied by specific means of two different sciences, but having a common model, or, more precisely, reduced to a common model. The discovery of the unity of the model allows synergetics to make the property of one field of science accessible to the understanding of representatives of a completely different, perhaps very far from it, field of science and to transfer the results of one science to seemingly alien soil.
It should be emphasized that synergetics is by no means one of the frontier sciences such as physical chemistry or mathematical biology that arise at the junction of two sciences (the science into which the subject area is invaded is represented by a noun in the name of the border science; the science whose means are "invasion" , is represented by an adjective; for example, mathematical biology deals with the study of traditional objects of biology by mathematical methods). According to the idea of its creator, Professor Haken, synergetics is called upon to play the role of a kind of metascience, noticing and studying the general nature of those patterns and dependencies that particular sciences considered “their own”. Therefore, synergetics does not arise at the intersection of sciences in a more or less wide or narrow boundary area, but extracts the systems of interest to it from the very core of the subject area of particular sciences and explores these systems, without appealing to their nature, with its specific means that are common (“ international") character in relation to the private sciences. The physicist, biologist, chemist and mathematician see their material, and each of them, applying the methods of his science, enriches the general stock of ideas and methods of synergetics.
Like any scientific direction that was born in the second half of the twentieth century, synergetics did not arise from scratch. It can be regarded as the successor and successor of many branches of exact natural science, primarily (but not only) the theory of oscillations and the qualitative theory of differential equations. It was the theory of oscillations with its “international language”, and later “nonlinear thinking” (L.I. Mandelstam) that became for synergetics a prototype of a science that builds models of systems of various nature serving various fields of science. And the qualitative theory of differential equations, the beginning of which was laid in the works of Henri Poincaré, and the modern general theory of dynamical systems that grew out of it, armed synergetics with a significant part of the mathematical apparatus.
5. Synergetics with respect to dynamic systems
Any objects of the world around us are systems, i.e. the totality of their constituent elements and the relationships between them.
The elements of any system, in turn, always have some independence of behavior. In any formulation of a scientific problem, there are always certain assumptions that put aside some insignificant parameters of individual elements. However, this micro-level of independence of the elements of the system always exists. Since the movements of elements at this level are usually of no interest to the researcher, they are called "fluctuations". In our everyday life, we also focus on significant, informative events, not paying attention to small, inconspicuous and insignificant processes.
The low level of individual manifestations of individual elements allows us to speak about the existence in the system of some mechanisms of collective interaction - feedback. When the collective, systemic interaction of elements leads to the fact that certain movements of the components are suppressed, one should speak of the presence of negative feedbacks. Strictly speaking, it is precisely negative feedbacks that create systems as stable, conservative, stable combinations of elements. It is negative feedbacks that thus create the world around us as a stable system of stable systems.
Stability and resilience, however, are not immutable. Under certain external conditions, the nature of the collective interaction of elements changes radically. Positive feedback begins to play a dominant role, which do not suppress, but rather enhance the individual movements of the components. Fluctuations, small movements, previously insignificant processes reach the macro level. This means, among other things, the emergence of a new structure, a new order, a new organization in the original system.
The moment when the original system loses its structural stability and qualitatively regenerates is determined by the system laws that operate on such system values as energy and entropy.
A special role in the global evolutionary process is played by the principle of minimum energy dissipation, i.e.: if not a single state of the system (process) is permissible, but a whole set of states that are consistent with the conservation laws and connections imposed on the system (process), then its state is realized , which corresponds to the minimum energy dissipation, or, what is the same, the minimum increase in entropy." N.N. Moiseev, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
It should be noted that the principle of minimum dissipation (scattering) of energy, given above in the presentation of academician Moiseev, is not recognized as a universal law of natural science. Ilya Prigozhin, in particular, pointed to the type of systems that do not obey this principle. On the other hand, the use of the term "principle" rather than "law" leaves room for clarification.
The moments of a qualitative change in the original system are called state bifurcations and are described by the corresponding sections of mathematics - catastrophe theory, nonlinear differential equations, etc. The range of systems subject to such phenomena turned out to be so wide that it made it possible to speak of catastrophes and bifurcations as universal properties of matter.
Thus, the movement of matter in general can be considered as an alternation of stages of adaptive development and stages of catastrophic behavior. Adaptive development implies a change in the parameters of the system while maintaining an unchanged order of its organization. When external conditions change, parametric adaptation allows the system to adapt to new constraints imposed by the environment.
Catastrophic stages are a change in the very structure of the original system, its rebirth, the emergence of a new quality. It turns out that the new structure allows the system to move to a new thermodynamic development trajectory, which is characterized by a lower rate of entropy production, or a lower rate of energy dissipation.
The emergence of a new quality, as already noted, occurs on the basis of an increase in small random movements of elements - fluctuations. This, in particular, explains the fact that at the moment of bifurcation of the state of the system, not one, but many options for structural transformation and further development of the object are possible. Thus, nature itself limits our ability to accurately predict development, leaving, nevertheless, the possibility of important qualitative conclusions.
6. Self-organization in synergetics
In a certain part of its meaning, synergetics and such concepts as self-organization, self-development and evolution have a commonality that allows us to indicate them all as the results of a synergetic process. In particular, self-organization is today firmly associated with synergetics. However, such associations have a dual meaning. On the one hand, the effect of self-organization is significant, but, nevertheless, one of the components that characterize synergetics, on the other hand, it is this component that gives the selected meaning to the whole concept of synergetics and, as a rule, is the most significant and of the greatest interest.
Not only the results, but also the conditions, causes and driving forces of self-organization have alternatives. In consideration of I.R. Prigogine, in relation to dissipative structures, we are talking about coherent self-organization, an alternative for which is the continual self-organization of individual microsystems, developed and proposed by A.P. Rudenko. In it is shown that the theoretical substantiation of the phenomenon of self-organization of non-equilibrium open systems, as well as the process of non-equilibrium ordering, was given by I.R. Prigogine and A.P. Rudenko almost at the same time, independently of each other. The main advantage of the "continuum" self-organization proposed by A.P. Rudenko, is that it is this approach that allows us to consider the relationship between self-organization and self-development. In accordance with developed views, the essence of progressive evolution consists in the self-development of continual self-organization of individual objects. It is shown that only individual micro-objects with continual self-organization have the ability for self-development and progressive evolution with natural selection, and that it is progressive chemical evolution that can be the basis for the emergence of life.
7. Synergistic process from a social point of view
Speaking about the development of systems in historical terms, we involuntarily look at them from the position of the Lord God. Scientists also, as a rule, as researchers, take the position of the Most High. Both systems and their components are just objects of consideration. And from this position, the expression "systems change their properties so that ..." has the right to exist.
However, we should not forget that changing the parameters of technical, human-machine, or social systems is always the work of specific people: engineers, managers, technologists, administrators, businessmen. The history of the social system is, after all, our life, full of joy and suffering, accomplishments and tragedies. What appears to the researcher or the Almighty as a leap, a quick transition to a new level, a bifurcation of a state, for specific individuals can constitute a whole stage of life (if not all of it).
The synergistic process of self-organization of matter is (from the point of view of the Lord) an endless alternation of stages of “calm” adaptation and “revolutionary” rebirths, bringing systems to new levels of perfection.
But at the same time (we are descending from heaven to sinful earth!), the synergistic process of self-organization of matter is an endless alternation of stages of “calm” engineering, managerial, organizational work that adapts existing objects to changes in the environment, and extraordinary ideas, innovative solutions, inventions and “revolutionary » reorganizations that bring systems to completely new levels of perfection. It is at these stages that a person who has found an extraordinary solution practically realizes the bifurcation of the state of a particular system. What is the "adaptation stage" from our earthly point of view? From the point of view, so to speak, of the element, which is inside the system. It's just that we are constantly engaged in optimization: an engineer "grinds" the design of a product, a manager achieves better work for the team, a businessman - an increase in the profitability of the company. What does "catastrophic stage" mean? This means that our finest hour is coming: an engineer invents a new design, a manager carries out a radical reorganization, a businessman opens a new business. Obviously, such decisions constitute the most efficient form of human activity. The ability, firstly, to see the essence of the matter in any situation, secondly, to notice the problem in time, that is, not to miss the moment when circumstances require breaking habitual ideas, and, thirdly, to find one or more beautiful solutions distinguishes people, succeeding in any endeavor. The bifurcation of the state of social and human-machine systems is thus not only an objective fact, but also a product of the mental activity of specific individuals. So, the history of any system is an alternation of evolutionary stages, when specialists can apply the knowledge they have received, and stages of bifurcation development, when there is a person capable of extraordinary thinking, innovation, and invention. And if the laws of synergetic development are universal, then it can be assumed that these laws underlie the extraordinary creative abilities of brilliant personalities.
8. Methodological problems of synergetics
It is difficult or even impossible to name a field of knowledge in which research under the rubric of synergetics would not be carried out today. For publications on the topic of synergetics, it is typical that they often contain the author's interpretations of the principles of synergetics, and the interpretations are rather heterogeneous and not always sufficiently reasoned. The reason for this is the lack of sufficient certainty regarding the main provisions of synergetics and the resulting need to clarify the status of the material presented. In this paper, an attempt is made to assess the current situation and take a feasible step towards the development of the methodology of the synergetic concept and the construction of a certain technology on its basis in the future. We are talking about concept and technology. Why not theory? The fact is that if we understand the theory as ""a system of ideas in the field of knowledge, a form of scientific knowledge that gives a holistic view of the patterns and essential connections of reality"", then we can talk about the construction of such a theory in relation to synergetics, and it exists to a certain extent. and today. However, the field of phenomena from which the modern understanding of synergetics has arisen is physics, the theoretical physics of quantum phenomena. It is this origin and connection of synergetics with the exact sciences that, first of all, makes it legitimate to call it a scientific direction. For natural science theory, the above understanding of theory is obviously insufficient. In addition to the system of ideas, experiment, modeling, analysis and synthesis and a broad understanding, it is also necessary, in particular: constructive formalism, predictability, certainty of the range of phenomena of reality to which the theory applies. Today it is at least premature to speak about the creation of a specific theoretical basis of the physical and mathematical rank for synergetics. It should also be taken into account that the current stage of the progress of science and technology is characterized by reliance on technology no less than on theory, since almost everywhere one has to deal with information objects that are disproportionately superior to the possibilities of direct manipulation by a person. Technological information means, and not the direct unarmed human mind, act as tools. The "cunning" of the current situation has its origin in the "provocativeness" of the thesis proclaimed by G. Haken. Today, in conditions when synergetics has acquired the importance of a driving principle in scientific research, one has to worry about not losing the scientific status of synergetics as an interdisciplinary field of knowledge. The real danger lies in the fact that, on the one hand, for a number of reasons, public opinion may develop an attitude towards synergetics as a worldview concept bordering on dilettantism. On the other hand, there are tendencies to identify synergetics with one or another narrow area of research in physics, systems theory, and also in the areas of applied research. The most desirable alternative seems to be the development of a structured categorical basis of synergetics and other attributes inherent in theoretical knowledge, which would make it possible to supplement the existing ideas with a more rigorous presentation. Next, we will try to show that what has been said is not only a good wish.
So, we can state that synergetics has a problematic and interdisciplinary character. Messages on the topic of synergetics are accompanied by discussions, during which questions are often raised about what synergetics is and how to determine the research methods and content that characterize it. More remarkable than the emergence of disagreements in the course of discussions, however, is that understanding the content of various areas of knowledge in the context of synergetics: on the one hand, gives a non-trivial view of the content of these areas, and on the other, reveals their systemic interconnection and leads to mutually beneficial contacts of specialists. There is every reason to believe that even in the presence of many uncertainties and disagreements, synergetics has a productive system-forming value for scientific knowledge and has a progressive activating effect on the scientific community.
What has been said can be supplemented by the fact that today a positive factor is precisely the uncertainty of the content attributable to synergetics. If we follow what G. Haken and other recognized ideologists of synergetics say about synergetics, then turning to a wider sphere of phenomena - to the phenomenon of self-organization and to processes in general in the environment and in the direction from chaos to order - we find synergetics as a rather limited subdomain, from which, paradoxically, such higher manifestations of self-organization as evolution and development should be excluded. This is evidently shown in the works of A.P. Rudenko. The fact that the relevant fact remains veiled contributes to the assertion of synergetics as, although to a large extent symbolic, but effective basis for the creative interaction of physicists, chemists, biologists and neuroscientists, as well as specialists in other specialties, including the humanities, towards the development of a theoretical basis for hardly ever not the most interesting, important and complex phenomenon of nature - self-organization. This topic is the subject of the present work. One of the tasks we are facing is to structure the categorical basis outlined by the concepts: synergetics, self-organization, system, evolution, development.
As for the questions mentioned above regarding the identification of synergetics, in addition to what is connected specifically with synergetics, their existence is explained, in particular, by the fact that concepts related to the level of epistemological categories that are getting drunk, to which synergetics belongs, evolve, because in the course of cognitive process is the transformation of the content related to them. In addition, for synergetics as a discipline undergoing formation, what is characteristic of scientific knowledge in general is of pronounced importance. The importance of the factor of worldview assumptions in the research activity of a scientist is great. Even in one area of research, the personal vision of the problem and the axiological orientations of the researcher largely determine his individual attitude towards the subject and methods of research. The discrepancy between opinions and assessments is therefore quite natural. More generally, each scientific paradigm is, in fact, quite arbitrary, and the vast majority of fundamental disputes on scientific problems are due to mutual misunderstandings due to the hidden nature of fundamental assumptions. In synergetics, these factors are enhanced, firstly, because specialists from different fields of knowledge usually discuss, and, secondly, due to the lack of a well-established solidarity opinion on these issues from scientific authorities. If today we were to raise questions about definitions for physics, mathematics, etc., then there would be no less disputes and disagreements, but more than with regard to synergetics.
The question of what synergetics is is both productive and incorrect. It initiates a rethinking of the concept, taking into account new results and trends. At the same time, speaking of "synergetics" one can keep in mind: (a) the terminological aspect - the origin and meaning of the term; (b) physical reality (aspect and content) denoted by the term; (c) the content of scientific knowledge related exclusively or partially to synergetics, including its research methods; and, finally, (d) the intuitive meaning that follows from a variety of information and discussions, guided by which the researcher organizes the material and presents it to a scientific audience. The incorrectness lies in the fact that the parties to the discussion often have different things in mind.
Separated in the enumeration, "a" (term) and "g" (implied meaning) are in fact in an organic connection. A term perceived as a word of a natural language, which, in turn, is thought to be adequate to some content - such a term has a huge systematizing potential in relation to the content, and this was emphasized, in particular, by A. Poincaré. The same thing happened with "synergy" - a word that, strictly speaking, is not a natural word of any modern language, but which, nevertheless, finds a natural response in the understanding of researchers.
Further consideration aims to designate: the extension (scope of the concept) of synergetics, which has developed de facto; identify the backbone principles of the synergetic concept, outline the boundaries of its possible expansion. The consideration is carried out in conditions of openness of the question of what synergetics is, and is aimed at identifying the diverse content related to this area.
Identification of the methods and subject of research characteristic of synergetics, in addition to being of independent scientific interest, contributes to a more productive application of the synergetic concept for solving specific problematic problems in various fields of knowledge.
Summing up what has been said, it can be stated that the path of synergetics formation is contradictory, however, it is contradiction and even paradoxicality that is the driving force both for the content studied by synergetics and for synergetics itself.
9. Criticism of synergetics and synergetics
Haken and his followers are sometimes accused of ambitious designs, of deliberately misleading the gullible. Among other things, it is argued that in addition to the name (which, as noted above, also had predecessors), synergetics is completely devoid of elements of novelty.
Even if the innovation were only the name, the emergence of synergy would be justified. The expressive name of the new interdisciplinary direction proposed by Haken attracted much more attention to this new direction than any “correct” name, understandable only to a narrow circle of specialists.
It is no longer necessary to prove the usefulness of the synergetic approach and it is wrong to insist on the indispensable use of the name "synergetics" by all whose achievements, current results or methods, supporters of synergetics tend to consider synergetic. The phenomena of self-organization, the radiation of complexity, the wealth of regimes generated by not necessarily complex systems leave room for everyone. Everyone can find their own work site and work calmly to the best of their desire, strength and ability. However, it should be noted that the transfer of synergetic methods from the field of exact natural science to the fields traditionally considered the undivided domain of humanities far from mathematics revealed one of the most fruitful aspects of synergetics and significantly deepened its understanding.
Conclusion
Synergetics emerged 30 years ago. Synergetics is a new direction in man's knowledge of nature, society and himself, the meaning of his existence. A new quality in cognition is achieved through the use of non-linear thinking and the synthesis of the achievements of various sciences in constructing the image of the universe.
By affirming the principles of non-linear thinking, synergetics is replacing the classical philosophical and methodological systems that are unable to rise above ideological attitudes, narrowness or one-sidedness in the approach to the process of cognition. Based on these reasons, synergetics strives for an adequate perception and a sober assessment of approaches inherent in all branches of cognitive activity, including the occult sciences, religious-theological, philosophical and similar systems. It thereby liberates a person's thought from any dogmas, blinders and opens up unlimited spaces for the manifestations of his mind, the development of cognitive potentials and creativity. The only limitation that science and man in his creative activity should take into account is related to ethical considerations. In theoretical terms, synergetics acts as a kind of meta-science, investigating the general nature of regularities, as it were, dissolved in particular sciences. For her, they are of interest, in the words of Yu.A. Danilov, systems from the very core of the subject area of private sciences, which she extracts and explores, without appealing to their nature, with her own specific means. In this sense, synergetics begins to compete with philosophical systems. In applied terms, synergetics has shown itself since its inception, since it arose on the basis of some exact sciences (physics, chemistry, mathematics) in the form of attempts to solve specific problems based on a synergetic approach and specific methods. Then the area of application of synergetic methods in various sciences, including the humanities, began to expand rapidly. In this field, synergetics began to seriously compete with cybernetics, a systematic approach, and so on. The fusion of theoretical and methodological developments, worldview approaches and empirical research of an interdisciplinary nature has led to the emergence of enlarged applied sections of synergetics, such as, for example, social synergetics.
Synergetics allows modern science to reach fundamentally new frontiers in understanding the world, non-traditional explanation of many phenomena and paradoxes of development.
From this it becomes clear why today it is so important that synergetics be studied by every educated person and, above all, by those who, due to their professional duties as a scientist, manager, engineer, economist, entrepreneur, teacher, cannot stay away from the modern revolution in natural science and social science, new trends in scientific knowledge.
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Synergetics - 30 years. Interview with Professor G. Haken // Questions of Philosophy. - 2000. - No. 3. - S. 53.
Belavin V.A., Kurdyumov S.P. Global demographic crisis: dangers and hopes. // Synergetics. Proceedings of the seminar. Volume 2. Natural scientific, social and humanitarian aspects. M. Ed. MGU.1999
Kapustin V.S. Synergetics of social processes: Textbook. – M.: Ed. MPEI, 2000
1. Aleksandrov I.A. Beginnings of cosmic philosophy: Fundamentals of the methodology of cognition of a single and integral world. - M.: Ed. I.A. Alexandrov, 1997. - 136 p.Synergetics arose at the end of the 20th century and has now become a very popular science. Its principles and concepts have penetrated a wide range of scientific areas: biology and physics, history and economics. Natural-science achievements of synergetics are indisputable. We will try to answer how reliable its philosophical foundations are.
Experiments that led to the emergence of synergy
In 1900, French physicist Henri Benard made an amazing discovery. He heated liquid oil from below. The lower layers, hotter and therefore less dense, sought to displace the upper layers and take their place (as happens with people). However, the viscosity of the oil created an obstacle for them, and with a small temperature difference between the upper and lower layers, heat exchange provided only thermal conductivity. But when the temperature difference reached a critical value, a convective flow appeared [convection is the transfer of heat in a liquid or gas by flows of matter]. It looked like cells resembling a honeycomb, inside which the liquid rushed up, and fell down along the edges. Billions of billions of molecules behaved in concert! The ordered structures are called Benard cells.
In 1951, the Soviet chemist Boris Pavlovich Belousov discovered that the oxidation reaction of potassium bromate with malonic acid in an acidic medium in the presence of certain catalysts becomes self-oscillatory: the color of the solution changes strictly periodically. In particular, when certain substances interact, the ruby solution turns blue, only to soon become ruby again. And such a play of color can last for hours. Ten years later, the reaction mechanism was explained by the Soviet scientist Anatoly Markovich Zhabotinsky. True, it was a scientific, but not a philosophical explanation.
Science has accumulated many examples of phenomena like Benard cells and the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction, in which, under certain conditions, systems can move from chaos to order. This phenomenon is called self-organization.
The founders of the new science were the German theoretical physicist Herman Haken, the Belgian physicist and chemist of Russian origin Ilya Romanovich Prigogine and other scientists.
Philosophical achievements of synergetics
Scientists working in the field of synergetics have achieved outstanding, indisputable achievements. They built many mathematical models. Synergetics has become the methodology of modern natural science. Herman Haken succinctly outlined its foundations.
“I would choose the key provisions that reveal the essence of synergetics.
1. The systems under study consist of several or many identical or heterogeneous parts that are in interaction with each other.
2. These systems are non-linear.
3. When considering physical, chemical and biological systems, we are talking about open systems that are far from thermal equilibrium.
4. These systems are subject to internal and external vibrations.
5. Systems can become unstable.
6. Qualitative changes are taking place.
7. Emergent new qualities are found in these systems.
[Emergency - the presence of a system of special properties that are not inherent in its elements. For example, a car consists of a body, an engine, wheels, and many other elements. But none of them individually can be driven on the road. Such a movement can only be made by a machine, which is an integral system - a set of elements].
8. Spatial, temporal, spatio-temporal or functional structures arise.
9. Structures can be ordered or chaotic.
10. Mathematization is possible in many cases.”
[Synergetics is 30 years old. Interview with Prof. Hermann Haken. // Questions of Philosophy, 2000, no. 3. S. 55].
Synergetics made the most important philosophical conclusions. Some of them can be stated in the words of the representatives of this science themselves.
“The data of synergetics illuminate the principle of the universal connection of phenomena in a new way, highlighting its information and communication side…”. [Shcherbakov AS Self-organization of matter in inanimate nature. Philosophical aspects of synergetics. M.: Publishing house of Moscow University, 1990. S. 102 - 103].
“... all the pathos of the universality of the phenomenon of self-organization synergetics connects with the idea of attribution of information, with its understanding as a universal organizational and constructive principle, organically woven into the process of the movement of matter as a whole.” [Ibid. S. 102].
"... in an unstable non-equilibrium state, small impacts can lead to large consequences." [Delokarov K. Kh. System paradigm of modern science and synergetics. // Social sciences and modernity. 2000, No. 6. S. 111].
The number of important philosophical ideas expressed by synergetic scientists can be multiplied.
The most important philosophical conclusion of synergetics
However, one of the most important philosophical conclusions of synergetics may be questionable, especially for a person prone to mystical thinking: under certain conditions, chaos gives rise to order. The proponents of synergetics themselves can best express this conclusion.
"... chaos has ... the creative power (ability) to give birth to a new order." [Bransky V.P. Social synergetics as a postmodern philosophy of history. Social sciences and modernity. 1999, No. 6. S. 118].
“... it is essential that from a synergistic point of view, the birth of a new order out of chaos is not forced by some external (in relation to this reality) force, but is of a spontaneous nature. That is why synergetics is a theory of self-organization (rather than organization)." [Ibid].
“Disequilibrium is what generates “order out of chaos”.” [Prigozhin I., Stengers I. Order out of chaos. M.: "Progress", 1986. S. 357].
So, both modern official science, thoroughly saturated with materialism and rationalism, and synergetics as its integral part, paint a wonderful picture. Chaos is not a living, thinking being, but a dead, unreasonable formation. But order is born from it by itself. Billions of billions of particles, which in modern official science are considered devoid of the slightest bit of life and mind, behave as if they are alive, intelligent, capable of understanding and executing commands.
Some scientists - supporters of materialism and rationalism - will wish to break our dissatisfaction with scientific arguments. Their objections may be as follows: “Science does not recognize statements that are not justified theoretically and experimentally. Can you prove the existence of a conductor who controls the movement of myriads of particles, provide his image, prove the manifestations of life and mind of particles, show how commands are given and executed? You can not? So, all the talk about it is not serious. Only materialistic, rationalistic science can draw the only correct conclusion: order is born out of chaos by itself, without external rational influence.
But let's look at what foundation modern materialist scientists, rationalist scientists, for example, representatives of synergetics, build their reasoning on.
“There is another quite obvious problem: since the surrounding world has not been built by anyone, we are faced with the need to give such a description of its smallest “bricks” (i.e., the microscopic structure of the world) that would explain the process of self-assembly.” [Prigozhin I., Stengers I. Order out of chaos. M.: "Progress", 1986. S. 47 - 48].
What is it, if not a philosophical principle, which is taken for granted and is the philosophical basis of synergetics?
The number of such examples can be multiplied. We see that in science an essential role is played by principles not only scientific, but also philosophical, first of all, the principles of the theory of knowledge, which can neither be proved nor refuted. We can only provide some justification for them. Unfortunately, there are many scientists who ignore philosophy.
From the point of view of modern official science, what is recognized as faith does not exist and should not be taken into account. That's the verdict. It has the status of a principle that is of fundamental importance and can be given a name.
The principle of neglect. Statements that cannot be proved theoretically or substantiated experimentally should not be taken into account.
Enriching science with mysticism
The idea of a dead but creative chaos can be carried to the point of absurdity.
“Under certain conditions, inanimate puppets can sing and dance. Don't believe? Come to the puppet theater at a certain time and see for yourself. True, evil tongues speak of some mythical threads allegedly tied to arms and legs, about some kind of puppeteer. But none of this is visible, it is impossible to prove, and therefore it should not be recognized.
To see the threads and the puppeteer, you need to get closer and raise your head higher. In order to feel the living particles with elementary knowledge and will with spiritual eyes, to hear the play of their orchestra, to see the accompanists and the conductor, one should enrich one's own mind with mystical knowledge and abilities. One should believe those greatest and most honest mystics who, in the name of love for God, despised transient material goods, for which they were awarded the highest Knowledge.
Postulate of control
The principle of inattention is an iron curtain separating science and religious, mystical teachings. And without them, some scientific conclusions are absurd: chaos gives rise to order, life arises through the spontaneous complication of chemicals, the solar system arose through the self-organization of a gas and dust cloud, etc., etc. This absurdity must be countered by an opposite principle. It can be called the principle of control. It is one of the foundations of the Public Security Concept and, like any principle, is unprovable:
Control principle. All processes in the universe are controlled .
[Cm. Petrov K. P. Secrets of Mankind Management. T. 1. M.: Academy of Management, 2009. S. 275].
If we recognize the truth of this principle, then a completely different picture is drawn than in synergetics. Billions of billions of molecules with elementary mind and will, in Benard cells, in the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction and in general in any processes of "self-organization" are controlled by living beings. They form a hierarchy of control. For most people in this age of materialism and rationalism, these beings are invisible. But those who seek to enrich their minds with mystical knowledge are able to see them with "spiritual eyes." Those who live a particularly righteous life, forget about earthly blessings and tirelessly improve their meditative abilities for many years, can see them with their own eyes. Their knowledge and experience should be used by science, not rejected and despised.
A solid philosophical foundation
So, either we, without proof, on faith, accept the principle of inattention, and then we recognize that chaos gives rise to order, that everything in this world improves by itself. Or, without proof, we recognize the truth of the principle of control, and then we come to believe that invisible beings control the Universe. Their pyramid rests on elemental spirits and is crowned by the Lord God. There is no third.
This alternative can be expressed in another way. In the basis of philosophical doctrines and scientific theories, among other fundamental provisions, one can put either the principle of rationalism or the principle of harmony of faith and reason. The principle of rationalism states that with the help of reason alone, without relying on faith, one can achieve reliable knowledge. But it refutes itself, because it cannot be substantiated with the help of reason alone, in other words, it is taken for granted. But the principle of harmony of faith and reason does not refute itself, it is a much more solid foundation for philosophy and science.
It is curious that in everyday life people tend to solve problems on their own and do not rely on "self-organization" or a happy accident. They themselves put things in order in the house, and no one hopes that he will arrange himself. But in scientific theory, many are ready to admit the existence of such processes that can occur with an insignificant degree of probability, for example, the self-organization of life from non-living chemicals. Why? Perhaps someone encourages them to do so? Perhaps trust in synergetics in its modern form is beneficial to someone? To answer this question, let's compare two points of view.
October Revolution in terms of synergy
and Public Security Concepts
Bifurcation is the most important concept of synergetics. This is such an unstable state of the system, from which one of several possible development paths can lead it. A classic example is the knight at the crossroads reading prophetic words on a stone.
"Going through a bifurcation is as random as tossing a coin." [Prigozhin I., Stengers I. Order out of chaos. M.: "Progress", 1986. S. 237].
This is what synergetics teaches. It is tempting to use this understanding to explain historical events. For example, in 1917 Russia found itself at a bifurcation point. It could remain the empire of the Romanovs. A military dictatorship or a democratic republic were possible. But Fortune smiled at the proletarian revolution. [Fortuna is the ancient Roman goddess of good luck].
The Concept of Public Security explains the same events in a completely different way. For decades, the global financial mafia has been conducting a "weak maneuver" - a slow, hardly noticeable to the uninitiated preparation of a powerful strike against Russia. This "strong maneuver" was carried out in 1917, when the Bolsheviks carried out a proletarian revolution with the money of bankers. Many of them, including Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, sincerely believed that they were working for the good of Russia. In fact, they were controlled by Western puppeteers, without suspecting it themselves. But, fortunately, one wise statesman saw their secret threads. He seized control from the Trotskyists and brought Russia to the forefront of civilization, for which he was poisoned. His name was Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin.
So who benefits from presenting events as a game of chance?
A future holistic science worthy of the ancient
Synergetics in its modern form is devoid of a mystical component. But it consisted in ancient science, which drew a complete picture of the world and did not separate science from religion, reason from mysticism.
“Lord Keynes, who played a decisive role in the collection of Newton's alchemical works, owns the following words ...: “Newton was not the first representative of the age of reason. He was the last of the Babylonians and Sumerians, the last great mind who looked at the visible and spiritual world with the same eyes as those who almost ten thousand years ago began to create our intellectual property. [Prigozhin I., Stengers I. Order out of chaos. M.: "Progress", 1986. S. 391].
The principle of inattention is one of the foundations of modern official science. And it should be disposed of as soon as possible, as a snake gets rid of obsolete skin. And replace it with a new one, or rather, revive the ancient principle.
The Principle of Unity. Holistic Knowledge can only be achieved on the path of the Unification of scientific theories, philosophical and religious teachings, rational and mystical knowledge.
Without such Unification, any fundamental scientific theory will be incomplete and contradictory.
The Unified Knowledge is holistic Knowledge, and therefore true. It is not revealed to a science that is separated from religion, nor to a religion that declares all others false. The Unified Knowledge is an alloy of mystical revelations, philosophical and scientific principles, concepts, reasoning, and experimental studies.
Synergetics, like no other science, can bring closer to understanding that the need for the Revival of the ancient, holistic, Unified Knowledge is ripe. Indeed, the gradual destruction of things seems natural. But "order arising from chaos" is surprising. A person who is accustomed to reasoning purely rationalistically drives away from himself all thoughts about invisible rational beings. He is more accustomed to accept that it is chaos that creates order. On the contrary, a person in whose thinking there is a share of mysticism, having learned about the phenomena of "self-organization", will increase his mystical inclinations.
By mysticism, we mean the belief that some people can discover the truth not indirectly - with the help of signs, symbols, logical reasoning, but directly - through Revelations. Such a high service to God and humanity has nothing to do with the activities of those who enrich themselves at the expense of the gullibility of ignorant people.
Plato's statement is widely known, which can be succinctly expressed as follows: states will flourish when philosophers reign, and kings philosophize. This idea can be attributed to science. The Unified Knowledge will then be achieved when philosophers will be engaged in scientific research, and scientists will philosophize. Let's add: to study not only rational, but also mystical philosophy.
The philosophical foundations of synergetics must be supplemented with a mystical component .
Ryltsev E.V.,
candidate of philosophical sciences.Materials of the VII All-Russian scientific and practical conference "A new look at a person: the challenges of the time." Nizhny Tagil: NTGSPA, 2014, pp. 34 – 39.
A well-known ascetic of synergetics in domestic science S. Kurdyumov wrote about this: "A new philosophy is born from synergetics: philosophy realizes that it is necessary to study a nonlinear world ..."
Academician V. Stepin, concretizing this idea, emphasizes that "today synergetics is not only facing the problem of creating its own disciplinary ontology, which is expressed in the corresponding ontological principles, but also the problem of including these principles in the scientific picture of the world. It claims to be become the core of the general scientific picture of the world. .
Noting the rapid "growth in breadth" of synergetic research, V. Budanov at the same time complains about the unfortunate fact: "Strictly speaking, there is no such general scientific (interdisciplinary) unified picture of the world (in the sense of self-consistent integrity"). In this regard, he emphasizes the task facing synergetics: "to create a unified field of interdisciplinary communication, to form the principles of a new picture of the world."
Meanwhile, it is no secret that synergetics continues to experience a very difficult, one might even say, painful process of harmonization with the current philosophical paradigm. This, in particular, is evidenced by sharp criticism and attacks from traditional materialists. In this regard, one cannot but agree with the following statement by Academician Stepin: “The development of the modern scientific picture of the world under the influence of synergetics, in turn, requires a certain modification of its philosophical foundations. The problems that arise here are related to the explication of the new content of the categories of causality generated by synergetics, space and time, part and whole, chance, possibility, necessity, etc." .
The critical attitude of one of the founders of synergetics, I. Prigogine, to the linear theory of determinism generally accepted today is well known. Increasingly, in recent studies, various authors use the term "ring causality" (See, for example, , ). And this is quite symptomatic. The idea of modernizing determinism in accordance with the requirements of synergetics is literally in the air.
It should be recalled that traditional linear determinism at one time cynically distanced itself from solving the teleological problem, and so far has not been able to solve the problem of free will, which is reflected in Kant's antinomies. The special causal and ontological status of autonomous objects of nature, the causal background of the activity and self-organization of living organisms, the basis of a special private ontology of a person, the key principle of the main driving mechanisms of his physiology, psyche and consciousness remained unclear. All these problems are now being emphasized with new force by synergetics, which makes the need to subject determinism to a significant refinement more and more urgent.
A pleasant surprise for many in such a situation will surely be the news that a number of significant steps have already been taken along this path. Moreover, this news could please the public even earlier, if not for the unfortunate disunity and poor organization of the process of exchanging ideas in the domestic philosophical environment over the past two decades. A certain consolidation of philosophical, intellectual and organizational resources has begun to be observed only in recent years. This inspires hope for the fruitfulness of the coming era and the early successful solution of the identified problem.
Finally, I would like to convey to the public consciousness information about our own serious developments in this field. The theory of ring (vortex) determinism, specially developed by the author of these lines in 1993 to solve this problem, is intended to supplement the traditional theory of rectilinear determinism, to bring it up to the level corresponding to modern synergetic problems, to equip it with effective tools for a more adequate interpretation of the multitude of observed phenomena, quantities and concepts.
The essence of the theory is the assumption that in the bowels of each individual sustainable natural formation, consisting of coordinated functioning links and elements, a special determining principle, a kind of vortex, the impact of which on the natural formation itself is carried out cyclically-renewably along a closed determining contour. The simplest variant of a closed contour is a ring, therefore, it was the ring that was chosen as the most general model of the route of movement of this determinant beginning. Hence the name for a new type of determinism.
This is a local determining principle, continuously circulating in a closed circuit in the depths of its natural carrier, and ensures its local stability, determinability, independence, homeostasis, and in more complex cases, its activity. The carrier itself, due to the presence of this beginning, ceases to be a passive toy in the hands of linear natural determinism, a blind consequence of the influence of external forces, because its own local source of causal action appears inside it.
The latter allows the bearer to demonstrate autonomy, to oppose himself in certain respects to external nature. This is also the source of specific causal isolation, consolidation in the behavior and functioning of the elements of self-organizing systems, causal separation and isolation of systems from the surrounding world. In other words, this is precisely the fundamental thing that unites all, without exception, simple and complex systems, accentuated by synergetics. This is precisely the common feature sought by G. Haken in his time, which in the most general form characterizes their specificity. It is she who is the basis for "ring causality", for the emergence of an ensemble of direct and feedback circuits, for homeostatic, autopoietic and other manifestations of self-organization.
It should be emphasized that ring determinism, a new type of determinism, does not at all negate the former rectilinear one, it actually supplements it. In this regard, the problem of the relationship between these two components in the updated extended version of determinism inevitably arises. First of all, it is necessary to state their ontological equality. Then, obviously, in each specific case, the ratio of their forces and influences will be determined by the principle of superposition. A more subtle regulation of their relationship is called upon to set the laws of determinism specially formulated by the author.
The addition of traditional determinism with ring determinism, as it turned out, contains such a significant potential for worldview modernization that it made it possible to create a special philosophy, which was called synthesizing realism. Since the updated theory of determinism allows us to explore all natural phenomena and formations (including biological, anthropological, social, cognitive, etc.) not only from the position of external forces, but also from the position of a local internal principle, the long-standing teleological problem has finally been resolved, it turned out to be completely material foundations under various phenomena of the subjective plane, for the first time a justified opportunity appeared to overcome the hitherto irreconcilable opposition of subjectivism and objectivism and even to combine their methodologies in a single philosophical synthesis.
In good agreement with the modern task of expanding the field of research into the fields of anthropology, sociology and theory of knowledge, which has become actualized by synergetics activists, synthesizing realism offers tools specifically aimed at this: the principle of multifaceted monism, the principle of material foundation, the theory of contact, the concept of cognitively significant trace formation. There are already examples of the constructive use of this toolkit.
Thus, almost everything is ready for a large-scale design of the long-awaited synergy-suffered unified general scientific picture of the world.
Note:
Kurdyumov S.P. New trends in the scientific worldview..
Stepin V.S. On the philosophical foundations of synergetics.
Budanov V.G. Synergetics: history, principles, modernity..
Stepin V.S. Self-developing systems and the philosophy of synergetics. (Proceedings of the International Conference "The Way to the Future - Science, Global Problems, Dreams and Hopes", November 26–28, 2007 Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow).
Kalmykov R.B. Ring Determinism: Solving the Problems of Scientific Materialism.
Kalmykov R.B. Sir Isaac Newton and the three laws of determinism.
Kalmykov R.B. Introduction to synthesizing realism.
Kalmykov R.B. Synthesizing Realism: The Systemic Unification of Philosophical Knowledge.
Kalmykov R.B. Between subjectivism and objectivism: in search of the "golden mean". / Philosophical research. Moscow, 1994, No. 2, pp. 277-283.
Kalmykov R.B. Aspects of private life of relatively autonomous natural formations.
Kalmykov R.B. On both sides of the human experience.
Kalmykov R.B. Causal and ontological foundations of the cognitive situation in the light of the philosophy of "synthesizing realism". / Actual problems of modern cognitive science (Proceedings of the international scientific-practical conference October 16-17, 2008), Ivanovo, 2008, pp. 103-106.
Kalmykov R.B. Multifaceted monism against cognitive relativism. / Actual problems of modern cognitive science (Proceedings of the international scientific-practical conference October 16-17, 2008), Ivanovo, 2008, pp. 108-111.
Kalmykov R.B. Synthesizing realism as an effective means of solving philosophical problems. / Proceedings of the V Russian Philosophical Congress, vol. I, section "Ontology and Metaphysics", Novosibirsk, 2009, p.28.
Philosophical and cultural studies
DOI 10.5862/JHSS.244.10 UDC 101.8
T.N. Evgrafova, N.A. Ismukov DIALECTICS AND SYNERGETICS
The article considers the potential possibilities of expanding and deepening the traditional classical dialectics as a methodology of cognition in the light of new non-traditional forms of thinking - synergetics as a theory of self-organization. The meaning of the definition of "synergetics" is clarified through the correlation of the concepts of "organization" and "self-organization", the main properties of a dissipative system - openness and non-linearity - are comprehended. The authors of the article come to the conclusion that the compatibility of opposite states and tendencies that synergetics operates with (chaos and order, instability and stability, randomness and necessity, organization and disorganization) is impossible without the use of dialectical methods and laws.
DIALECTICS; SYNERGETICS; THEORY OF SELF-ORGANIZATION; ORGANIZATION; SYSTEM; COOPERATION; ORDER AND CHAOS; DISSIPATIVE SYSTEM.
The further, the faster society develops. Knowledge should not only follow the changes in the world, but also outstrip them. The anticipation of perspective is one of the main purposes of scientific thought. Methods and techniques of cognition are dictated by the specifics of the subject of study itself. And the more perfect the tool of knowledge, the more successfully science advances into the depths of things, to the essence of what is happening.
Over the past years, historical in significance, such theories and concepts as the general theory of evolution, the general theory of systems, synergetics, the theory of the multidimensionality of the world, etc. have appeared and are widely used in the practice of scientific research. Homoheteronics has also found its recognition, the conceptual provisions of which, together with synergetics are used in the analysis of the structure and evolution of natural, social and scientific systems. These and other general scientific approaches expanded the former habitual worldview, formed the idea that the world is diverse not only in its endless manifestations.
niyah, but also in their fundamental foundations. The heterogeneity of systems is not always a derivative of the first one, of the deeper essence of the first matter. It is impossible to make tragedies and comedies from one letter alone. But these successes of interdisciplinarity that we have listed pushed materialistic dialectics to the periphery of logical-epistemological research. Moreover, she found herself in the focus of vulgar criticism on the part of petty temniks. Truly, "they stopped seeing the forest for the trees."
“Diamat crumbled like a dilapidated and lifeless house,” is written in one of the encyclopedic dictionaries and announced the death of dialectics, from which they allegedly turned away with contempt. Categoricalness is already a sign of the absence of dialectical thinking. The authors of such positions most likely reduce the age-old category of “dialectics” to the Marxist-Leninist diamatism ideologized to the last, where the phase of contradiction in the relations of opposites is actually absolutized, the fundamental
dichotomy of the world, etc. But the main purpose of dialectics is to see the world, society as they really are, to remove the intransigence, aggressiveness of opinions by the triad method and bring the world and man to a state of harmonious evolutionary development. It must be remembered that Marxist philosophy is only one of the stages, one of the forms of development of philosophical culture, which has left the deepest imprint in the history of mankind. And none of the historical forms of the development of the human spirit had so much influence on social practice as Marxist philosophy. When evaluating it, it is extremely important to apply such principles of dialectics as the principle of objectivity and the principle of a concrete historical approach.
Dialectics and philosophy are essentially one and the same. Anxiety for the fate of the "queen of sciences" is felt among famous Russian philosophers. “If philosophy is creatively exhausted, degenerates, pushed to the periphery of cultural life, gradually expelled from education and enlightenment, ceases to be a leader in the public mind and gives way to journalists, show business stars, etc., then the time of this culture is over,” writes V.M. Mezhuev, one of the leading cultural philosophers. I would like to disagree with only one thought of the author. Philosophy does not exhaust itself creatively, does not degenerate, it has its own internal logic of development. And about the obstacles purposefully created, it must be said that, perhaps, some resistance is really needed, “putting spokes in the wheels” in order for the movement to take place. An intense search for a way out of the spiritual crisis was determined on a non-classical form of thinking. If Marxist philosophy is basically a kind of reflection of the rigidly determined side of being, then new thinking is associated with the analysis of non-equilibrium states of open systems, non-linearity, the non-secondary role of chance in self-organizing processes, etc. An alternative vision of the world should not claim to be universal. “We are witnessing a historical event - the birth of a new, non-traditional philosophy with a new purpose,” writes H.E. Marinosyan on the pages of the leading magazine
la "Philosophical Sciences". The formation of a "new, non-traditional philosophy" does not remove its enduring traditional purpose. all the more so, a little later, the author lists the same socio-epistemological functions of philosophy that have been going on since ancient times. Classical and non-classical forms of thinking are not mutually exclusive. Moreover, far from all the possibilities of classical dialectics have been exhausted.
the point of view of some authors about "the logic and legitimacy of not demarcating at all between philosophical concepts - categories and general scientific concepts" seems illogical and unjustified. In relation to general scientific theories and concepts, dialectics is the generic principle of the theory of knowledge, and none of their provisions not only contradicts the spirit of dialectics, but also harmoniously fits into its requirements. General scientific categories, like the categories of private sciences, are designed to concretize and enrich dialectics, to reveal its possibilities, but they do not have a sign of universality and therefore cannot act in the status of philosophical categories, although they reflect the fundamental properties of being. At the same time, the results and tasks of general scientific research require the improvement of the epistemological possibilities of materialistic dialectics, in particular, the development of its intercategorical apparatus. An example of such an attempt is to give the status of a philosophical category to the concept of "special".
The universals established in philosophy, especially the correlative categories of dialectics, such as the individual and the general, cause and effect, necessity and chance, content and form, essence and phenomenon, possibility and reality, the whole and parts, in their connections not only reflect the heterogeneity of the material world and its unity, but also form the corresponding model of the world in the human mind. The developing world can only be grasped by developing knowledge. “... It is precisely dialectics that is the most important form of thinking for modern natural science, because only it represents an analogue and, therefore, a method of communication for the processes of development occurring in nature, for
universal connections of nature, for the transition from one field of study to another ".
Not in order to rehabilitate dialectics as a methodology of cognition - it does not need this, but in order to further expand and deepen its potentialities, we will attempt to correlate it with the main provisions of synergetics and homoheteronics.
As is known, the concept of "synergetics" (from the Greek synergetinos - joint, cooperative, acting in concert) was introduced into scientific circulation by G. Haken when he studied quantum processes in laser systems. The behavior of the elements of the system under certain internal and external conditions generates a new quality. The chaotic oscillation of the laser atoms, as the critical level of external influence is reached (c), becomes ordered and forms a laser beam. A little earlier, the main provisions of synergetics were formulated by E. Schrödinger in the book “What is life from the point of view of physics?”, where he identifies three conditions for the self-organization of a system: openness, non-equilibrium and a critical threshold. The term "self-organizing system" can be found in the works of W.R. Ashby at the same time. A significant contribution to the development of the principles and foundations of synergetics was made by I. Prigozhin, I. Stangers, G. Nicolis and others. As the phenomenon of synergetics was extrapolated to the socio-economic and cultural spheres, a new worldview was formed, but it did not become a philosophical category from this. Nowadays, the definition of "the theory of self-organization" is firmly entrenched in synergetics. Note that the world as a whole is self-organizing, but its parts, although they are in relative autonomy, are directly or indirectly connected with each other, in one way or another they experience mutual influence. Moreover, the ordering system, interacting with the environment, subordinates it in the direction that it needs to reach the dissipativity threshold. This process is accompanied at the same time by the destructive and organizing beginning of the environment.
The system, if it is self-sufficient, does not self-organize in some space-time interval. The concept of "self-organization" in relation to this system loses its meaning. The state of coexistence of chaos
sa and order as a unity of opposite directions of movement preserves the system in self-identity. Even F. Engels in "Dialectics of Nature" noted that "the possibility of relative rest of bodies is an essential condition for the differentiation of matter and, therefore, an essential condition for life", it is the dissipative state of systems that allows a person to navigate in the world of things. It is this moment of the evolutionary process that requires no less careful attention of theorists and interpreters of the problem of synergetics.
It has become commonplace in the literature to use the terms "system" and "organization" interchangeably. l. Bertalanffy in General Systems Theory defines an organization as "a set of interacting elements". A system (Greek: systëma) is a whole made up of parts. These two concepts are similar in etymology, and therefore their use in popular texts as synonyms is quite justified. However, some terms have the property of changing in meaning, moving away from their original meaning. In the dictionary of S.I. Ozhegov "organization" is primarily a verbal form of the word, meaning action, process. Clarification of the meaning of this term is necessary to correlate it with self-organization.
Organization is what leads to the orderliness of the elements of the pre-systemic state, to the state of an integral structure under the influence of an outside force of the external environment. And self-organization, according to Ashby, is "the transition from a system with independent parts to a system with dependent parts." In this case, the cooperation of elements (subsystems) occurs mainly due to their internal energy, but one cannot ignore the moment that a certain side of the environment is included in this process. I. Prigogine, developing this idea, notes that self-organization is possible only in non-equilibrium systems, where from an equal starting point they are both receiving and giving information sides. The transition of matter from prebiological to biological systems can also be explained only by self-organization, the decisive prerequisite for which is the presence of catalytic functions in combination with various feedback mechanisms,
giving the system the ability for autocatalytic growth. Thus, the difference between self-organization and organization lies in the fact that it occurs in open systems primarily due to the internally coordinated cooperative movement of its components. Organization should be understood as the same phenomenon, but resulting from the dominant influence of external factors.
the fact that the principles of synergetics began to be actively applied in the study of sociocultural phenomena, allowed free interpretation of its meaning, and therefore we should "bring them home." "The word "synergetics" means the science of cooperation, cooperation" . Labor is a parametric characteristic of a person, society. There is no need to "clarify" the classical definition of synergetics given by G. Haken, who uses this term to denote a cooperative, holistic effect of the interaction of a large number of subsystems in open systems Coorgacho (lat.) is translated as cooperation and indicates that it expresses a certain form of labor.This definition is based on cooperation, i.e. joint labor, and it is related only to a socially organized form of matter.The definition of synergetics as the science of cooperation narrows, impoverishes its meaning. The etymology of the word "cooperation" is interpreted inaccurately. "Co" is the first component of compound words, which means "together", and "oregayo" - action. Therefore, cooperation is assistance, i.e. a set of coordinated actions of elements of organizing systems that takes place not only in the social environment, but also at all levels nyah organization of matter. Therefore, cooperation is a general scientific category. On copyright, we have revised the point of view stated in the article "cooperation as a philosophical category". .
The central problem of synergetics is the problem of finding answers to the questions: under what conditions and how disordered structures become ordered, and vice versa; How can a kind of synthesis of order and chaos be achieved in a given system? This search manifests itself in two opposite directions: the desire for the most disordered state in isolated
from the external environment systems; striving for order in open systems. In this endless process of changing order and chaos and vice versa, some philosophers prefer the dominance of chaos over order, which leads to the conclusion that the modern world is unstable. But there is another opinion, opposite to this, coming from the cosmology of the ancient Greeks, that the formation of the cosmos from chaos is an endless process and that the movement is directed only towards world order. This concept is modernly called the Big Bang model or the evolving Universe.
one of the main properties of a dissipative system is openness, which provides the condition for its exchange with the external environment (substance, energy and information). At the level of living matter, systems are fundamentally not closed. E. Schrodinger wrote that the means by which an organism maintains itself constantly at a sufficiently low level of entropy, in fact, consists in the continuous extraction of order from the environment. And in inanimate nature there is no information causality. openness allows the system to be in the oscillatory (spatial) and high-speed (temporal) rhythm of the environment, which can be called space-time (SP) symmetry. It is this PV-symmetry that determines and regulates the limit of the openness of the system at each moment of the situation. With positive (excessive, excessive) openness, the system becomes vulnerable. Expansion from other formations of the environment can destroy its structure. But negative openness (closedness, tightness) negatively affects the development of the system: the supply of matter and energy or information from the outside decreases, as a result of which the system becomes dull and its elasticity and dynamism are lost. The process of destruction, self-dissolution is slowed down only by the presence of a certain portion of intrastructural free energy, constantly directed against equilibrium. it is impossible to determine the measure of openness and closure of the system for all times and for all cases. It should be noted that in relation to the question of openness and closure, one must remember their relativity. In the world there are no absolutely open and closed
systems. Therefore, it would be logical to introduce the concept of the degree or measure of dissipation, the dosage of entropy and negentropy in the processes of organization and disorganization of systems. For each system in each specific situation, it is determined by the factor of their synchronism. However, a conceptual solution of the problem, its theoretical setting are necessary, which, in our opinion, allows us to solve it within the meaning of the autonomy of the system. Autonomy is often identified with closeness and contrasted with openness.
The opinion was affirmed that stability and equilibrium are a dead end situation of the evolutionary process. After all, it is instability and disequilibrium that increase the heterogeneity of objects and phenomena, open up a plurality of development paths, freeing them from rigid predetermination. And we intuitively desire to prevent stagnation, stagnation, if it concerns social phenomena that do not fit into the circle of our positive interests. But the point is that the world cannot be in a state of mere freedom or necessity. It would be wrong to take stability or only instability as a fundamental characteristic of evolutionary processes.
The next property of a dissipative system is nonlinearity, when the proportionality of external influence on the state of the system is violated: minor fluctuations in the environment can cause fundamental changes in the structure of the system, and a large-scale invasion of all three environmental factors leaves the system in the same structure and essence. Paradoxical as it may seem, the life and death of a system primarily depend on the chaos present in the system itself. In the first case, the amplitude of the oscillation of the medium fills the falling space of the chaos of the system, which, in the extreme case, involutes, but retains its own content, self-identity. In the second case, the fluctuation of the external environment,
soldering in resonance with the fluctuation behavior of the chaos of the system, destroys the existing order of dissipativity.
The world as a whole is a self-organizing and self-regulating universe. Here there is no factor that influences it from the outside, but there is only a relation of entities that generates negentropy of both small and large-scale systems. Of course, there is also a disorganizing quantity, which in physics is called entropy. The processes of self-organization do not depend on the size of local systems, and they are not equally complex: the higher the system is on the evolutionary ladder, the more difficult the processes of self-organization proceed in it. On a universal scale, chaos and order are balanced and equivalent, and during the period of expansion of the Universe, the tendency of self-organization is the guide and it prevails over the desire for chaos.
What is the internal source of self-organization of the system, what is the mechanism for the formation of its integral structure, in what direction does this system, the totality of systems, and finally, the world as a whole move? These main questions of being are “why?”, “how?”, “where?” - are put by mankind since ancient times. It is not possible to explain the compatibility of such opposite states and tendencies as chaos and order, parts and whole, instability and stability, randomness and necessity, disorganization and organization, etc., which synergetics operates without dialectics as a methodology of cognition. The process of formation of new structures, the transition of chaos to a state of order, reaching the degree of dissipativity threshold also occurs in accordance with the laws of mutual transition of quantitative and qualitative changes and negation of negations. In the course of the successive deployment of the correlative categories of dialectics, “constellations” of variant possibilities of self-organization of systems also emerge.
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EVGRAFOVA Tatyana Nikolaevna - Candidate of Philosophy, Associate Professor of the Cheboksary Cooperative Institute (branch) of the Russian University of Cooperation. Russia, 428025, Cheboksary, M. Gorky Ave., 24 e-mail: [email protected]
ISMUKOV Nikolai Averkievich - Doctor of Philosophy, Professor of the Cheboksary Cooperative Institute (branch) of the Russian University of Cooperation. Russia, 428025, Cheboksary, M. Gorky Ave., 24 e-mail: [email protected]
T.N. Evgrafova, N.A. Ismukov DIALECTICS AND SYNERGETICS
The article is dedicated to potential possibilities of widening and deepening the traditional classical dialectics as the methodology of cognition in the light of the emergence of new unconventional forms of thinking synergetics as the theory of self-organization. Clarifies the meaning of the definition of "synergy" between the concepts of organization - self-organization, understand the basic properties of dissipative systems - the openness and nonlinearity. It is concluded that compatibility of opposite conditions and tendencies, which operates synergist such as chaos and order, instability and stability, chance and necessity, organization and disorganization, is impossible without the use of dialectical methods and laws.
DIALECTICS; SYNERGETICS; THEORY OF SELF-ORGANIZATION; ORGANIZATION; SYSTEM; COOPERATION; ORDER AND CHAOS; DISSIPATIVE SYSTEM.
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EVGRAFOVA Tatyana N. - Cheboksary Cooperative Instityte (branch) of Russian University of Cooperation. M. Gorkiy av., 24, Cheboksary, 428025, Russia e-mail: [email protected]
ISMUKOV Nikolay A. - Cheboksary Cooperative Instityte (branch) of Russian University of Cooperation. M. Gorkiy av., 24, Cheboksary, 428025, Russia e-mail: [email protected]
© Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 2016
