Official business style is the style of documents: international treaties, government acts, legal laws, regulations, charters, instructions, official correspondence, business papers, etc.
Despite the differences in content and variety of genres, the official business style as a whole is characterized by a number of common features. These include:
1) conciseness, compactness of presentation, economical use language means;
2) the standard arrangement of the material, the often obligatory form (identity card, various kinds of diplomas, birth and marriage certificates, money documents, etc.), the use of clichés inherent in this style;
3) the widespread use of terminology, names (legal, diplomatic, military, administrative, etc.), the presence of a special stock of vocabulary and phraseology (official, clerical), the inclusion of complex abbreviated words and abbreviations in the text;
4) frequent use of verbal nouns, denominative prepositions (on the basis of, in relation to, in accordance with, in fact, by virtue of, for purposes, at the expense of, along the line, etc.), complex conjunctions (due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, etc.), as well as various set phrases that serve to connect parts of a complex sentence (in case ...; on the basis that ...; for the reason that ...; with that the condition that ..., in such a way that ..., the circumstance that ..., the fact that ..., etc.);
5) the narrative nature of the presentation, the use of nominative sentences with enumeration;
6) direct word order in a sentence as the prevailing principle of its construction;
7) tendency to use complex sentences reflecting the logical subordination of some facts to others;
8) almost complete absence of emotionally expressive speech means;
9) weak individualization of style.
11. Journalistic style of speech: purpose, genres, style features and language features.
The subject of journalism is life in society, economics, ecology - everything that concerns everyone.
Journalistic style is used in the socio-political sphere of activity. This is the language of newspapers, socio-political magazines, propaganda radio and television programs, comments on documentaries, the language of speeches at meetings, rallies, celebrations, etc. Journalistic style is a speech activity in the field of politics in all its variety of meanings. The main means of journalistic style are designed not only for the message, information, logical proof, but also for the emotional impact on the listener (audience).
Characteristic features publicistic works are the relevance of issues, political passion and imagery, sharpness and brightness of presentation. They are due to the social purpose of journalism - reporting facts, forming public opinion, actively influencing the mind and feelings of a person.
Publicistic style is represented by many genres:
1. newspaper - essay, article, feuilleton, reportage;
2. television - analytical program, information message, dialogue in live;
3. oratory - speech at a rally, toast, debate;
4. communication - a press conference, a meeting "without a tie", teleconferences;
§2. Functions of journalistic style
One of important features journalistic style is a combination within its framework of two functions of language: the function of the message (informative) and the function of influence (expressive).
The information function is inherent in all styles of speech. Its specificity in a journalistic style lies in the subject and nature of the information, in its sources and addressees. Thus, television programs, newspaper and magazine articles inform society about the most diverse aspects of its life: about parliamentary debates, about the economic programs of the government and parties, about incidents and crimes, about the state of environment, O Everyday life citizens.
The method of presenting information in a journalistic style also has its own distinctive features. Information in journalistic texts not only describes the facts, but also reflects the assessment, opinions, moods of the authors, contains their comments and reflections. This distinguishes it, for example, from official business information. Another difference in the provision of information is related to the fact that the publicist tends to write selectively - first of all, about what is of interest to certain social groups, he highlights only those aspects of life that are important to his potential audience.
Informing citizens about the state of affairs in socially significant areas is accompanied in journalistic texts by the implementation of the second most important function of this style - the function of influence. The goal of the publicist is not only to tell about the state of affairs in society, but also to convince the audience of the need for a certain attitude towards the facts presented and the need for the desired behavior. Therefore, the journalistic style is characterized by open tendentiousness, polemicism, emotionality (which is caused by the desire of the publicist to prove the correctness of his position).
In various journalistic genres, one of the two named functions can act as a leading one, while it is important that the influence function does not crowd out the information function: the promotion of ideas useful to society should be based on complete and reliable information to the audience.
Topic 3.4.
Plan.
1. Official business style: features, scope, language features. Substyles and genres of official business style.
2. Registration of an application, an explanatory note, a power of attorney, receipts, resumes, autobiographies, characteristics. Use of politeness formulas in a document.
List of basic educational literature
1) Glazunova, O. I. Russian language and culture of speech [Text]: a textbook for students of higher educational institutions / O. I. Glazunova. - 2nd ed., erased. - Moscow: KnoRus, 2015. - 243 p.
2) Redenko, A. M. Speech culture and business communication in diagrams and tables [Text]: tutorial/ A. M. Rudenko. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2015. - 334 p.
3) Chernyak, V. D. Russian language and culture of speech [Text]: textbook for bachelors / [Chernyak V. D. et al.]; under general ed. V. D. Chernyak; Russian state Pedagogical University im. A. I. Herzen. - 3rd ed., revised. and additional - Moscow: Yurayt, 2014. - 505 p.
4) The style of the Russian language and the culture of speech: a textbook for students of the specialty 031202.65 "Translation and translation studies" / author-compiler E.A. Elina / Saratov State Socio-Economic University. - Saratov, 2010. - 92 p.
1. Official business style: features, scope, language features. Substyles and genres of official business style.
Formal business style- is a variety literary language, which operates in the field of management, as well as in the legal, administrative, public and diplomatic spheres of activity.
Main substyles official business style and corresponding to them genres :
1) legislative sub-style and its genres: charter, constitution, decree, law, decree;
2) managerial, or administrative and clerical(actually official-business) or simply stationery bedding and its genres, which, in turn, are divided into:
a) personal documents: application, CV, resume;
b) administrative and organizational documents: contract, agreement;
c) administrative documents: order, order, instruction, resolution;
d) information and reference documents: certificate, act, report (official) note, explanatory letter;
3) genres business correspondence: letter of request, letter of inquiry, letter of response, letter of confirmation, letter of guarantee, commercial letter, complaint, invitation, message, cover letter;
4) genres diplomatic style: treaty, communiqué (official report on international events), note (polit. official notification document sent by the authorities of one state to the authorities of another), statement, memorandum (this is an official legal, most often diplomatic, document in which one side reminds the other side fulfillment of a promise or demands to fulfill something).
Characteristic features of the official business style :
standardization,
brevity,
The accuracy of presentation
logic,
credibility and reasoning
Compliance with regulations.
Regulatory requirements for formal business style
Official documents are written speech, therefore orthoepic norms, characteristic for oral speech, we do not consider.
Compliance spelling norms a must for any kind writing. A feature of the language of documents is a wide use of abbreviations(abbreviations). For instance:
When listing at the end of the sentence, abbreviations are allowed ( etc., etc.,etc., etc., those..
You can abbreviate the names of academic degrees and titles and job titles ( Prof., Assoc., Ch. engineer, manager department etc.)
Geographical concepts are reduced ( city - city, river-r., village - village.)
· Difficult words written in a mixed way 50th anniversary, 40 meters, 60 ton etc.)
Only legalized abbreviations of the names of organizations, enterprises and institutions are used. In each case of using abbreviations, care must be taken to ensure that they are understandable to the addressee and the possibility of interpretation is excluded. Not allowed different kind abbreviations in one document. For example, the word "master" cannot be abbreviated in one place - "G. Ivanov", and in the other "Mr Ivanov"
Lexical Features official style language
1. The specifics of the sphere of communication and the requirement for accuracy in the presentation of information determine the use in the text terms. First of all, it is legal and economic terminology ( law, individual, legal entity, debt obligations, property, tax, financing, payments, trade margin, loan etc.). In addition, technical terms ( energy carriers, raw materials, rolled metal products etc.). At the same time, key terms and terminological phrases are not replaced by synonymous units, which causes their repetition in the text.
2. The accuracy of speech is achieved through the use in texts people's names th, and they are given either in full passport form ( Stepanov Oleg Nikolaevich), or with the surname and both initials ( Stepanov O.N.). Also widely represented nomenclature vocabulary- names of enterprises, organizations, documents, positions, goods; abbreviations are often used in this case ( Ministry of Emergency Situations, PE "Cherkashin", Board of Directors of LLC "Quadro", Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, general manager, executive secretary, senior salesman, gasoline A-76, writing paper "Snowflake" A4 format etc.).
3. In connection with the requirement of accuracy, the texts include digital data dates (usually full form, indicating the day, month, year: 24. 12. 2004 ), the amount of money (often simultaneously in two versions - digital and verbal: 980 (nine hundred and eighty) rubles), room numbers ( room 1-101) etc.
4. The standardization and conservatism of the official business style is manifested in the widespread use of units of a special lexical group - clericalism. Stationery belongs precisely to the official business style; being entirely appropriate mainly within the framework of this style, they give it originality. Chancellery can be as separate words ( face in the meaning of "man" real meaning "this" proper), and stable phrases ( take up duties, the contract enters into force, relieve from office, bring to the attention, provide financial assistance, for family reasons and many others. etc.).
5. Strict formality of tone implies full rejection of colloquial vocabulary. Colloquial variants of words can be used orally business communication, however, in written texts they are replaced by official versions: car model VAZ .... instead of unfold "nine",payment statement instead of unfold payment order.
6. The formality of the presentation is due to the refusal emotional-evaluative vocabulary. Score wears rational character, either words with a neutral coloring or clericalism are used to express it. For example, the phrase working disgusting out of place in the official business text, this meaning will be expressed differently: does the job unsatisfactory, does a very good job poor quality .
7. Generalization in official business style manifested in the active use words denoting general generic concepts . In this case, more specific designations are often replaced by more general ones: room, hall, workshop, auditorium - room(in this case, a concretizing definition can be used: service / educational / residential premises);coats, jackets, fur coats, hats - outerwear(possibly with clarification: winter assortment / demi-season assortment);come, arrive, arrive–arrive. In general, when creating an official business text, there is often a tendency “from general to particular”: first, a more general designation is given, then it can be specified. Wed statement snippet: I ask you to give me a day off on 03/21/2004, the need for which is caused by family circumstances (seeing off my young son to a sanatorium); here first with a cliché for family reasons given general definition reasons, then in brackets - its concretization.
Grammatical features of the language of official business style
1. The formal, bookish, complicated nature of business speech is given by frequently used dibasic words(sometimes from the category of terms): employer, undersigned, above, tenant, taxation, housing maintenance, life support etc.
2. Like the language of science, the official business style is characterized by bookishness and grammatical complexity, which is expressed in the widespread use of derivative verbal forms, such as:
a) verbal nouns in –ie / –ie (elimination from eliminate,signing- from subscribe) and on –iya / –tion (compensation- from compensate,accreditation- from accredit); verbal nouns make up a significant part of the lexical composition of an official business text;
b) communion(company, implementing supplies; meeting participants, signatories contract; product, realizable from warehouse; contract, signed meeting participants); constructions with short passive participles(during the meeting accepted solution; installed terms);
v) gerunds(by concluding the contract, the company undertakes);
G) passive verbs(control carried out by independent experts instead of independent experts carry out control; payment guaranteed; signature is certified notary).
3. Widely used forms of adjectives, typical for bookish, written speech:
a) short forms of adjectives:this approach ineffective instead of this approach ineffective ;
b) Composite Comparative:the supply of medical equipment is more important than… instead of supply of medical equipment is more important than…;
4. The desire for an official tone of presentation, generalization and the bookish nature of expressing thoughts leads to the fact that specific texts are used in official business texts. constructions in which two words are used to denote one concept:
a) construction [verb (participle, gerund) + noun], used instead of a typical colloquial verb in a personal form (or participle, gerund): make repairs instead of repair,unload instead of unload,disbursing instead of payer; striking instead of hitting etc.;
b) construction [adjective + noun], used instead of a single noun: cash instead of money,repair work instead of repair,problem situation instead of problem etc.
5. The design is specific to the official business style. [pretext on+ noun in the instrumental case]:on arrival, on delivery.
6. A very characteristic feature of official business speech is the use in syntactic constructions complex denominative prepositions and prepositional combinations. Below are examples with the most common of them, indicating in which case form the dependent word should be used:
in a relationship complaints(r.p);
by virtue of circumstances(r.p.);
during specified period(r.p.);
due to increased cases of theft(r.p.);
to avoid fires(r.p.);
despite decree(d.p.);
until debt repayment(r.p.);
due to decision(r.p.);
at the expense fund(r.p.);
concerning agreements(r.p.);
as receipt of goods(r.p,).
because of departure of the head of administration(r.p.);
with the aim of financial assistance(r.p.);
according to schedule(d.p.);
according to requirements(d.p.).
7. The syntax of official business texts is characterized by complexity. Long sentences with various complicating constructions are widely represented. The most common are:
a) sentences complicated long chains of homogeneous sentence members:In accordance with the provisions of Art. 2 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, business is recognized independent, carried out at your own risk activities aimed at the systematic receipt of profit from use property, sales goods, fulfillment works or rendering services; often when making sentences with homogeneous members, the rubrication technique is used: In educational buildings and hostels, students are prohibited from:
– smoking(except for specially designated places);
– use alcoholic drinks;
– use narcotic and toxic substances in any form.
b) sentences complicated separate definitions, often in the form of participial revolutions(often there may be two or more in a sentence): Participant, who voted against the increase in the authorized capital of the Company, has the right to make an additional contribution in proportion to its share in the authorized capital and in accordance with the procedure, determined by the decision of the Company ;
c) sentences complicated participle turns:When considering the case, the court takes into account any circumstances that are important for determining the results of the transaction, not limited by circumstance listed in paragraphs 4–11 of Article 40 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation;
d) sentences complicated additions, appendices, explanations:Under tax control are relations in which production is carried out (or a service is provided) for one (single) person, while the person acts as a seller of goods of one company (for example, a distribution network);
e) offers with a chain of words in the form of the genitive case(the prevalence of this construction is due to the predominance of nouns in official business texts, including verbal ones): In accordance with federal law"On the general principles of organization(r.p.) local government(r.p.) In Russian federation» the municipality has the right to conclude civil law contracts with legal entities or individuals; We would like to inform you that the Department of the Scientific Library(r.p.) USU(r.p .) started to create an electronic filing cabinet(r.p .) printed works(r.p.) teachers(r.p.) and employees(r.p.) Ural University(r.p.) for the period from 1990 to the present;
f) long sentences with various complicating structures: In accordance with Art. 929 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, under a property insurance contract, one party (the insurer) undertakes, for the fee stipulated by the contract (insurance premium), upon the occurrence of an event (insurance event) provided for in the contract, to compensate the other party (the insured, beneficiary) for losses, caused by this event, or losses associated with other property interests, having paid the insurance indemnity within the amount specified by the contract (sum insured).
2. Registration of an application, an explanatory note, a power of attorney, receipts, resumes, autobiographies, characteristics. Use of politeness formulas in a document.
Knowledge of the specifics of the managerial (administrative and clerical) sub-style of the official business style of speech is mandatory for each of us, since in everyday practice we often face the need to draw up certain business documents: write statements and powers of attorney, submit an autobiography and resume, send official letters . Each genre has certain requirements, the observance of which helps us to more successfully achieve our goals. Consider the functional and structural-linguistic features of individual genres of administrative and clerical substyle.
At the heart of the relationship between physical and legal entities lies the exchange of information, which can be presented orally and in writing. The written form of relations prevailing in the official business style is also called the documented form, because it is based on the preparation of a document.
Within the framework of the official business style of speech, one can define document how information recorded on a material carrier with details that allow its identification. The document displays information about persons, objects, facts and events.
Let's single out main functions of documents:
1) information (provision and storage of information);
2) communicative (exchange of information);
3) legal (the possibility of using it in court as written evidence).
Origin documents are divided into two groups:
– official(official) and
– personal.
Service documents are drawn up in a certain order by legal or individual and affect the interests of the organization. Personal documents relate to the interests of a particular person.
According to the form of presentation Documents can be divided into the following groups:
- individual(having a free form of presentation, for example, an explanatory note);
- stencil(with a permanent part printed on the form and spaces for filling in variable data, for example, a certificate);
- typical(samples for compiling the text of a new document, for example, a statement).
What are the requirements for paperwork?
Any document consists of a number of elements (date, text, signature), etc., which are called details.
Similar information.
It is known that the activity of lawyers is multifaceted: it is directly related to the drafting of various documents, and participation in the debate of the parties in the trial, and the promotion of legal knowledge, etc. This obliges them not only to know the factual material well, but also to be able to present it in the accepted form, in other words, each time to make an appropriate choice from the means available to the language. However, often their search is carried out largely intuitively, which significantly reduces the quality of speech.
For the activities of lawyers, it is important to know the features of, first of all, two language styles - official business and journalistic. Indeed, when drafting various legal documents, such as interrogation protocol, court decision, and the like, a lawyer must have a good idea of the specifics of the official business style. To speak to an audience (in court or explaining laws), he needs to know the main features of a journalistic style.
Features of the official business style were formed as a manifestation of its social function or destination: it serves the relations of people that arise in the process of production.
Formal business style- this is the style of state acts, laws, international documents, charters, instructions, administrative and clerical documentation, business correspondence, etc. With its help, communication is carried out between various institutions and organizations, as well as the contact of the authorities with citizens. The official business style is also used in the activities of the police, the prosecutor's office and the court.
The purpose of this style shaped the choice of language means. Of all language styles, business style is considered the most conservative and monotonous. Understandable, because he serves the office. And any paperwork requires rigor in the execution of documents, accuracy and brevity in the presentation of their content.
Official business speech is characterized by the nature and stylistic shade of prescription and obligation, since the normative and regulatory function of law approved by state power finds its expression in laws and in general in official documents.
In accordance with the named properties of official business speech, its integral, specific style features are accuracy, conciseness, concreteness, objectivity and accessibility. Accuracy in business style plays a special role, since in official documents the unambiguity of the expression is required. Clarity of wording, strict normalization and standardization are necessary in business document. Official business speech is characterized by frequent repetition and uniformity of speech means, so language cliches appear in it. They are caused by the fact that the subject of business speech is strictly defined, limited, the situations of its application are relatively few and of the same type. Facts of the same type are drawn up by documents of a certain type, homogeneous in name, form and content. Examples of stationery stamps are expressions like in pursuance of the order, in order to improve, for the past period, bring to the attention- stereotypical, template, but relevant in a business document, in standard official business texts.
A stamp in a business document helps to express an idea in a more concrete, concise and generally understandable way. Consequently, what is commonly called a clerical stamp is a completely justified and even necessary sign of an official business functional style.
Lexical, morphological and syntactic features of business speech are determined by the main features of the business style and vary depending on the genre and content of the business document, i.e. depending on the affiliation of the latter to a particular branch of state and public activity.
These linguistic features of the official business style, due to their attachment to business speech, their functional conditionality and constancy of use, are the functional and stylistic norm of the official business style.
Lexical features. The vocabulary of business style is characterized by the widespread use of professional terminology (legal, etc.): lawsuit, code, legal capacity.
A characteristic feature of the business style is the use of stable phrases, standard turns: subject to satisfaction, to avoid, to impose a penalty, to come to an agreement; criminal case, prosecutor's supervision, investigative bodies.
Business speech is distinguished by the absence of words in it with the meaning of a subjective assessment, which is explained by the properties of speech, the task of an objective attitude to the events described, devoid of emotionality and a subjective view of things.
The specificity of business speech requires the use of words only in their direct meaning.
Morphological features. The official business style is purely personal in nature. Therefore, it is characterized by the predominance of the name over the verb, the widespread use of verbal nouns ( non-compliance, performance), as well as the use of numerous nominal phrases that give the text an official tone.
Nouns denoting positions in business style, as a rule, are used only in the masculine form ( investigator Ivanova, witness Petrova, director, accountant).
Business texts are also characterized by the use of nouns denoting the names of people on the basis associated with some action or state, for example: witness, adoptive parent, buyer, accused, victim, prisoner.
The need for accuracy and objectivity in the presentation of events in a business document causes the predominance of nouns over pronouns in a business style.
Business texts are characterized by the frequent use of verbs in imperative mood and infinitives. This linguistic feature is associated with the imperative nature of the official business style, with its prescriptive and regulatory function. : The court had to leave the application without consideration and clarify the right to sue on a general basis.
Business speech is also characterized by the use of complex prepositions: in effect, in part, for the purposes of, in relation to.
syntactic features. In order to achieve conciseness and accuracy in a business style, parallel syntactic constructions are often used (participial and participle constructions, constructions with verbal nouns).
Stringing case forms: to analyze the results of experiments, implement the decisions of the meeting, familiarize the audience with the achievements of advanced production.
Special form of the predicate: to hit - to strike, to insult - to inflict an insult, to accuse - to charge.
Passive structures: traces found, convicted of fraud, marriage annulled.
A characteristic feature of business speech is also the predominance of complex sentences: a simple sentence cannot reflect the sequence of facts to be considered in an official business plan. For instance: He was found guilty of taking advantage of Popov's housing difficulties, abusing his trust, receiving 2 million rubles from him, allegedly for paying to the housing cooperative, and some time later he deceived Marchuk in the same way.
Business style syntax is characterized by a strict and definite word order in a sentence. This is due to the requirement of consistency, consistency, accuracy of presentation of thoughts in business texts.
A stylistic feature of business speech is also the predominant use of indirect speech. Direct speech in an official business style is resorted to only in cases where verbatim citation of legislative acts and other documents is necessary.
So, the official business style, as one of the varieties of literary speech, has a clearly defined specificity, reflecting its social purpose.
Formal business style in life is much more common than you might think. You see it in instructions, in any documents of organizations (whether state or commercial), in legislative acts, in methodological developments, and so on.
The main function of this style is informing - the message is extremely accurate and concise information. Therefore, the information saturation of texts written in official business style is very high, although it is difficult to perceive.
Read about all styles of speech (text).
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Among the main style features are the following:
On the language levels style features appear as follows:
Let's analyze examples of our style so that its features become clearer.
An excerpt from the document:
According to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, a limited liability company (hereinafter referred to as LLC) is a commercial organization approved by one or more persons, authorized capital which is divided into shares defined founding documents. Unlike joint-stock company, the right to a share is confirmed not security, a share, but only a certificate, which, in accordance with the charter of an LLC, can be issued to its participants and founders.
1 . In vocabulary of the above passage, the following layers can be distinguished:
2. Let's analyze the morphology specified passage from the document. The following points should be highlighted here:
3. Syntax. There are also interesting points here:
An excerpt from the document:
During the war in 45 out of 77 houses survived in Borovoye. Collective farmers had 4 cows, 3 heifers, 13 sheep, 3 pigs. Most of the gardens household plots, as well as Orchard with a total area of 2.7 hectares, belonging to the Krasnaya Zarya collective farm, were cut down. The damage caused by the Nazi invaders to the property of the collective farm and collective farmers is estimated at approximately 230,700 rubles.
By the time our military units arrived, there were 64 out of 370 residents in the village.
There were cases of forcible removal of residents to work for the occupiers ... At present, it has been completely restored in the village. Borovoye farm of the collective farm "Krasnaya Zarya".
1. In vocabulary note the following layers:
2. Parsing the morphology the quoted passage. As you can see, in this example, the same as in the first:
3. In syntax the following points should be noted:
In conclusion, it should be noted that the official business style is one of the most insidious. His formulations are so perfect that they are firmly embedded in the memory, and therefore clericalism and language clichés actively penetrate into books, making them look like a bad translation from a foreign language.
Remember: the facelessness and detachment of business style vocabulary for good literature is a great evil. what words and expressions you choose for your stories and novels. And if clericalism has penetrated into them, drive them out mercilessly!
Currently, the term "rhetoric" is used in a narrow and broad sense. Rhetoric (in the narrow sense) is the designation of a philological discipline that studies the theory of eloquence, ways of constructing expressive speech in all areas of speech activity (primarily in various oral and written genres). Rhetoric (in a broad sense) is called neo-rhetoric or general rhetoric. Its rapid and productive development was caused by the emergence of new linguistic sciences - text linguistics, semiotics, hermeneutics, the theory of speech activity, and psycholinguistics. Neo-rhetoric is looking for ways practical application these disciplines, developed at the intersection of linguistics, literary theory, logic, philosophy, ethics, aesthetics, psychology.
The purpose of the work is to master the culture of business speech and communication, develop your own style of service relationships, and form an image.
For a management specialist, a businessman, achieving this goal means gaining essential component professional activity.
Thus, speech, the ability to communicate, etiquette are the main "tools" for creating the image of a business person, that is, self-presentation, constructing one's image for others. A noble image guarantees a leader, an entrepreneur, half the success and constant job satisfaction. We must not forget that harmonious communication is always based on the awareness of the importance for being and the observance of ethical standards such as tact, delicacy, respect for the honor and dignity of the individual, justice. Intelligence as a quality of internal culture - a tolerant attitude towards the world and towards people - is invariably reflected in external behavior, manifested in charm.
The modern official business style is a functional variety of the Russian literary language used in the field of public relations. Business speech serves as a means of communication between states, the state with an individual and society as a whole; a means of communication between enterprises, institutions, organizations; a means of official communication between people in production and in the service sector.
The official business style refers to the book-written styles of the literary language. It is implemented in the texts of laws, orders, decrees, orders, contracts, acts, certificates, certificates, powers of attorney, in business correspondence of institutions. The oral form of official business speech is represented by a speech and a report at meetings and conferences, judicial speech, official telephone conversation, verbal order.
The general extralinguistic and proper linguistic features of this style include the following:
1) accuracy, detail of presentation;
2) standardization of presentation;
3) the obligatory prescriptive nature of the presentation.
Indeed, the language of laws requires, above all, accuracy, which does not allow any discrepancies; speed of understanding is not important, since the interested person, if necessary, will read the article of the law two or three times, striving for a complete understanding. The standardization of the presentation is manifested in the fact that the heterogeneous phenomena of life in a business style fit into a limited number of standard forms.
Business speech is impersonal, stereotyped, it lacks an emotional beginning.
A specific property of business speech is the expression of will. Voluntaryness in texts is expressed semantically (selection of words) and grammatically. So, in management documentation, we constantly meet with the forms of the first person of the verb (I ask, offer, order, congratulate), with modal forms, must (should, must, should, proposed).
Depending on the scope of business speech and the stylistic originality of the corresponding texts, three substyles are usually distinguished within the OD:
1) diplomatic (types of documents: international treaties, agreements, conventions, memorandums, notes, communiques, etc.; oral forms are practically not used);
2) legislative (types of documents, such as laws, decrees, civil, criminal and other acts state significance; the main oral form is judicial speech);
3) managerial (types of documents: charters, contracts, orders, orders, statements, characteristics, powers of attorney, receipts, etc.; oral forms - report, speech, office telephone conversation, oral order).
Diplomatic style. This kind of OD style serves the area international relations. The scope of documenting the diplomatic sub-style is law, and to a greater extent than in other sub-styles. - politics, as it is connected with the implementation of the international policy of the state.
Legislative framework. Juristic documents are distinguished by greater stylistic and linguistic homogeneity than documents of other sub-styles. The extensive use of legal terminology can be noted in these texts.
The legislative substyle uses abstract vocabulary and there is practically no expressive-emotional language tools, evaluative vocabulary. Estimated words of this kind, such as a parasite, a criminal acquire a terminological meaning in legal texts. There are many antonyms here, since legislative speech reflects opposing interests, opposes and compares concepts: rights and obligations, work and leisure, personal and public, plaintiff and defendant, crime and punishment, marriage registration and divorce, adoption of a child and deprivation of parental rights, voluntarily and forcibly, withhold and accrue.
The language of laws had a great influence on the formation of the entire official business style; it has always been the basis of business speech. Of course, the language of laws should be a model for the language of management documentation. But the managerial substyle, like the diplomatic one, has its own norms and linguistic diversity, due to the content and composition of documents.
Management style. The scope of the managerial substyle is a variety of administrative, departmental, industrial relations. The types of documents of the administrative substyle differ most from each other in compositional, stylistic and linguistic terms.
In the texts of the administrative substyle, along with neutral and bookish vocabulary, words and set phrases with official business style coloring are used (undersigned, proper, following, housing tax, lump sum, notify).
The managerial substyle has its own administrative and managerial terminology, for example: the name of institutions, positions, types of official documents. Due to the fact that this sub-style serves different areas of social and industrial activity, the most diverse terminology is used in the texts of the sub-style. It is not recommended to use synonyms in official texts, replacing the direct names of objects and actions with them. Unlike the legislative sub-style, there are few antonyms here. Abbreviations, complex abbreviations, various means of codification are often used in the texts of the managerial substyle.
Only in the texts of the managerial sub-style are used forms of the verb in the 1st person, sometimes personal pronouns. This is due to concretization, with an exact indication of the author of the text. In the managerial style, verbs in the imperative mood are not used and relatively rarely - constructions with the words must, must. The meaning of obligation is softened in the texts by the use of such phrases as oblige, oblige, impose an obligation.
