All of Hitler's activities were subordinated to the racial idea. He considered the Germanic race to be the highest on earth and fought for its dominance. He offered other peoples submission or death. One can fully agree with the opinion of the Estonian historians A. Adamson and S. Valdmaa: “Of course, the goals of all the great powers in the war were selfish, but this is especially true for the goals of Germany: if the Bolsheviks (International Socialists) fought in the name of what they considered happiness for all mankind, then the German National Socialists fought in the name of the domination of one race - the fair-haired Germans, the "Aryans" - and were ready to wipe out from the face of the earth all races that in their eyes seemed "inferior" or "inferior". Most Estonians fought in World War II in German uniforms, thus ending up on the side of those who lost the war... and this determines our opinions and feelings. We had to suffer a lot under half a century of Soviet occupation. However, the victory of Hitler would be a more terrible misfortune for mankind than the victory of Stalin.
To implement the essentially irrational racial doctrine, quite rational means were used in the form of a first-class army and the military-industrial complex. And to justify it, the Fuhrer pretty much “tweaked” the cultural history of mankind.
In the book “My Struggle”, he asserted the “Aryan priority” in all major areas of culture: “All human culture, all the achievements of art, science and technology, which we are witnessing today, are almost exclusively the fruits of Aryan creativity. This fact alone quite reasonably confirms the conclusion that it was the Aryan who was the founder of higher humanism, and, consequently, the prototype of everything that we understand by the word “man”. He is the Prometheus of mankind, from whose bright brow sparks of genius flew at all times, always rekindling the fire of knowledge, illuminating the darkness of gloomy ignorance, which allowed man to rise above all other creatures of the Earth ... It was he who laid the foundations and erected the walls of all the great structures of human culture".
Paying attention to German culture, Hitler, with the outbreak of World War II, made sure that people of art were not drafted into the army. Of course, only those who expressed in their work the “truly German spirit”, and not “decadent corrupters”. Many of the latter, however, by that time had already managed to leave the territory of the Reich.
"Aryan superiority", according to the Fuhrer, was especially pronounced in the military sphere. But Hitler believed that not everything was fine in the German army during the First World War, otherwise the catastrophe of 1918 would not have erupted. He associated it with the "betrayal" of the Social Democrats, among whom, according to the Fuhrer, the leading role was played by the Jews.
The main goal of the foreign and domestic policy of the National Socialist state was proclaimed to achieve world domination and obtain "living space" in the East - in Poland and Russia for the chosen German people. Racial motifs permeated the entire life of the Third Reich. Hitler wrote in Mein Kampf: “Our state will first of all strive to establish a healthy, natural living proportion between the size of our population and the rate of its growth, on the one hand, and the quantity and quality of our territories, on the other. Only in this way can our foreign policy properly ensure the fate of our race, united in our state.
We can consider a healthy proportion only such a ratio between these two quantities, which completely and completely ensures the subsistence of the people with the products of our own land. Any other state of affairs, if it lasts even for centuries and millennia, is abnormal and unhealthy. Sooner or later, such a situation will bring the greatest harm to the people and may lead to its complete destruction.
In order for a people to be able to secure for itself a genuine freedom of existence, it needs enough large territory».
"Racially inferior" elements were to be mercilessly exterminated or driven out of the habitation of the German people. Among the Germans themselves, the terminally ill and the mentally ill were subject to extermination. On September 1, 1939, the day the Second World War began, Hitler issued a secret order "to expand the powers of a certain circle of doctors in such a way that they can ensure a merciful death to the terminally ill after a critical examination of their health." As part of this “merciful action”, more than 50 thousand people were killed in Germany alone. The terminally ill and weak-minded were also subject to destruction in the occupied territories.
Hitler called Russia the main object of the future German colonization: “We, the National Socialists, quite consciously put an end to the entire German foreign policy pre-war time. We want to return to the point where our old development stopped 600 years ago. We want to stop the eternal German drive to the south and west of Europe and turn our gaze towards the territories located in the east. We are finally breaking with the colonial and commercial policy of the pre-war period and are consciously moving on to a policy of conquering new lands in Europe.
When we talk about the conquest of new lands in Europe, we can, of course, have in mind primarily only Russia and those border states that are subordinate to it.
Fate itself points to us with a finger. By delivering Russia into the hands of Bolshevism, fate has deprived the Russian people of that intelligentsia on which its state existence has up to now rested and which alone served as a guarantee of a certain stability of the state. It was not the state gifts of the Slavs that gave strength and strength to the Russian state. All this Russia was indebted to the German elements - the most excellent example of the enormous state role that the German elements are capable of playing, acting within the lower race. This is how many powerful states on earth were created. More than once in history we have seen how peoples of lower culture, led by the Germans as organizers, turned into powerful states and then stood firmly on their feet as long as the racial core of the Germans remained. For centuries, Russia lived precisely at the expense of the German core in its upper strata of the population. Now this nucleus has been completely and completely exterminated. The place of the Germans was taken by the Jews. But just as the Russians cannot throw off the yoke of the Jews on their own, so the Jews alone are not able to keep this vast state under their control for a long time. The Jews themselves are by no means an element of organization, but rather an enzyme of disorganization. This gigantic eastern state is inevitably doomed to destruction. All the prerequisites are already ripe for this. The end of Jewish domination in Russia will also be the end of Russia as a state. Fate destined us to be witnesses of such a catastrophe, which, better than anything else, will confirm the unconditional correctness of our racial theory.
Hitler sincerely believed that only the German racial element in the form of the first Norman princely dynasty of Rurikovich and the Norman squad, later vaccinated in the form of the Baltic German nobility, ensured the thousand-year existence of the Russian state. During the revolution of 1917 and the subsequent Civil War, the descendants of the Rurikovichs, as well as other nobles of Varangian (Norman) origin, as well as the Baltic barons, were either exterminated or forced to emigrate. Therefore, the Fuhrer was convinced that, morally and organizationally, Soviet Russia had become much weaker than the former Russian Empire and could not be considered a serious military adversary. The failure of the Red Army in the Finnish war and the "purge" of the senior command staff of 1937-1938 seemed to confirm Hitler's theory. Fortunately, she turned out to be wrong. But about the fact that the Jews will not be able to stay in the Soviet power structures for a long time, Hitler was not mistaken. By the end of the 1920s, after Stalin overcame the internal party opposition, there were almost no Jews left in the top party leadership. During the 30s, they lost their positions in the NKVD and the Red Army (as well as other foreigners who had ties with foreign states - Poles and immigrants from the Baltic states, and in the 40s, during the campaign against cosmopolitanism, Jews were also purged from middle-level nomenklatura posts.
The widespread colonization of the eastern lands by the Germans and "Germanic peoples", like the Dutch or Norwegians, was conceived by the Nazis only after the victorious end of the war. In wartime, several trial actions of this kind were made, in particular in the area of Hitler's headquarters near Vinnitsa, but they all ended in vain.
Hitler did not conceive of any other structure of the Great German Reich, except on the basis of the unconditional submission of all conquered or "voluntarily joined" countries to the dictate from Berlin. Actually, the German lands, and even more so the occupied territories, were not supposed to have either autonomy or any elements of state independence. If there was talk about some kind of equality of the "German peoples" in the Greater German Reich, then only for propaganda purposes.
Plans were developed for the "Germanization" of the Aryan peoples, as well as the Slavs, among whom, with the help of anthropometry, they sought to identify individuals with an increased proportion of "Germanic blood". Although in reality, for example, the same Slavs and Germans, I note, have not only linguistic, but also physical and anthropological kinship and cannot, in principle, be divided according to these characteristics. Reichsfuehrer Himmler on April 5, 1942 at Hitler's headquarters stated that " the best way to solve the French problem is to conduct an annual selection of persons of German blood among the population of France. One should try to put their children in the very early age to German boarding schools, to make them forget that by chance they were considered French, suggesting that German blood flows in them, and emphasizing their belonging to the great German people. Hitler, however, was very cautious about the idea of Germanizing the French: “All attempts at Germanizing do not particularly inspire me, unless they are supported by worldview. In the case of France, it should be remembered that its military glory is based not on the ideological position of the majority of the population, but on the fact that the French skillfully used the balance of military forces on the continent that was favorable for them a couple of times (for example, by entering the Thirty Years' War). But where they were opposed by the Germans, endowed with national self-consciousness, they always received a good thrashing, for example from Frederick the Great in 1740, etc. And it does not matter that the Corsican Napoleon, this unique military genius, led her to victories world historical significance. Most of the French are philistine-minded, and therefore it will be a heavy blow for France if her ruling stratum is deprived of replenishment with persons of German blood.
Hitler explained to Himmler, who was obsessed with the ideas of Germanizing not only the French, but even the Poles and Czechs (the latter were even considered the “German people”): “Did I, with a light heart, divide my homeland Austria into several small Gaus in order to rid it of separatist tendencies and alleviate it joining the German Reich. Austria, after all, has its own half-thousand-year history, in which there have been many truly great events.
But when discussing this problem with the Dutch and Norwegians (according to the racial theory of the National Socialists, who belonged to the "Germanic peoples." - B.S.) should be very careful. It must always be remembered that Bavaria in 1871 also never once expressed its intention to join Prussia; Bismarck only persuaded her to join a powerful union close to her by blood called Germany. In 1938 I also did not tell the Austrians that I wanted to annex them to Germany; on the contrary, I have always emphasized that I intend to unite them with Germany and create a Greater German Reich (that is, a supposedly new state where Austria will be almost equal in rights with Germany. Of course, this was only a propaganda slogan. - B.S.). The Germans of the Northwest and the North (i.e., the Dutch, Flemings and Scandinavian peoples. - B.S.) it is necessary to constantly inspire that we are talking only about the German Reich, only about the Reich, the ideological and military support of which is Germany ...
I am skeptical about the participation of foreign legions in hostilities on the Eastern Front. It must never be forgotten that any of these legionnaires, unless he is imbued with the consciousness of his blood connection with the German Empire as the basis of a new European unity, will feel like a traitor to his people.
How dangerous this is is clearly demonstrated by the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. It was also believed here that they would be able to attract other peoples to their side, for example, Poles, Czechs, etc., if they were given the opportunity to undergo military training in the ranks of the Austrian army. At the decisive moment, it turned out that it was these people who raised the banner of struggle against her. Therefore, it is a question of trying to recreate the German Reich under the German banner. It was impossible in 1871 to force Bavaria to join the German Empire under the banner of Prussia, just as it is impossible now to unite the German peoples under the black-white-red (Kaiser) banner of the former Reich. Therefore, from the very beginning, I introduced for the NSDAP, which is the bearer of the idea of \u200b\u200bunifying all Germans, a new symbol, which will also become a symbol of all Germans - a banner with a swastika (repeating the colors of the Kaiser flag. - B.S.)».
Hitler also warned against too much Germanization of Czechs and Poles. He emphasized that “any manifestation of tolerance towards the Poles is inappropriate. Otherwise, we will again have to face the same phenomena that are already known to history and which have always occurred after the partitions of Poland. The Poles survived because they could not help but take the Russians seriously as their overlords, and also because they managed, by resorting to all sorts of tricks, to achieve from the Germans a political position that, with the support of political Catholicism, became a decisive factor in German domestic politics.
First of all, it is necessary to ensure that there are no cases of copulation between Germans and Poles, otherwise fresh German blood will constantly flow into the veins of the Polish ruling stratum ...
No less caution must be exercised with regard to the Czechs, who have five hundred years of experience in how best to pose as loyal subjects without arousing distrust in anyone. How many Czechs in the days of my youth wandered around Vienna idly, quickly mastering the Viennese dialect, and then deftly made their way to the highest posts in the state, occupied leading positions in the economy, etc.!
Hitler reproached the authorities of the Second Empire for being “half-hearted” in the Polish question: “The Poles were teased, but they never dealt a serious blow. As a result, we did not get the victory of the Germans and did not achieve the pacification of the Poles. He denied the possibility of “Germanization” of the Poles by introducing the German language in the Polish lands: “The Polish people would remain the Polish people, only expressing their own ideas alien to us in a foreign language. Such a people, alien to our race, by its lower stage of development would only compromise the dignity and height of development of our own people. The racial doctrine of the Nazis doomed the Poles to either extermination or deportation. Only those Poles who Nazi anthropologists would consider close to the Germanic race were subject to "Germanization".
The deportations began in the very first days of the occupation by the Wehrmacht. Already on October 20, 1939, the head of the 16th operational command of the SD, SS Sturmbannführer Franz Raeder, reported to the Imperial Security Main Office (RSHA): the shortest time German West Prussia. For the implementation of these tasks, in the agreed opinion of all competent authorities, the following measures are necessary:
Physical liquidation of all Polish elements that:
a) played a leading role on the Polish side in the past, or b) may become participants in the Polish resistance in the future.
Eviction or resettlement of all "native Poles" and "congressors" (settlers from the Kingdom of Poland) from West Prussia.
The resettlement of Poles valuable in racial and other respects to the center of the old Reich, since we are talking about a fading German lineage, and inclusion in the German national body should occur without hindrance. These measures were carried out from the first day.
Also, the imperial protector of Bohemia and Moravia, Reinhard Heydrich, speaking to the officials of the occupation administration in February 1942, stated that from 40 to 60 percent of the Czechs should merge with the Germans into a single nation, and the Czechs who are not subject to Germanization should go to develop the "living space" in the East . For the same purpose, it was supposed to use a part of the Dutch that was not completely racially complete. Both those and other representatives of the "Germanic peoples" were supposed to be made "taskers" over the local East Slavic population.
From the "racially inferior" peoples in the future, Hitler was going to train servants for the Germans. In May 1940, SS Reichsführer Heinrich Himmler drew up a memorandum "On the treatment of foreigners in the East" (meaning the Polish General Government). There, in particular, it was stated: “For the non-German population of the East, there should be no education for more than a four-year folk school. There they should teach only simple counting up to five hundred, writing your name and the fact that the Lord God requires you to obey the Germans and be honest, diligent and decent. The ability to read, I think, is superfluous for them. There should be no other schools in the East at all.” Hitler, in March 1942, stated in his headquarters: “First of all, we should not send German teachers to the eastern territories (meaning both Poland and the occupied Soviet territories. - B.S.). Otherwise, we will lose both children and parents. We will lose the whole people, because the knowledge hammered into their heads will not go for the future. It would be best if these people learned only sign language to communicate with the Germans. On the radio, it would be most useful to transmit music in unlimited quantities. Only they should not be accustomed to mental work. Do not allow any printed publications ... These people will feel the happiest if they are left alone if possible. Otherwise, we will grow our worst enemies! But of course, if we act in the interests of our teachers, then the first thing to do would be to open a university in Kiev.”
In practice, such programs were unrealizable utopias, which could theoretically be implemented only after the end of the war and the acquisition of world domination by Germany. In reality, both in Poland and in the occupied Soviet territories, newspapers were still published, and in schools they were taught not only to sign and count to five hundred, although, of course, they did not open universities.
Hitler and other leaders of Germany, starting the war against the USSR, looked at the Soviet territory as a place for the creation of new German settlements and a source of almost free raw materials and energy. The population was seen as cheap work force serving the needs of the Reich and the German colonists in the East. At the same time, Jews and Gypsies were to be destroyed, and the Slavic and Lithuanian population was to be significantly reduced due to malnutrition and repression for the actions of the partisans. SS Obergruppenführer Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski, former commissioner for combating partisans in the East, testified as a witness before the Nuremberg Tribunal that Himmler, in a speech delivered in 1941 in Weselsburg, on the eve of the campaign against Russia, called for a reduction in the total number of the Slavic population in Poland and the occupied territories of the USSR by 30 million people. This goal, in particular, was served by punitive operations against partisans and the execution of hostages, as well as all those who were suspected of having links with the partisans. On December 16, 1942, Hitler issued an inhuman order to fight partisans (“gangs”) in Russia, Poland and the Balkans: “The enemy uses fanatical and well-trained fighters who are not afraid of any violence in the gang struggle. It's about being or not being. This struggle has nothing to do with the soldier's chivalry and with the provisions of the Geneva Convention. If the fight against the gangs is not carried out with enough brutal methods, then in the foreseeable future we will not have the strength to contain this plague.
Therefore, the troops have the right and duty to use in this struggle, without any restrictions, any means leading to success, including against women and children. Indulgences of every kind are crimes against soldiers who are being attacked by bandits. There can be no leniency towards bandits and their accomplices.
No member of the armed forces participating in the fight against gangs and their accomplices can be brought to justice or disciplinary responsibility for their actions.”
Characteristically, the victims of this order were to be primarily the Slavs, who, from Hitler's point of view, were a racially inferior element. At the end of 1942, it was already clear to the Fuhrer that Germany could not win the war. But he still sought to exterminate as many Jews and Slavs as possible, whom he considered the main enemies of the German people.
However, sometimes the Fuhrer himself was ready to reconsider his views on the racial inferiority of certain peoples. So, on June 2, 1942, summing up at headquarters the impressions of a trip to Poltava, to the headquarters of Army Group South, Hitler admitted that visiting Ukraine “made me somewhat reconsider my previous racial views. In Poltava, I saw so many blue-eyed and fair-haired women that I even thought - remembering the photographs of Norwegians or even Dutch women presented to him along with requests for marriage - should we not, instead of talking about the problem of the "distribution of the northern type", raise the question about the need to "spread the southern type" in our northern European states.
Hitler imagined the solution of the national question in the Greater German Reich only through the Germanization of all non-Germans suitable for this purpose and the destruction or expulsion from the territory of the Reich of all "racially inferior" elements. But he attributed the “final solution” of the national problem to the distant future, when in the Reich only a nationally homogeneous mass of Germanic peoples speaking German. Thus, on January 22, 1942, the Fuhrer declared in his Wolfschanze headquarters: “It is possible that with consistent leadership we will solve the national problem in two hundred years. To a certain extent, this has already been achieved. Thirty Years' War.
In the forties of the last century, any Czech was ashamed to speak Czech. He was proud that he spoke German, and was especially proud if he was mistaken for a crown. The introduction of universal, equal, and secret suffrage dealt a crushing blow to the Germans in Austria. The Social Democracy took the side of the Czechs in principle, as did the higher nobility.
For the aristocracy, the Germans are generally too cultured people. She prefers the small peoples of the outskirts. The Czechs were better than the Hungarians, Romanians and Poles. They already formed a stratum of petty bourgeois, distinguished by diligence and knowing their place. Nowadays, they look at us with malice, but also with immense admiration: “We Bohemians are not allowed to rule!”
Only by dominating other peoples can one learn to govern. The Czechs would have got rid of their inferiority complex long ago if, over time, they realized their superiority over the rest of the outlying peoples of Austria ...
For several centuries, we have closed exclusively on ourselves and now we must learn to actively attack. This will last 50-100 years. We knew how to dominate others. The best example of this is Austria. If the Habsburgs had not made an alliance with hostile forces, then nine million Germans would have coped with the remaining fifty million! ..
Lower Saxony is, of course, the birthplace of rulers. The English ruling stratum is from there! It is there that the SS, using its methods, conducts a recruitment of leading personnel, with the help of which in 100 years it will be possible to manage all the territories without racking their brains over who to appoint where.
The idea of recruiting "rulers" on the Lower Rhine was never realized, of course. And Hitler's statements about the Germans of the Middle East look absolutely fantastic: “We lost the Germans, who were called Berbers in North Africa, and Kurds in Asia Minor. One of them was Kemal Atatürk, a blue-eyed man who had nothing to do with the Turks.”
Hitler, in Mein Kampf, dismissed the possibility of Nazi solidarity with the national liberation movements of the peoples of the British Empire, stating: “We Germans seem to have seen enough for ourselves how difficult it is to deal with England. And besides everything else, I will say about myself that, as a German, I would still always prefer to see India under the dominion of England than under any other power.
But here the Fuhrer turned out to be a bad prophet. During the Second World War, Germany, Italy and Japan, willy-nilly, had to seek an alliance with the national liberation movements in India, Burma, and the Arab countries. And hopes for a compromise with England on the basis of "German racial solidarity" crumbled to dust within a decade or so after the publication of Mein Kampf.
The racial doctrine of National Socialism left no place on earth for "small peoples" deprived of their homeland-soil - Jews and gypsies, subject to total extermination. Further in the "scale of harmfulness" were the Poles - the "hereditary enemies" of the Germans, whose number had to be limited as much as possible, and statehood should be liquidated, not allowing any forms of self-government. However, the Nazis did not provide for the total extermination of the Polish nation.
After the Poles, the Russians and Belarusians went up the scale of racial preferences, the same as the Poles, “subhuman”, Die Untermenschen, but at least they enjoyed an advantage over the Poles when they were appointed to posts in local government in the occupied territories. After Belarusians and Russians, Lithuanians and Ukrainians occupied a higher rung of the "racial pyramid". The Lithuanians, who until recently had their own state, had the advantage of self-government, like the other two Baltic peoples - Latvians and Estonians. However, due to the long existence in the same territory and the supposed "racial mixing" with the Poles by the Nazis, neither Lithuanians nor Ukrainians were considered "Aryan peoples".
The next on the scale were the "Aryan peoples" proper. Only Estonians, Latvians, Cossacks, Tatars of the Crimea and the Volga region, Kalmyks, Ossetians, Ingush, Chechens and a number of other peoples of the North Caucasus and Transcaucasia received this honor from the population of the USSR. In the future, they were subject to Germanization and were supposed to form a single community with the German people.
Outside the USSR, the "Aryan peoples" included the French, Italians, Spaniards, Portuguese, Hungarians, Greeks, Romanians, Slovaks, Bulgarians, Serbs, Slovenes, Turks and some others. At the same time, Italians, Hungarians, Romanians, Slovaks, Croats and Bulgarians were considered special, “allied peoples”, which increased their status from the point of view of racial theory.
Further, closer to the top of the racial pyramid, followed “Germanic peoples: Danes, Norwegians, Dutch, Flemings, Walloons, Czechs, English, Irish, Swedes, Finns. They were supposed to be used primarily for the colonization of the "eastern territories".
In 1943, when the defeat of Germany had already become obvious to the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition, the racial policy of the National Socialists underwent forced changes. The term "subhuman" was withdrawn from use, and Ukrainians, Belarusians, Lithuanians, Russians and even Poles were now officially recognized as "Aryan peoples" and accepted into the service of the Wehrmacht and the SS. Goebbels officially stated about these "Eastern peoples": "You cannot portray these people hoping to win liberation with our hands, animals, barbarians and the like, and at the same time expect that they will passionately desire the victory of the Germans."
By that time, racial theory had already lost all meaning both from the point of view of propaganda and from the point of view of practical politics. Germany was defeated on all fronts, and not only from the "German peoples", the British and Americans, which seemed to be not so offensive, but also from the Russians, who were called "subhuman" yesterday. Now it was no longer about the conquest of new lands in the East and West, but about the very existence of the Reich. In this struggle, the Nazis were looking for any allies among the inhabitants of the occupied territories, so any replication of the concept of "subhuman" was stopped. Now the enemies - Americans, British and Russians were "lowered" only due to propaganda theses about their allegedly closest relations with the Jews, and at the same time they tried to divide the same Russians into "good" and "bad", depending on their connection: with German authorities or with the Bolsheviks. The Germans themselves were no longer reminded that they were "superhumans", but called to protect their homeland, home and family from the invasion of enemies. Of course, at the same time, the question was delicately avoided: who started the war and managed to conquer half the world before being stopped?
This identification is entirely on the conscience of scientists. The Ossetians themselves do not speak of their origin from the Alans by any legend, not a single tradition, not a single phraseological unit of their language. Moreover, the Ossetians are perhaps the only people in the Caucasus whose language not only lacks the word "Alan", but does not even have a semantic decoding of this word.
However, Iranist professor V. I. Abaev did find a word in Ossetian similar to the ethnonym "Alan". We are talking about the expression "allon-billon", found in Ossetian folklore: "it smells of allon-billon here." These words are usually pronounced by a cannibal giant, feeling the hero of a fairy tale hiding in his cave. VI Abaev gives an analogy from Slavic fairy tales, when the cannibal utters the same words about the "Russian spirit". From this analogy, the venerable professor concludes that "Allon" is the ancient name of the Ossetians and, having connected this word with the ethnonym "Alan", completes his analysis with the assumption that the Ingush social term alla ("prince") arose from the same Allon-Billon. According to V.I. Abaev, the ancestors of the Ossetians, in whom he sees the Alans, once dominated the Ingush and their name was perceived by the latter in the meaning of "prince", "master".
Several questions appear, to which neither V.A. Abaev, nor any other Ossetian linguist, has yet given an intelligible answer. If the words of the cannibal giant "Allon-billon" really refer to Ossetians, and if Allon is Alan, then what about "billon"? This mysterious "billon", unfortunately, thoroughly confuses everything. Indeed, among the alleged ancestors of the Ossetians, it has not yet been possible to find a people with the name "Billon". In addition, in order to turn "Allon", which V.I. Abaev made Alan, into the self-name of Ossetians, it is necessary to admit that the ogre-eating giant is also Ossetian - otherwise, whatever one may say, the word "Allon" cannot be made the self-name of Ossetians. Then another discrepancy is revealed - this "allon-billon" in the form of "alla-bella" is present, as it turns out, in the Vainakh fairy tales. To avoid any suspicion of falsification of facts, let us refer to the Chechen fairy tale "Circassian Isa and Chechen Isa", published 88 years before the "discovery" of V.I. Abaev - in 1870. 20 The name Alla-Bella bears one of the mountain spirits, in whose cave two friends spent the night - a Circassian and a Chechen. Therefore, using the arguments of V.I. Abaev, Chechens can also be called Alans, since the mentioned cave in the fairy tale is located in Chechnya, and "Alla" is more consonant with the ethnonym Alans than "Allon", if we apply the Vainakh suffix of belonging to it -n- .
Now about the term "prince". It is not clear why Professor V.I. Abaev is limited only to the Ingush as longtime subjects of the Ossetians. After all, this term (ela, alli) in the designated meaning is also present in the language of the Chechens. Moreover, the Urartians, and the Hurrians, and the Gargareans of Caucasian Albania, and the Batsbians, and the Babylonians, distant in time and space, and the Eblaites, and the Phoenicians, and the Jews, and the Carthaginians, and the Arabs - among all these ancient and modern peoples recorded this term in various vowels (alai, alaini, alu, ilu, al, etc.) in the meaning of "prince", "master", "ruler", "lord". In its ancient meaning ("lord", "god") the word ela (alli) can be found in the theonyms of the Vainakh pagan pantheon - Dela, Sela, Tusholi, Raola, Magal, etc. 21
Academician N.Ya.Marr wrote about the Ossetians that "it is impossible to identify with them the Caucasian Alans, or more precisely the Als, since the Alans, as it has now become clear, is one of the plural forms of the indigenous Caucasian ethnic term, based on the sounding aI or with the preservation spirant haI". 22
The conclusion of N.Ya.Marr was confirmed by data from ancient sources. So, in Pliny Second (I century AD) we find a mention of the tribe of Gals (haI) next to the Meots. 23 On the territory of Checheno-Ingushetia, a huge number of geographical names are found (mainly on the plain) with the root al, alan, and this word itself has an impeccable translation from Vainakh as "plain" 24 . And, finally, "the Vainakh name Aloni also originates directly from the ethnonym Alan" 25 , which is found not in some fairy tale of dubious origin, but in the living conversion of the people without modern artificial implementations, which we see among our Western neighbors. It is known that the anthroponym Alan appeared in the Ossetian environment with light hand intelligentsia after the development of the idea of \u200b\u200b"Alan origin". 26
The Alans are mentioned in ancient literature from the 1st century BC. AD For several centuries, they have already been known in many regions - in Europe, Asia and even in North Africa. 27 This nation, unlike many others, has made an unusually loud statement about itself from the very moment it entered the arena of history. Bold campaigns in all directions, continuous wars with powerful peoples, amazing collisions of historical destinies like the one that brought the Alans together with the Vandals to North Africa, where they founded a kingdom on the site of the former Carthaginian state - all this created thundering glory for the Alans, which lasted until the 13th-14th centuries, when the invasions of the Mongols and the hordes of the Iron Lame led Alania to death.
The Alans had lived in the North Caucasus for about a thousand years when Leonti Mroveli began writing his historical work. Of course, the Georgian medieval author could not have been unaware of the neighboring strong people, known even to distant Chinese. However, there is not a single mention of the Alans on the pages of the Life of the Kings of Kartli. How can this be explained?
The answer is quite simple Leonti Mroveli writes a lot and in detail about the Alans, about their warlike customs, about their glorious deeds, but he calls them by another name - Caucasians. To clarify the situation, let's take a typologically similar example. Let us suppose that two medieval chroniclers, a Frenchman and an Italian, set out to describe neighboring Germany. The French call the Germans Germans, and the Italians - Tedesco. And now imagine a modern historian who, having compared the descriptions of Germany made by a Frenchman and an Italian, would argue that they are talking about two different peoples - the Germans and the Tedescos. And, moreover, he would begin to fantasize about the "relationships" of these supposedly "two different peoples". Something similar is happening today with regard to the Alans and Caucasians, whom a whole galaxy of historians are trying to show as different and even hostile to each other ancient peoples. To understand the absurdity of such a "reading of history" it would be enough to compare the work of Leonti Mroveli with the works of his Armenian predecessors and contemporaries. Where the Georgian author places and describes the Caucasians, the Armenian medieval authors place and describe the Alans - for them it is one people. 28
Such a discrepancy between the ethnonyms of the same people in Armenian and Georgian medieval writings is a common thing. It suffices to turn to the descriptions of the most powerful people of Caucasian Albania, which in Armenian sources are called Gargarei, and in Georgian - eras. This people is well known to Caucasian scholars, their gradual advance from south to north is known, their localization and history are known, and there is no doubt that when describing eras and gargarees, Georgian and Armenian authors refer to the same ethnic group, designating it with different names. . The same thing, as a comparison of Armenian and Georgian sources convinces us, happens with the description of the Alans and Caucasians.
It is possible for a long time, step by step, to refute the absurdities on which the theory about the "Iranian-speaking" Alans and that today's Ossetians are their descendants is built. But there are so many of these absurdities that their refutation requires corresponding volumes with an analysis of innumerable trifles, and this would take us far away from the topic and objectives of this book. To prove the identity of the Alans with the Ossetians, some authors give quite original arguments. "So V. B. Kovalevskaya, quoting some statements of ancient authors about the Alans, who noted their physical beauty, courage and love for weapons, encourages her readers to compare this description with the description of the Caucasian highlanders of the 19th century, who have the same physical and moral qualities - moreover, V.B. Kovalevskaya clearly sees Ossetians in these highlanders. The latter, however, are completely unknown in Russian and foreign literature as an example of militancy and courage. Let us refer to the authoritative opinion of M.Yu. the poet put into the mouth of one of his heroes:
“Pitiful people!” I said to the staff captain, pointing to our dirty hosts, who silently looked at us in some kind of stupefaction.
Stupid people! he answered. - Would you believe it? They do not know how, they are not capable of any education! At least our Kabardians or Chechens, although they are robbers, naked, are desperate heads, and these have no desire for weapons either: you will not see a decent dagger on any of them. Truly Ossetians!" 29 As we can see, a comparison with the Ossetians of the 19th century would hardly flatter the warlike and courageous Alans, although they try to turn such a comparison into an argument for their identity. It is noteworthy that, starting from 1992, when the Ossetians proved themselves to be "true sons of Russia", the work of M.Yu.
And if, as V.I. Abaev notes, the inhabitants of the southern slopes of the Greater Caucasus call their North Caucasian neighbors "Alans" in the meaning of "hero, daring, friend", 30 then these epithets, like the word Alans, could hardly refer to the Ossetians.
Only three inscriptions have come down to us from the Alans, written in their language in Latin and Greek letters. Thus, in the work of the 6th-century Gothic historian Jordanes “Getika” (it is known about Jordanes that he was Alans by origin), translators always stumble upon a phrase that is “absurd” in their opinion, which they cannot understand: “alano wu a”. From the Vainakh this phrase, the only one in the entire work of Jordan, composed in Alan, without any difficulty is translated as "he is an Alan." 31 Then comes the Alanian inscription from the Mayatsk settlement, consisting of only two words: "... alanui kan" (the beginning of the inscription, where the name of the person stood, was beaten off and did not survive). Kan is the Turkic word for "prince". Alanui kan, in Vainakh, means "prince (kan) Alan" and the word "alanui" is impeccably framed according to the laws of Vainakh grammar in genitive case plural. 32 And, finally, the famous Zalenchuk inscription, which, without rearranging letters, adding new signs, etc. (as those who would like to see Ossetian in the language of this inscription have to do), it is read in Vainakh: "Jesus Christ, St. plain. Lado". 33 (Lado is the name of the person who left this dedicatory inscription around the 10th century). And, no matter how many Ossetian scientists make "scientific" statements like: "I must declare with full responsibility: the Zelenchuk inscription has always been and will be Ossetian (!)", 34 the fact remains that this Alanian inscription was written in the Vainakh language.
Two cities ("two capitals") of historical Alania - Dadikov and Magas - have the same impeccable Vainakh etymology. 35 Proving this is like proving the Chechen etymology of the famous historical names Dadi-yurt and Maast.
And, finally, as an irrefutable and indisputable argument in favor of the fact that the Alans are Vainakhs, the original manuscript of the Alan Azdin Vazar was recently discovered. This manuscript, written in Arabic, was found by a Jordanian historian Abdul-Ghani Hassan al-Shashani among 30 thousand ancient manuscripts stored in the al-Azhar mosque in Cairo. Azdin, according to the manuscript, was born in the year of the invasion of the hordes of Tamerlane to the Caucasus - in 1395. He calls himself a representative of the "Alanian Nokhchi tribe." Azdin's father, Vazar, was a high-ranking officer, one of the military mercenaries of the Mongol-Tatar army and lived in the capital of the Tatars - the city of Sarai. Being a Muslim, Vazar sent his son to study in Muslim countries.
Then he returned to his homeland in order to preach Islam among his compatriots. According to him, one part of the Alan-Vainakhs professed Christianity, the other - paganism "magos tslera din" - that is, the sun - and fire worship). The mission of Islamization of the Vainakhs at that time did not have tangible success. In his book, Azdin Vazar describes the borders and lands of the settlement of the Alan-Vainakhs: north of the Kura and Tushetia rivers, from the Alazan river and Azerbaijan to the northern limits of the Darial and the Terek current. And from the Caspian (along the plain) to the Don River. The name of this plain, Sotai, has also been preserved. The manuscript also mentions some settlements of Alanya: Mazhar, Dadi-ke (Dadi-kov), Balanzhar fortress, Balkh, Malka, Nashakh, Mayuk, Argun, Kilbakh, Terki. The area in the lower reaches of the Terek, at its confluence with the Caspian Sea, is also described - the Keshan plain and the island of Chechen. Everywhere Alans and Vainakhs are completely identical for Azdin. Among the Vainakh clans listed by the missionary historian, the majority have survived to this day. However, he also mentions those clans that are not in the Vainakh taip nomenclature today. for example: Adoy, Vanoy, Subera, Martnakh, Nartnakh, etc. 36
08/07/04, Nastya111/05/05, Boris Sergeevich
I traveled with my wife and children to Ossetia. Russians there are the second most populous people. How good it is, you won't believe it! People are completely different, everything is different ...
25/10/05, Abrek
I myself am Georgian by nationality, but despite some graters of my and the Ossetian people, I respect the Ossetians. Because they are also a mountain people, just like us. Honoring traditions, respecting the older generation. But I don't like ... let's say the Udmurts. Votyaks, they are votyaks - what to take from them?
24/06/07, soleil
If someone did not like the attitude towards themselves in the army, you do not need to write about it here. You just had to be a man, and not allow someone to punch you in the face, and not pour mud on the whole nation afterwards. By the way, among the natives of Ossetia, most of all Heroes Soviet Union- 63. This is the largest specific share among all the republics. Vladikavkaz, the capital of North Ossetia, which became an impregnable fortress during the Great Patriotic War, is a city of military glory. At the Olympics, Ossetia usually brings the lion's share of medals to the Russian team (mostly wrestlers). It is also worth noting such outstanding Ossetians as Valery Gergiev, Yegor Beroev, Valery Gazzaev, Stanislav Cherchesov and many, many others.
11/03/09, Alan777
my father once told me .. "Alan, to be an Ossetian means to remain a man in every situation, to honor the laws of the mountains and the memory of our ancestors ... and always, in any situation, be able to answer for your words!" now in my life I try to observe these 3 components .. I love my people and am ready for anything for them! .. (although I admit that there are enough geeks and scum in it) ..
11/03/09, Quetzalcoatl
Ossetians are the only (not counting the Abkhazians) people in the Caucasus, who for the most part did not convert to Islam, but remained Christians. True, there is a small percentage of Muslims among the Ossetians, but they do not succumb, unlike the Nokhchi, Maarulal, Dargins, and so on. Ossetia became part of Russia voluntarily, unlike the same Dagestan. And in general, I did not see a single Ossetian among the bazaar traders. All Muslims. Ossetia has always been on the side of Russia, and South Ossetians when the war began, they were waiting for help from us.
11/03/09, Brian Boru
I live in Sochi, and we have more representatives of Caucasian nationalities here than Slavs, and I have long understood that not all of them are "khachiks" - there are very similar peoples, there are completely different, both in appearance and in behavior. So - I have never met a vile Ossetian. I cannot speak for all Ossetians, but most of them have a concept of honor, and such a noble, rude concept, not to show off, but such an innate one. If they consider you their friend, then they can literally give away their last shirt - but if they are an enemy, they can be very cruel. Although they look stern in appearance, many go unshaven, some wear beards, but mostly good-natured. I had very good friend, Ossetians - sorry, left.
27/06/09, Next 051595
Ossetians are the people among whom I live! Simply handsome!
08/10/09, Roxy 565
Most of them are pretty good people. Along with the Azerbaijanis, the most intelligent and cultured peoples of the Caucasus. Honor traditions, respect elders. And among the Ossetians, I have never met mean people. How can you not love such people?
03/11/09, mushroommushroom
"Ossetians are especially fearless and hardened like Spartans. Negotiating with them is a political necessity" ahaha "I saw this George" but it's okay that the images are different, the language is different ... go to the Armenian church and there the icons are not quite as sharp as those of Christians . and the Armenians are not Orthodox now, or what? Ossetians will never be humiliated, let there be death, execution for it .. so historically, why were the Ossetian princes exiled constantly? because if they refused to negotiate with the king, then they went to the end. they obeyed the law, but they never quit what they started in blood
03/11/09, mushroommushroom
a wonderful girl in the right column, yes you are fucked up.
03/11/09, Old Gopher
It so happened that I was closely acquainted with only one Ossetian, or rather, an Ossetian. Kingdom of heaven to her. She was an interesting person, everyone loved her ...
03/11/09, Katharine Moier
Why shouldn't I love them? They didn’t do anything bad to me, and even if they did, it’s at least stupid to start hating the whole nation because of one person ... All the Ossetians I know are kind-hearted people, honest, without any scoundrels. So, I respect Ossetians!
05/01/10, Old Gopher
Osentins are Iranian litter, this is original. This is the funniest thing I've heard in the last few days, including New Year's. I have only the best impressions from communication with Ossetians. And I more than deserved a couple of twos, received at one time from an Ossetian teacher.
05/01/10, Dark Demon
I hope there are no my compatriots in the right column, otherwise I will be ashamed of the Russian guys with unflattering reviews. Firstly, stop inciting hatred among the peoples! Secondly, Ossetia cannot be called an Iranian litter. Moreover, if you are not blind, respected Ossetian-phobes, then I ask you to pay attention to the fact who is now a litter, not Iranian, but American. It is no secret to anyone who ordered Saakashvili to start a war. I am sure that there are as many in common, like a Russian, Ukrainian, and Belarusian. Poor Ossetian people! Either Gamsakhurdia with his lousy policy of genocide, or the vile terrorist Viro! You will always be brothers for us Russians, and we will never leave you. Russia-Ossetia - friendship forever!
17/03/10, miner
the last time I was in Vladikavkaz in 2004, I went on a business trip (I found equipment on the Internet that I was interested in, phoned the owner of the company, i.e. absolutely strangers) met at the station, taken to the office, then went to the facilities where the equipment is, along the way a city tour, finished business, to a country cafe, an attempt to even get into your pocket for a wallet was considered an insult. The trip confirmed past impressions: Ossetians are friendly, decent, hospitable people !!! drew attention to the fact that everyone who writes in the left column is based on personal experience and describes their cases, on the right, on the contrary, abstract, unsubstantiated malice, apparently based on the old enmity between Ossetians and some peoples, not a single example or explanation, everything is only from personal (which then straight animal) hatred
12/06/10, DagLezg
It's not that I love Ossetians, I don't know Ossetians and so on ... I treat them like any other people - it's normal. In general, I do not distinguish between people by nation - this is contrary to the norms of Islam. Why did I choose the green column? Because I love Ossetians rather than hate them. There is no hatred towards them. But hey!!! Stop enjoying the favor of Russia and grabbing the lands of your neighbors. A suburban area with parts of Malgobek, in the second half of the 19th century, Vladikavkaz was generally considered the capital of the Ingush. The territory of South Ossetia was settled by Ossetians in the middle of the 19th century. And so, these were the possessions of the Georgian princes Machabeli. If the Ossetians want to live peacefully with their neighbors, then at least they need to return the Prigorodny district, as a neutral person I declare: well, this land is not yours!
08/07/10, Ivan Korneev
Most the best people in the Caucasus - Ossetians! I am Russian, but I communicate with Ossetians in Moscow, such good guys! They invited me to visit them in Beslan, I went there, they fed me Ossetian pies, they took me to the mountains! Guys are simply the best! I feel very sorry for those who do not have at least one Ossetian friend! When I arrived in Moscow, my car was stolen, and there was nowhere to live, but then 8 Ossetians took me in! And we are still close friends! They saved my life, I can say! + Russians are treated well, so many Russians live in Ossetia, I didn’t feel like a guest there! Thank you for being my friends!
15/07/10, Fox305
Hello! I don't know why people judge a nation by one person or occasion. In general, what kind of hatred can go between people who need each other? If people exist on Earth, then it must be so! We are all part of one whole! I respect the Ossetians and the entire Caucasian people in general! I myself am a mestizo - Georgian, Ossetian, Russian - only if you take 2 tribes of a generation. I have many acquaintances and friends among Ossetians. I consider them very good, sociable, cheerful, smart, patriotic and friendly people. Frankly, I have disgust for the Americans and Ukrainians, BUT, note that hatred is NOT FOR THE PEOPLE, BUT FOR THE GOVERNMENT!!! And for many, I’m sure, so don’t sling mud at the whole nation ... purely my opinion. I would love to discuss this topic further. [email protected]
25/08/10, Batraz
Ossetians are truly a great nation, if the Ingush, spitting on their ancestors, the Hurrians, the Dzurdzuks, wanted to become Alans. And if the left-green column is filled with uninterested sane people, then aggressive nationalists-Ingush write in the right column, and they are the same ones. I understand that there is nothing interesting in your story, but this is not a reason to consider yourself Alan.
08/12/10, WIKING
The attention of prominent scientists is riveted to such a people as Ossetians. In European universities, Alanovologists study the Ossetian language, since it is the Ossetian language that helps in deciphering the Alanian, Sarmatian and Scythian records.. Alans. Road to the west h t t p: / / r u t u b e . r u / t r a c k s / 2 4 6 1 5 1 1 . h t m l ? v = 1 a c 3 0 3 a 5 2 e d c 6 3 b 1 c d b e 5 5 1 2 6 4 a 8 0 1 3 f (Connect url)
08/12/10, WIKING
"Both dialects of the Ossetian language - Iron and a somewhat more archaic Digor - descended from Scythian in the same way as Italian and Spanish descended from Latin ... They (Ossetians - approx. Ts. X.) have preserved to this day not only the language as a form , which carries a certain cultural content, but also this content itself, which reflected the state of the Scythian civilization at the last stages of its development. the images of the epic are still fresh and original.Moreover, this oral literature was adopted to one degree or another by the neighboring peoples, distorting in it exactly what was specifically Ossetian, Scythian." Georges Dumézil "We were unanimous (with J. Dumézil - approx. Ts. X.) recognizing the importance for European science of the Ossetian people, the last descendants of the Scythians." Emil Benveniste
08/12/10, WIKING
..I am surprised at this people - the Ossetians, their patience, Tolerance, etc.., how many outright lies, dirty slander have been pouring on him for decades .. Isn't this the GREATNESS of the people ??? But all kinds of IGNORANTS, Impregnated with POISON and Hatred of the heart, Slanderers, Liars, and Envious people, do not even understand what a TERRIBLE, PAINFUL Karma - fate they create for themselves (and not only) in the future, ROUGHLY VIOLATING THE LAWS OF THE UNIVERSE, HARMONY - BALANCE. You don't need to be a clairvoyant to understand that any INJUSTICE, LIE, blasphemy, etc., is punished by the HIGHER DIVINE FORCES, Watching this from the side, frankly speaking, I feel only Pity for them, because more than IT IS OBVIOUS that they are creating a problem for themselves out of the blue, plunging themselves into the abyss.. A pedantic situation... ..and all this wildness is going on in the 21st century. But to each his own, nothing more, nothing less.
08/12/10, WIKING
DagLezg, you know, at least STRANGE how you talk about land claims, even demand .. I never cease to be amazed at human shortsightedness, and naive claims .. I want to note to you DagLezg that your morality in this regard is more than selective, and Extremely NOT fair .. DagLezg You are talking about some kind of suburban district, why bother with trifles, since you touched on this issue, let's consider it globally, unless of course such a thing as JUSTICE matters to you at all .. Take a look at the map of the territory at your leisure Alanian state, I think that after that, you will no longer have questions of this nature .. PS Man, - a sense of JUSTICE, and HIGH CULTURE makes a man ...
09/12/10, Alan777
WIKING, you seem to be an intelligent person, do you really think that there is such a thing as retribution in its direct form? History doesn't care about people's actions. What we take for retribution, God's punishment, etc., is nothing more than a side effect of a showdown between those who are considered a negative force worthy of heavenly punishment, i.e. they punish themselves, heaven has nothing to do with it. --- As for DAgLezg, it really would not hurt him to take a broader look at the territorial issue: for example, in Dagestan, wherever you go, there are Scythian graves everywhere.
09/12/10, Eternal Mystery
In every nation there are both good and bastards. I am Russian, but I know two Ossetians. They are incredibly decent, intelligent and well-mannered people.
21/01/11, I am OSSETIAN
you geeks started a battle here, you Russian bitch who served with OSSETIANS didn’t love them just because they showed you Kuzkin’s mother to Ukrainians ... half of Ossetians are Christians, that’s why they revere Christian saints ... and he has no similarities with OSSETIAN saints ... sons of bitches ... you come up to the Ossetians in the face and tell him this, you won’t come up, because he will fuck you ... Russian whores who brings gold medals to you at the Olympic Games? Our wrestlers ... who during the war fought, and did not meet the Germans with bread and salt (like the Ingush)? OSSETIANS!!! and we are not looking for brotherhood with you Russians, pig-nosed ones ... there are normal personalities among you, but this applies to a huge minority ... an Ingush who blathers there that the Ingush are descendants of ALAN)))))) here you are munik ... Alans were an Iranian-speaking tribe, and you, an Ovdol, speak a language that belongs to the Caucasian group ... learn the history of your people, and do not envy the history of someone else ... you just envy us all !!!
About Ossetia and Ossetians significant amount We find information in the notes of numerous scientists and travelers who visited our country in the 19th - early 20th centuries. Some observations are superficial and are connected with the narrow-minded view of people and nature. Other notes are thorough to the smallest detail. The most interesting thing is that the studies of scientists and travelers of German nationality belong to the latter category. They were either scientists who worked in Russia at large universities, or simply natural scientists from Germany who made scientific trips to the Caucasus. I.Guldenshtedt, K.Koch, P.Pallas, J.Reynegs, J.Klaproth - this is just a small list of German scientists who compiled rich ethnographic and topographic descriptions about the Caucasus and, in particular, about South Ossetia. Moreover, for some of them, the descriptions of roads, bridges, and passes were so detailed that they involuntarily suggested that the basis of the German trips was not only idle curiosity.
Probably, the fact that during the Great Patriotic War the German Wehrmacht, which stormed the Caucasus, had unusually accurate maps, was to a large extent the merit of German travelers. However, the German top leadership in the Caucasus was interested not only in cities and sources of raw materials - in particular, the capture of the oil-bearing regions of Maikop and Azerbaijan. Adolf Hitler and the entire German elite were distinguished by a serious passion for the occult sciences. The mysticism of the Nazis resulted in very specific actions, which were often difficult to justify from a military-strategic point of view. The date of the attack on the USSR, for example, was chosen in accordance with the runic circle. June 22 is the ancient German solstice holiday, and 2 runes after this date comes the “zig” rune, which means victory. From the beginning (June 22) to the rune "zig" was 2 months. That is why Hitler believed that 2 months were enough for him to capture the USSR.
The Fuhrer generally believed that the centers of extinct civilizations have a strong impact on the modern world. Therefore, one of the directions was Stalingrad, on the site of which in ancient times there was the capital of the Khazar Khaganate. But, as it turned out, Stalingrad for Hitler was actually only an intermediate point ...
As time passes, it becomes obvious that the occult, indeed, often took precedence in determining the military tasks of Nazi Germany. The same direction of attack on the Caucasus, as mentioned above, for pragmatists was associated with oil, but for mystics - with the desire to approach the sacred peak of Elbrus and the Tskhinval region. In 1943, SS climbers conquered Elbrus and hoisted a banner with a swastika. Here, according to their ideas, was Valhalla - the resting place of the souls of the Nordic heroes. However, Hitler, according to a number of authors, realized his mistake late - it was not Elbrus that had to be conquered (conquered), but the sacred and mysterious Ossetian mountain Bursamdzel, called Small Elbrus in occultist circles. It was here, according to legends, including local ones, that the souls of the Nordic heroes (according to some versions, the legendary Narts) found their resting place. However, time was lost, Germany retreated on all fronts, and Bursamdzel, no matter how violent the Fuhrer, had to be forgotten.
A similar interpretation of Hitler's intentions to break through to Tskhinval is supported by a number of studies. So, K. Lvov in the book “The Occult Reich” and Yu. Vorobyevsky in the book “Step of the Serpent” directly speak of such a connection: “In planning the operation of the Wehrmacht, an important place was occupied by the mystics who surrounded the Fuhrer. The efforts made by the Third Reich were enormous to break through the Caucasian ridge. The foundations were based on the idea - to hoist a banner on the sacred Mount Elbrus and break through to the Tskhinval region, where, according to legend, Valhalla is located, the resting place of the souls of the Nordic heroes, and call them (heroes) to life.
The attention of the German military command to South Ossetia was also noted by many participants in the defense of the Caucasus. And this despite the fact that at that time no transport corridors connecting Russia with Transcaucasia passed through South Ossetia, there were no any important strategic military or industrial facilities. However, the number of saboteurs and intelligence officers abandoned by the German Abwehr (military intelligence) from aircraft into the territory of South Ossetia has always surprised the employees of SMERSH (Soviet counterintelligence). It should also be noted that there were no raids and bomber aircraft of the Luftwaffe on Tskhinvali. Although at that time there were warehouses with food and ammunition for the Caucasian front in the city. The only raid was due to the fact that a German bomber, having arrived from behind the Caucasus Range, flew around the city and dropped empty barrels in the Zguder area. Why is still a mystery.
It is possible that there is still a certain connection with mysticism. After all, it is known that according to one of the versions the name of the city of Tskhinvali - "Sinkh-ual" - is translated as "upper, higher (Aryan) settlement", "Life of the highest caste of priests." It is also known that in the relatively small area occupied by Tskhinval, in ancient times there were 37 temples. And another interesting point - the Nazi occultists believed that one of the centers of the existence of the Aryan race was Tibet, where, in their opinion, the legendary Shambhala was located and where Hitler also sent his specialists. It should be noted that near Tskhinval (Sinkh-ual) there is also a village with the name ... Tbet. Coincidence? May be.
Meanwhile, without any doubt, the mystical component of the place where Tskhinval is located is obvious. This manifested itself repeatedly and throughout the entire period of the Georgian-Ossetian confrontation with visions of Georgian commanders of various faces, after which they deployed military equipment. However, so far the main part of this understanding is hidden. Perhaps the day will come when the secret will be revealed, like a happy accident that introduced us to all the richness of the ancient Koban culture ...
L. Dzhioev, newspaper "Respublika"
Long before the First World War, when among the Russian nobility and bourgeoisie it was considered good form to invite home teachers from abroad, a certain Karl Hahn came to Russia from Germany. In St. Petersburg and Moscow, several very advantageous offers were made to him to take the place of a home teacher. But Gan, referring to his middle age, modestly rejected these proposals and preferred provincial Tiflis to noisy capital cities. Rudolf, trustee of the Caucasian educational district, appointed Gan as a teacher of Latin at the Tiflis Men's Gymnasium. So the German Karl Hahn began his teaching career, which he skillfully combined with espionage work in favor of German intelligence. Gan did not arouse any suspicions in anyone. On the contrary, there was an opinion about him as a modest, inquisitive and devoted person.
However, on the eve of the First World War, Hahn unexpectedly left for Germany and never returned to Russia. Then it became known that Gan was a major German spy, who for a quarter of a century delivered to German intelligence important information about the Caucasus.
Simultaneously with pedagogical and espionage activities, Gan was also engaged in "scientific" work. He translated into Russian and published in 1890 two volumes of "News of ancient Greek and Roman writers about the Caucasus", which, by the way, due to the poor quality of the translation and gross distortions of the original, did not receive recognition in the scientific world.
Gan paid special attention to research in the field of history, ethnography and vocabulary of the peoples and tribes of the Caucasus. Of greatest interest is one of his last works, 1 in which he tries to "theoretically" substantiate the claims of German imperialism to the Caucasus. Gan took upon himself the thankless task of proving the "Aryan origin" of some Caucasian peoples, in particular the Ossetians. As evidence of the ethnic kinship of the Ossetians with the Germans, Gan cited two Ossetian terms - "qug" (cow) and "fus" (sheep), Referring to the phonetic consonance of these words with the German words "Kuh" and "Schaf", he states that "Ossetians very close to the Germanic peoples." Then Gan cites the term "bonarius", used in old German and French acts in the sense of a measure of land, and brings it closer to the Ossetian "bonganda", meaning a piece of land of such a size that one plow can plow in one working day.
Based on the above Ossetian terms, which to a certain extent are phonetically consonant with German words of the same meaning, Gan stated: "There is no doubt that the Ossetians, both in their language and in their customs and customs, have much in common with the ancient Germans" 2.
Meanwhile, Academician V. F. Miller, the prominent Ossetian scholar, brought the Ossetian language closer not to the German, but to the Iranian language.
On the basis of the latest studies of the Ossetian language, the Ossetians are considered to be among the most ancient inhabitants of the Caucasian isthmus and are linked with the Caucasian Japhetic world. Of considerable interest in this regard are the latest studies of V. I. Abaev. Based on the study of the language and material culture of the Ossetian people, comrade. Abaev comes to the following conclusion: "If in terms of language we can only partly call the Ossetians Japhetids, then in other respects we have a typical Caucasian Japhetic people" 3 .
Academician N. Ya. Marr, the greatest scientist of our time, on the basis of ethnic and linguistic data, classifies the Ossetians as the indigenous Japhetic population of the Caucasus. "The commonality of many material, linguistic and everyday phenomena of the Ossetians," writes Academician Marr, "inclines to a positive answer to the question of their ethnic affiliation with the indigenous population of the Caucasus, i.e., with the Japhetids, despite the Iranian nature of their native speech" 4 .
However, if acad. N. Ya. Marr has not yet resolved the question of who the Ossetians are by origin - Japhetized Iranians or Iranianized Japhetids - now, thanks to the latest research on the Ossetian language, this question can be answered more definitely. A scientific analysis of the Ossetian toponymic material was given by comrade. Abaev, the opportunity to establish a powerful substrate layer that lies outside the modern Ossetian language and belongs to some more
1 Hahn K. Neue, Kaukasische Reisen und Studien. Leipzig. 1911.
2 Hahn K. Op. cit. S. 178.
3 Abaev V. On the characteristics of the modern Ossetian language. Japhetic collection. T. VII, p. 79. Leningrad. 1932.
4 Marr N. The tribal composition of the population of the Caucasus, p. 24. Ptgr. 1920.
early public, which should be seen as a Japhetic public.
The same author in another place of his work 1 makes interesting research, discovering various linguistic layers and establishing the percentage ratio between them. The result of these studies is as follows: the Iranian element in the Ossetian language is only 20%; borrowings from the most common languages of Western Asia - Arabic, Turkish and Georgian - also 20%. There are still 60% of the Ossetian vocabulary that have not been subjected to linguistic analysis. This as yet unexplained linguistic material appears to refer to the Japhetic community. The Japhetic element in the Ossetian language is primary and dominant, and, consequently, Ossetians are not Japhetized Iranians, but Iranianized Japhetids. Therefore, it is necessary to revise in the light of new scientific data the outdated point of view, which was established in pre-revolutionary linguistic science and according to which the Ossetians were recognized as "pure" Iranians.
The presence of Iranian words in the Ossetian language and the phonetic similarity of the Ossetian self-name "Iron" with the word "Iran" gave the Indo-European linguistic school some reason to consider the Ossetians "pure" Iranians. But, as already mentioned, the Iranian element in the Ossetian dictionary is only 20%. As for the convergence of the self-name of the Ossetians "Iron" with the word "Iran", after Acad. Marr explained the self-name of the Ossetians "iron" 2 , the question of the right to bring these two terms together is removed.
Thus, contrary to Gan's false statements, the Ossetians had nothing in common with the ancient Germans. In their language and culture, they are representatives of the Caucasian Japhetic world.
The groundless and anti-scientific point of view about the Germanism of the Ossetians was borrowed by Hahn from his predecessor, the German Baron Haxthausen.
Baron August von Haxthausen outlined his "theory" in the work "Transcaucasian Territory", which was the result of his trip to the Caucasus and published in Russian in 1857.
In the preface to the first part of his work, Gaksthausen writes: "This essay outlines two subjects that deserve special attention and further research: firstly, the similarity and kinship of generations, noticeable between the customs, customs and way of life of Ossetians and ancient Germans, and, in - secondly, the important place now occupied by the Armenian region" 3 .
Since Gaksthausen is the author of the "theory" of the Aryan origin of the Ossetians, one should dwell in more detail on the arguments with which he argues his "theory". The proof of the ethnic "kinship" of the ancestors of modern Ossetians and ancient Germans for Haxthausen is the coincidence of the forms of some household items, the forms of agricultural tools and the similarity in some customs of Ossetians and Germans. Observing the Ossetian hearth, Gaksthausen notes that among Ossetians "an iron hook is driven into a transverse log, on which a cauldron hangs, just like in peasant houses in Germany, in Westphalia and Lower Saxony." In addition, Gaksthausen found in the Ossetian house "wooden tripods like those used by Westphalian peasants when milking cows." In the same Ossetian house, Gaksthausen saw that "on one side of the bench lies a sourdough made of wood, exactly the same as used by peasants in Northern Germany."
In the Ossetian way of brewing beer and baking bread in ashes, Haxthausen sees "the decisive character of Germany." Gaksthausen sees the same "resolute character of Germany" in some Ossetian agricultural implements. “From the agricultural implements,” writes Gaksthausen, “I noticed a plow, which I have not seen among other Caucasian peoples, its device resembles a Mecklenburg plow. I also saw ordinary German rakes there, which are not found in other Caucasian countries” 4.
In the ritual and household area, Gaksthausen also finds some similarities between Ossetians and Germans. He compared the Ossetian wedding ceremony with the German one.
Finally establishing analogies in the customary law of Ossetians and Germans, Gaksthausen writes that "the Ossetians have conciliatory and arbitration courts in exactly the same way as the Germanic tribes" 5 .
If we do not take into account other arguments, such as the fact that the Ossetians "had the clumsy and awkward gait of German peasants", we have exhausted all the arguments of Haxthausen, which formed the basis of his "theory" ethnically bringing the Ossetians closer to the Germans.
Of all the Caucasian highlanders, Gaksthausen honored only the Ossetians with his attention, choosing them as the subject of his "scientific" observations. But if Gaksthausen bothered to get acquainted, at least according to literary data, with the life and rights of other mountain peoples of the Caucasus, he would easily be convinced of the poor quality of his arguments and the inconsistency of the ridiculous and anti-scientific "theory" of the Aryan origin of the Ossetians based on them.
All the examples cited by Haxthausen from the life of the Ossetians have nothing specifically Ossetian. All this takes place in the life of all the highlanders of the North Caucasus. The device of the Ossetian hearth - wall or middle - is no different from the device
1 Japhetic collection. Vol. VII, p. 70.
2 Marr N. Selected Works. T. I, p. 328. Leningrad. 1933.
3 Gaksthausen A. Transcaucasian region. Part I, p. 7. St. Petersburg. 1857.
4 Gaksthausen A. Decree. op. Part II, p. 88.
5 Ibid., p. 106.
Chechen, Ingush, Kabardian, Balkar and Karachay foci. A tripod, a kneader, a rake, a plow, baking bread in ashes, brewing, a ceremony associated with bringing the bride to the groom’s house, the procedure for reconciling the bloodlines, and finally, the arbitration court - all these everyday features, considered by Haxthausen as something specifically Ossetian, are all-mountain features. Therefore, if we call on the everyday parallels between Ossetians and Germans cited by Haxthausen to be any solid to prove the alleged ethnic proximity of Ossetians and Germans, the question inevitably arises of extending the "Aryan theory" to other mountaineers of the North Caucasus, since in their life there are similar Ossetian features. But Gaksthausen, fearing to be in a ridiculous position, limited his "research" to the Ossetians. He resolutely states that "Ossetians descend from the Gothic and other Germanic tribes, probably defeated by the Huns and remaining in the mountains of the Caucasus" 1 .
Thus, he concludes that the territory now occupied by Ossetians in the Central Caucasus is the cradle of European peoples and, first of all, Germanic tribes.
“These brief remarks,” writes Gaksthausen, “seem to be sufficient to draw attention to the cradle and homeland of the European peoples. The country of the Osses, or Ossetians, was a point of rest, and the Ossetians are the backward brothers of these peoples” 2 .
If we exclude the political motives underlying Haxthausen's "theory", then it would seem ridiculous to draw a conclusion about the ethnic "kinship" of Ossetians and Germans on the basis of Haxthausen's "evidence", which has nothing to do with science. On the basis of the striking similarity of life among the peoples of the Caucasus - completely different in origin and language - it would not occur to anyone to consider them as one people.
The Caucasian ethnic environment, which has developed a common material and spiritual culture over the centuries, but at the same time represents an exceptional diversity, is a clear proof of the indisputability of Comrade Stalin's words that "historical parallels are always risky" 3 .
Peoples who have no ethnic affinity among themselves can have the same way of life, since "on the basis of the same formation, the same characters, the same features will always arise" 4 .
The same way of life is due to the same socio-economic conditions, because, as Marx points out, "the entire internal structure of the nation itself depends on the degree of development of its production and its internal and external communication" 5 . Moreover, "even foggy formations in the brain of people, and those are necessary sublimates [products] of their material life process, which can be established by experience and which is associated with material prerequisites" 6 . From this it is clear that the arguments used by Gan and Gaksthausen to substantiate the "theory" of the Germanic origin of the Ossetians, in the complete absence of other, more serious data, cannot be considered convincing. Indeed, how can one cite as a scientific argument to prove the ethnic proximity of Ossetians and Germans the "clumsy and awkward" gait of an Ossetian, which for some reason reminds Haxthausen of the gait of a German peasant? All other "arguments" of Haxthausen, with which he tries to "substantiate" the German origin of the Ossetians, in their scientific persuasiveness, are no higher than the "clumsy and awkward" gait of the Ossetians.
Haxthausen in the middle of the 19th century. had a great influence on the formation of the so-called eastern orientation of German imperialism. He was the ideologist and theorist of the expansion of industrial capitalism in Germany to the east. That is why Gaksthausen so stubbornly defended the "theory" of the Germanic origin of the Ossetians and took upon himself the thankless task of "substantiating" it with unsuitable means. His "theory" served as a substantiation for the demands of a group of German imperialists that the regions north of the Black Sea be torn away from Russia.
On the "theory" of Haxthausen about the "Aryan origin" of the Ossetians, as not standing up to any scientific criticism, at other times and under other circumstances it would not be worth dwelling on. But since the German fascists threw out the racist slogan "Aryans of all countries, unite!", to the extent that the exposure of this, so to speak, "theory" of Haxthausen and his followers is now acquiring political significance.
Haxthausen's "theory" has never been popular in the scientific world. Representatives of the advanced Ossetian intelligentsia considered it just a delusion. So, in response to the remark of the author of the Russian geography textbook, Mikhail Mostovsky, that the Ossetians "have a great resemblance to the Germanic peoples in physiognomy, language and way of life," the well-known Ossetian folk poet, revolutionary democrat Kosta Khetagurov answered back in 1901 that "the resemblance Ossetians with Germanic peoples in terms of physiognomy, language and way of life are already obsolete
1 Gaksthausen A. Decree. op. Part II, p. 117.
2 Ibid., p. 123.
3 I. Stalin. Conversation with the German writer Emil Ludwig December 13, 1931, p. 6. Partizdat. 1937.
4 K. Marx and F. Engels. Op. T. XXIII, p. 374.
5 K. Marx and F. Engels. Op. Vol. IV, p. 11.
6 Ibid., p. 17.
1 But this "theory" of Haxthausen was taken up by Ossetian bourgeois nationalists, people from the Ossetian landlord-kulak elite, whose ideologists were A. Kodzaev, Vano and G. Baev, who emigrated to Germany after the October Socialist Revolution, and with the advent of fascists to power, who taught Ossetian studies at the University of Berlin.
These, so to speak, Ossetian "historians" from the bourgeois-nationalist camp tried to prove without any grounds that "Ossetians were once a numerous and powerful people settled in all three parts of the Old World" 2 .
The unsubstantiated statement of Kodzaev, who distorts the actual territorial boundaries of the ancient Ossetians, who are natives of the Caucasian Isthmus, echoes the "History of Ossetia", the author of which prudently concealed his real name under the pseudonym "Vano". Vano also "settles" Ossetians throughout the Old World, brings their territories in the east to the Pamirs, encircles the Iranian plateau with them, "occupies" India and Indochina, and in the west "colonizes" Greece, the Carpathians, Italy, Spain, the upper Rhine, Thrace and Scandinavia 3 . Vano explains the imaginary "capture" of vast territories by the ancient Ossetians by the fact that "a strong and powerful people always strives to seize from less powerful neighbors what they feel they need", and therefore "the ancestors of the Ossetians, being a strong and powerful people, went beyond their original borders, which ceased to satisfy them, and conquered vast territories for themselves" 4 .
The same "Ossetian imperialism", but within more modest territorial boundaries, is carried out in the works of the white émigré and apologist for German fascism G. Baev, who considers the entire highlands and the entire North Caucasian rabbi - from the Darial and the mouth of the Terek to the upper reaches of the Don and Kuban - the territory of Ossetians 5 .
In order to substantiate the dominant position of the Ossetians among the peoples surrounding them, bourgeois nationalists, fantasizing and distorting historical reality, tried to prove the cultural role of the Ossetians in countries in which the presence of the ancestors of the Ossetians cannot be proved. According to Vano, "the ancestors of modern Ossetians invented fire for the first time, as a result of which they enjoyed an advantage over other small and large peoples of the world," and it was also alleged that "the ancestors of the Ossetians first brought high culture to Mesopotamia, turning the named country from a wild and dead desert into a blooming a region quite suitable for human life" 6 . It is hardly necessary to prove the absurdity of all these fabrications. It is known that "already prehistoric people knew in practice that friction generates heat" 7 and that "the practical discovery of transformation mechanical movement into warmth is so old that from it one can count the beginning of human history" 8 .
After the Great October Socialist Revolution, the bourgeois nationalists, together with their ideology, left the historical stage. It seemed that the "theory" about Ossetian Germanism was forgotten. However, with the coming to power of fascism in German historiography, scientific research is replaced by biased obsequious apologetics. Fascist pseudo-historians are shaking up, as Comrade correctly pointed out. Dimitrov, "the entire history of every people in order to present themselves as heirs and successors of everything sublime and heroic in their past" 9 . They again extracted the absurd "theory" of Haxthausen and decided to use it. It does not matter to them whether this or that theory is correct or incorrect, but what matters is whether it is useful for fascism or harmful, convenient or inconvenient, consistent with the predatory plans of fascism or not.
Of the authors who again defended in Nazi Germany the "theory" of Haxthausen about the Aryan origin of the Ossetians, one should mention Friedrich Risch, who, in the comments to the "History of the Mongols" by John de Piano Carpini 10, calls the Ossetians the descendants of the ancient Goths. Rich is well aware of the ancient news from Arabic, Jewish, Italian, Georgian and Armenian sources, which completely refute the "Aryan origin" of the Ossetians. He is well aware of the fundamental research of the French orientalist Vivien de Saint Martin 11 , which quite convincingly proves that the ancestors of the Ossetians come from ancient Sogdiana (7th century BC), geographical position which roughly corresponds to the location of the Aral Sea in Western Kazakhstan.
11 Vivien de Saint Martin. Etudes de geographie ancienne et d "ethnograpie asiatique. Paris. 1850.
Germans. In this article, Schultz, of all the Caucasian peoples, only "made happy" the Ossetians with the right to be considered Aryans.
Fascist pseudo-scientists show an increased interest in studying the history of the Ossetians. They publish books on Ossetian studies. Gappo Baev, a traitor to the Ossetian people, taught special courses at the University of Berlin on the history, language and ethnography of the Ossetians for a number of years.
In the autumn of 1942, when the fascist hordes captured the Central Caucasus, the German command hoped to reach the Georgian Military Highway through Ossetia, leading to the Transcaucasus and Baku. A significant part of flat Ossetia, located on the left bank of the Terek, was captured by the fascist hordes. The German command no longer doubted a close victory.
But the mountaineers reasoned differently.
Embraced by a single patriotic impulse, the highlanders, faithful to the glorious fighting traditions of their ancestors, decided to defend their homeland. And at the most critical moment, when the warheads German armies already rushed to the approaches of the Georgian Military Highway, to the capital of the North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, in Vladikavkaz at the mass grave of 17 thousand soldiers who fell for Soviet power in the years civil war, at a rally of many thousands of mountain peoples of the North Caucasus, a holy war was declared against the Nazi invaders - "gazavat".
The words of S. M. Kirov, which he said in Pyatigorsk at the congress of mountain peoples in March 1918, sound prophetic today, that the majestic chain of proud rocks of the Caucasus "will be that mighty barrier against which all the forces of reaction will break" 1 .
That is exactly what happened.
The famous "Alan Gates" (as the Daryal passage was called in ancient times) were locked up for the Nazi hordes. The reactionary forces of fascism have been smashed to pieces against the invincible will of the Caucasian peoples. Neither the Aryan "theories" nor the orders of the Hitlerite command to the German soldiers helped the Nazis: not to offend the everyday habits of the mountain population for the first time, to be especially careful when approaching a woman, since desecration of a woman in Ossetia can cause an explosion of merciless revenge of the people 2.
The first serious defeat to the fascist hordes was inflicted near Vladikavkaz in November 1942. The Germans were forced to abandon the further offensive and decided to spend the winter on the occupied lines. "The banks of the Terek, full of settlements," Hitler's order says, "are the most favorable winter frontier that must be defended at all costs to conquer the Caucasus in the spring of 1943" 3 .
But the fascist robbers did not have to spend the winter on the banks of the free Terek, since on December 24 of the same, 1942, by order of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief Marshal of the Soviet Union Comrade Stalin, the Red Army went on the offensive.
The decisive battle was fought in the valley of the Terek and Ardon, on the territory of flat Ossetia. On the territory of Ossetia, the fascist troops were stopped, and their defeat began here. The cold waves of the stormy Terek rushed into the Caspian Sea tens of thousands of corpses of the Nazi invaders. And when the surviving parts of the defeated German hordes under the blows of the Red Army began to retreat to the west, they were mercilessly destroyed by the glorious people's avengers - Ossetian partisans, among whom there were many participants in the civil war of 1918-1920.
The Ossetians have extensive experience in guerrilla warfare, acquired during the years of the civil war against the Whites. This experience was useful to them in the fight against the Nazi invaders. The glorious traditions of guerrilla warfare in Ossetia are passed down from generation to generation. Veteran Russian-Turkish war In 1877, a peasant from the village of Digora-Berdiev Dzabe - during the years of the civil war, together with his sons, fought in a partisan detachment against the White Guards. His son, a former red partisan of the civil war, the collective farmer Georgy Berdiev, was a people's avenger in the days of the Great Patriotic War. He glorified himself by military deeds, for which he was awarded the Order of the Red Star.
The faithful sons of the Ossetian people in the ranks of the Red Army are courageously fighting against the fascist invaders on the fronts of the Patriotic War. The names of the Heroes of the Soviet Union G. Tsokalaev, Kh Mildzikhov, S. Koblov and K. Toguzov, as well as generals Karsanov, Khetagurov, Tsalikov and Mamsurov, covered with glory, are known to the entire Soviet people. The Ossetian people in the great battle of the Soviet people against Nazi Germany takes its rightful place.
1 Kirov S. Articles, speeches, documents. T. I, p. 39. Partizdat. 1936.
3 "Socialist Ossetia" N 52 for 1943.
