Path Soviet Union finally ended in 1991, although in a sense, its agony lasted until 1993. The final privatization started only in 1992-1993, simultaneously with the transition to a new monetary system.
The bright period of the Soviet Union, more precisely, its dying, was the so-called "perestroika". But what brought the USSR first under perestroika, and then under the final dismantling of socialism and the Soviet system?
The year 1953 was marked by the death of the long-term de facto leader of the USSR, Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin. After his death, a struggle for power began between the most influential members of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU. On March 5, 1953, the most influential members of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU were Malenkov, Beria, Molotov, Voroshilov, Khrushchev, Bulganin, Kaganovich, Mikoyan. On September 7, 1953, at the plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU, N. S. Khrushchev was elected First Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU.
At the Twentieth Congress of the CPSU in February 1956, Stalin's personality cult was condemned. But the most important mine was placed under the very structure of the Leninist principle of the Soviet state at the XXII Congress in October 1961. This congress removed main principle building a communist society - the dictatorship of the proletariat, replacing it with the anti-scientific concept of a "state of the whole people". What was also terrible here was that this congress became a virtual mass of voiceless delegates. They accepted all the principles of a virtual revolution in the Soviet system. The first shoots of decentralization of the economic mechanism followed. But since the pioneers often do not stay in power for a long time, already in 1964 the plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU removed N. S. Khrushchev from the post of First Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU.
This time is often called the "restoration of the Stalinist order", the freezing of reforms. But this is only philistine thinking and a simplified worldview, in which there is no scientific approach. Because already in 1965 the tactic of market reforms won out in the socialist economy. The "People's State" came into its own. In fact, under the strict planning of the national economic complex, the result was summed up. The unified national economic complex began to unravel, and subsequently to disintegrate. One of the authors of the reform was A. N. Kosygin, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR. Reformers constantly boast that as a result of their reform, enterprises have gained "independence." In fact, this gave power to the directors of enterprises and the right to conduct speculative transactions. As a result, these actions led to the gradual emergence of shortages necessary products for the population.
We all remember the "golden days" of Soviet cinema in the 1970s. For example, in the film “Ivan Vasilyevich Changes His Profession”, the viewer is clearly shown how the actor Demyanenko, who plays the role of Shurik, buys the semiconductors he needs not in stores that are closed for repairs or for lunch for some reason, but from a speculator. A speculator who was kind of "condemned and condemned" by the Soviet society of that period.
The political and economic literature of that time acquires a unique anti-scientific terminology of "developed socialism". But what is "developed socialism"? Strictly following the Marxist-Leninist philosophy, we all know that socialism is a transitional period between capitalism and communism, a period of the withering away of the old order. An acute class struggle led by the working class. And what do we get as a result? That some incomprehensible stage of something appears there.
The same thing happened in the party apparatus. Hardened careerists and opportunists rather than ideologically hardened people began to willingly join the CPSU. The party apparatus becomes virtually uncontrolled by society. No trace of the dictatorship of the proletariat remains here.
In politics, at the same time, there is a tendency towards the irremovability of leading cadres, their physical aging and decrepitude. Career ambitions emerge. Soviet cinematography also did not ignore this moment. In some places this was ridiculed, but there were also brilliant tapes of that time that gave a critical analysis of the ongoing processes. For example, the film of 1982 - the social drama "Magistral", which posed with all its frankness the problem of decomposition and degradation in a single industry - on railway. But in the films of that time, mainly in comedies, we already find direct glorifications of individualism, ridicule of the working man. In this field, the film "Office Romance" especially distinguished itself.
There are already systematic disruptions in trade. Of course, now the directors of enterprises are in fact the masters of their destinies, they have “independence”.
Anti-communists often mention in their "scientific" and anti-scientific writings that in the 1980s the country was already seriously ill. Only an enemy can be closer than a friend. Even if we do not take into account the frank slop that the anti-communists poured out on the USSR, a rather difficult situation actually loomed in the country.
For example, I myself remember well how in the early 1980s we traveled from the “undeveloped” Pskov region of the RSFSR to the “developed” and “advanced” Estonian SSR for groceries.
Such a country approached the turn of the mid-1980s. Even from the films of that period, it is already clear that the country no longer believes in building communism. Even the 1977 film "Racers" clearly shows what ideas were in the minds of the townsfolk, although at that time they also tried to show the character of this film in a negative light.
In 1985, after a series of deaths of "irremovable" leaders, a relatively young politician, M. S. Gorbachev, came to power. His long speeches, the very meaning of which went into the void, could go on for many hours. But the time was such that the people, as in the old days, believed the deceitful reformers, since the main thing on their minds was changes in life. But what happens to the layman? What do I want - I do not know?
Perestroika became a catalyst for accelerating all the destructive processes in the USSR, which for a long time accumulated and smoldered. Already by 1986, openly anti-Soviet elements appeared, which set as their goal the dismantling of the workers' state and the restoration of the bourgeois order. By 1988 it was already an irreversible process.
Anti-Soviet groups of that period appeared in the culture of that time - "Nautilus Pompilius" and "Civil Defense". According to an old habit, the authorities try to "drive" everything that does not fit into the framework of the official culture. However, even here dialectics threw out strange things. Subsequently, it was the "Civil Defense" that became a bright revolutionary beacon of anti-capitalist protest, thereby forever fixing all the contradictory phenomena of that era behind the Soviet era, as rather Soviet than anti-Soviet phenomena. But even the criticism of that time was at a fairly professional level, which was clearly reflected in the song of the Aria group - “What did you do with your dream?”, where the entire path traveled is actually overturned as erroneous.
In its wake, the era of perestroika brought out the most disgusting characters, the vast majority of whom were just members of the CPSU. In Russia, B. N. Yeltsin became such a person, who lowered the country into a bloody mess. This is the shooting of the bourgeois parliament, which, out of habit, still had a Soviet shell, this Chechen War. In Latvia, such a character was the former member of the CPSU A. V. Gorbunov, who continued to rule bourgeois Latvia until the mid-1990s. These characters were praised by the Soviet encyclopedias of the 1980s, calling them "outstanding leaders of the party and government."
"Sausage inhabitants" usually judge the Soviet era by perestroika horror stories about Stalin's "terror", through the prism of their narrow-minded perception of empty shelves and shortages. But their mind refuses to accept the fact that it was the large-scale decentralization and capitalization of the country that led the USSR to such results.
But how much strength and mind of the ideological Bolsheviks was applied in order to raise their country to a cosmic level of development by the mid-1950s, to go through a terrible war with the most terrible enemy on Earth - fascism. The dismantling of communist development, which began in the 1950s, continued for more than 30 years, preserving the main features of socialist development and a just society. After all, at the beginning of its journey, the Communist Party was a truly ideological party - the vanguard of the working class, a beacon of the development of society.
Throughout this story, it is clearly manifested that not owning one's ideological weapon - Marxism-Leninism, leads the leaders of the party to the betrayal of the entire people.
We did not aim to analyze in detail all the stages of decomposition Soviet society. The purpose of this article is only to describe the chronology of some significant events of Soviet life and its individual significant aspects of the post-Stalin period.
Nevertheless, it would be fair to mention that the relative modernization of the country continued throughout the entire period of the country's existence. Until the end of the 1980s, we saw the positive development of many social institutions and technical development. Somewhere the pace of development slowed down significantly, something continued to remain at a very high level. Medicine and education developed, cities were built, infrastructure improved. The country moved forward by inertia.
In the Dark Ages, our path went at an accelerated pace and irreversibly only since 1991.
Andrey Krasny
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2017-Jun-Sun We have always said - and revolutions confirm this - that when it comes to the foundations of economic power, the power of the exploiters, to their property, which puts at their disposal the labor of tens of millions of workers https://website/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/horizontal_6.jpg , website - Socialist information resource [email protected]
The history of the Soviet Union is the most complex topic in history. It covers only 70 years of history, but the material in it needs to be studied many times more than in all the previous time! In this article, we will analyze what the general secretaries of the USSR were in chronological order, characterize each and give links to the relevant site materials on them!
The position of general secretary is the highest position in the party apparatus of the CPSU (b), and then in the CPSU. The person who occupied it was not only the leader of the party, but de facto the whole country. How is this possible, now let's figure it out! The title of the post was constantly changing: from 1922 to 1925 - General Secretary of the Central Committee of the RCP (b); from 1925 to 1953 she was called the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks; from 1953 to 1966 - First Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU; from 1966 to 1989 - General Secretary of the CPSU.
The position itself arose in April 1922. Prior to this, the position was called the chairman of the party and it was headed by V.I. Lenin.
Why was the head of the party the de facto head of the country? In 1922, this position was headed by Stalin. The influence of the position was such that he could form the congress at will, thereby securing full support in the party. By the way, such support was extremely important. Therefore, the struggle for power in the 20s of the last century took the form of discussions, in which victory meant life, and loss meant death, if not now, then in the future for sure.
I.V. Stalin understood this very well. Therefore, he insisted on creating such a position, which, in fact, he headed. But the main thing was different: in the 20s and 30s, historical process merger of the party apparatus with the state apparatus. This meant, for example, that the district committee of the party (the head of the district committee of the party) is in fact the head of the district, the city committee of the party is the head of the city, and the regional committee of the party is the head of the region. And the councils played a subordinate role.
It is important to remember here that the power in the country was Soviet - that is, real government bodies authorities were supposed to be advice. And they were, but only de jure (legally), formally, on paper, if you like. It was the party that determined all aspects of the development of the state.
So let's take a look at the main general secretaries.
He was the first General Secretary of the party, permanent until 1953 - until his death. The fact of the fusion of the party and state apparatus was expressed in the fact that from 1941 to 1953 he was also chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, and then the Council of Ministers of the USSR. If you are not aware, then the Council of People's Commissars and then the Council of Ministers is the Government of the USSR. If at all you are not in the subject, then.
Stalin stood at the origins of both the great victories of the Soviet Union and the great troubles in the history of our country. He was the author of the articles "The Year of the Great Break". He stood at the origins of super-industrialization and collectivization. It is with him that such concepts as the “cult of personality” are associated (for more on it, see and), the famine of the 30s, and the repressions of the 30s. In principle, under Khrushchev, Stalin was “blamed” with failures in the first months of the Great Patriotic War.
However, the unsurpassed growth of industrial construction in the 1930s is also associated with the name of Stalin. The USSR received its own heavy industry, which is how we still use it.
Stalin himself said this about the future of his name: “I know that after my death they will put a bunch of garbage on my grave, but the wind of history will ruthlessly dispel it!” So let's see how it goes!
N.S. Khrushchev served as General (or First) Secretary of the Party from 1953 to 1964. Many events from both world history and the history of Russia are associated with his name: Events in Poland, the Suez Crisis, Caribbean crisis, the slogan "Catch up and surpass America in the production of meat and milk per capita!", execution in Novocherkassk, and much more.
Khrushchev, in general, was a politician not very smart, but very intuitive. He perfectly understood how he would rise, because after the death of Stalin, the struggle for power again intensified. Many saw the future of the USSR not in Khrushchev, but in Malenkov, who then held the post of Chairman of the Council of Ministers. But Khrushchev took a strategically correct position.
Details about the USSR under him.
L.I. Brezhnev occupied main position in the party from 1964 to 1982. His time is otherwise called the period of "stagnation". The USSR began to turn into a "banana republic", the shadow economy grew, the shortage of consumer goods grew, and the Soviet nomenclature expanded. All these processes then led to a systemic crisis during the years of Perestroika, and in the end.
Leonid Ilyich himself was very fond of cars. The authorities blocked one of the rings around the Kremlin so that the Secretary General could try out a new model presented to him. Also, such a curious historical anecdote is associated with the name of his daughter. They say one day my daughter went to museums to look for some kind of necklace. Yes, yes, in museums, not in shops. As a result, in one of the museums, she pointed to the necklace and asked for it. The director of the museum called Leonid Ilyich and explained the situation. To which he received a clear answer: "Do not give!". Something like this.
And more about the USSR, Brezhnev.
M.S. Gorbachev held the party position in question from March 11, 1984 to August 24, 1991. His name is associated with such things as: Perestroika, the end of the Cold War, the fall of the Berlin Wall, the withdrawal of troops from Afghanistan, an attempt to create a JIT, the Putsch in August 1991. He was the first and last President of the USSR.
More about all this.
We have not named two more general secretaries. See them in this table with a photo:
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General secretaries of the USSR in chronological orderGeneral secretaries of the USSR in chronological order. Today they are already just a part of history, and once their faces were familiar to every single inhabitant of a vast country. The political system in the Soviet Union was such that citizens did not choose their leaders. The decision to appoint the next general secretary was made by the ruling elite. But, nevertheless, the people respected the state leaders and, for the most part, perceived this state of affairs as a given.
Joseph Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili (Stalin)
Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili, better known as Stalin, was born on December 18, 1879 in the Georgian city of Gori. He became the first general secretary of the CPSU. He received this position in 1922, when Lenin was still alive, and until the latter's death he played a secondary role in government.
When Vladimir Ilyich died, a serious struggle began for the highest post. Many of Stalin's competitors had a much better chance of taking him, but thanks to tough, uncompromising actions, Iosif Vissarionovich managed to emerge victorious from the game. Most of the other applicants were physically destroyed, some left the country.
In just a few years of rule, Stalin took the whole country under his "hedgehogs". By the beginning of the 1930s, he finally established himself as the sole leader of the people. The policy of the dictator went down in history:
mass repressions;
· total dispossession;
collectivization.
For this, Stalin was branded by his own followers during the “thaw”. But there is something for which Joseph Vissarionovich, according to historians, is worthy of praise. This is, first of all, the rapid transformation of a ruined country into an industrial and military giant, as well as a victory over fascism. It is quite possible that if the "cult of personality" was not so condemned by all, these achievements would have been unrealistic. Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin died on March 5, 1953.
Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev
Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev was born on April 15, 1894 in the Kursk province (the village of Kalinovka) into a simple working-class family. Participated in civil war where he took the side of the Bolsheviks. In the CPSU since 1918. In the late 1930s he was appointed secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine.
Soviet state Khrushchev took charge shortly after Stalin's death. At first, he had to compete with Georgy Malenkov, who also claimed the highest post and at that time was actually the leader of the country, chairing the Council of Ministers. But in the end, the coveted chair still remained with Nikita Sergeevich.
When Khrushchev was General Secretary, the Soviet country:
launched the first man into space and developed this sphere in every possible way;
· Actively built up five-story buildings, today called "Khrushchev";
planted the lion's share of the fields with corn, for which Nikita Sergeevich was even nicknamed the "maize man".
This ruler went down in history primarily with his legendary speech at the 20th Party Congress in 1956, where he branded Stalin and his bloody policies. From that moment, the so-called “thaw” began in the Soviet Union, when the grip of the state was loosened, cultural figures received some freedom, etc. All this lasted until the removal of Khrushchev from his post on October 14, 1964.
Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev
Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev was born in the Dnepropetrovsk region (village Kamenskoye) on December 19, 1906. His father was a metallurgist. In the CPSU since 1931. He occupied the main post of the country as a result of a conspiracy. It was Leonid Ilyich who led the group of members of the Central Committee that ousted Khrushchev.
The Brezhnev era in the history of the Soviet state is characterized as stagnation. The latter appeared as follows:
· the development of the country has stopped in almost all areas, except for the military-industrial;
The USSR began to seriously lag behind Western countries;
Citizens again felt the grip of the state, repressions and persecution of dissidents began.
Leonid Ilyich tried to improve relations with the United States, which had aggravated back in the time of Khrushchev, but he did not succeed very well. The arms race continued, and after the introduction Soviet troops to Afghanistan, it was impossible to even think about any kind of reconciliation. Brezhnev held a high post until his death, which occurred on November 10, 1982.
Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov
Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov was born in the station town of Nagutskoye (Stavropol Territory) on June 15, 1914. His father was a railroad worker. In the CPSU since 1939. He was active, which contributed to his rapid rise up the career ladder.
At the time of Brezhnev's death, Andropov headed the State Security Committee. He was elected by his associates to the highest post. The board of this general secretary covers a period of less than two years. Per given time Yuri Vladimirovich managed to fight a little with corruption in power. But he did nothing drastic. On February 9, 1984, Andropov died. The reason for this was a serious illness.
Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko
Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko was born in 1911 on September 24 in the Yenisei province (the village of Bolshaya Tes). His parents were peasants. In the CPSU since 1931. Since 1966 - Deputy of the Supreme Council. Appointed General Secretary of the CPSU on February 13, 1984.
Chernenko became the successor of Andropov's policy of identifying corrupt officials. He was in power for less than a year. The cause of his death on March 10, 1985 was also a serious illness.
Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev
Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev was born on March 2, 1931 in the North Caucasus (the village of Privolnoe). His parents were peasants. In the CPSU since 1952. He proved to be an active public figure. Moved quickly along the party line.
He was appointed Secretary General on March 11, 1985. He went down in history with the policy of "perestroika", which provided for the introduction of glasnost, the development of democracy, the provision of certain economic freedoms and other liberties to the population. Gorbachev's reforms led to mass unemployment, the liquidation of state-owned enterprises, and a total shortage of goods. This causes an ambiguous attitude towards the ruler from the side of citizens. former USSR, which just during the reign of Mikhail Sergeevich broke up.
But in the West, Gorbachev is one of the most respected Russian politicians. He was even awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. Gorbachev was Secretary General until August 23, 1991, and the USSR headed until December 25 of the same year.
All deceased general secretaries of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics are buried near the Kremlin wall. Their list was closed by Chernenko. Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev is still alive. In 2017, he turned 86 years old.
Photos of the General Secretaries of the USSR in chronological order
StalinKhrushchev
Brezhnev
Andropov
Chernenko
Due to the stampede that occurred during his coronation, many people died. So the name "Bloody" was attached to the kindest philanthropist Nikolai. In 1898, caring for world peace, he issued a manifesto in which he called on all countries of the world to completely disarm. After that, a special commission met in The Hague to develop a number of measures that could further prevent bloody clashes between countries and peoples. But the peace-loving emperor had to fight. First, in the First World War, then the Bolshevik coup broke out, as a result of which the monarch was overthrown, and then shot with his family in Yekaterinburg.
The Orthodox Church canonized Nicholas Romanov and his entire family as saints.
Lvov Georgy Evgenievich (1917)
After February Revolution became Chairman of the Provisional Government, which he headed from March 2, 1917 to July 8, 1917. Subsequently, he emigrated to France after the October Revolution.
Alexander Fedorovich (1917)
He was the chairman of the Provisional Government after Lvov.
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (Ulyanov) (1917 - 1922)
After the revolution in October 1917, in a short 5 years a new state was formed - the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922). One of the main ideologists and leader of the Bolshevik coup. It was V. I. who proclaimed two decrees in 1917: the first on the cessation of the war, and the second on the abolition of private land ownership and the transfer of all territories that previously belonged to the landowners for the use of workers. He died before reaching the age of 54 in Gorki. His body rests in Moscow, in the Mausoleum on Red Square.
Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin (Dzhugashvili) (1922 - 1953)
General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party. When the country was established a totalitarian regime and a bloody dictatorship. He forcibly carried out collectivization in the country, driving peasants into collective farms and depriving them of their property and passports, in fact resuming serfdom. At the cost of hunger, he arranged industrialization. During his reign, arrests and executions of all dissidents, as well as "enemies of the people," were massively carried out in the country. Most of the country's entire intelligentsia perished in Stalin's Gulags. Won Second world war by defeating with allies Nazi Germany. Died of a stroke.
Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev (1953 - 1964)
After Stalin's death, having entered into an alliance with Malenkov, he removed Beria from power, and took the place of the General Secretary of the Communist Party. He debunked Stalin's personality cult. In 1960, at a meeting of the UN Assembly, he called on countries to disarm and asked for China to be included in the Security Council. But foreign policy The USSR has been getting tougher since 1961. Agreement for a three-year moratorium on testing nuclear weapons was violated by the USSR. The Cold War began with Western countries and, first of all, with the USA.
Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev (1964 - 1982)
He led a conspiracy against N. S., as a result of which he removed him to the post of general secretary. The time of his reign is called "stagnation". Total shortage of absolutely all consumer goods. The whole country stands in kilometer queues. Corruption flourishes. Many public figures persecuted for dissent, leave the country. This wave of emigration was later called the "brain drain". The last public appearance of L. I. took place in 1982. He took the Parade on Red Square. In the same year he died.
Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov (1983 - 1984)
Former head of the KGB. Having become the general secretary, he treated his position accordingly. AT working time prohibited the appearance on the streets of adults without good reason. Died of kidney failure.
Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko (1984 - 1985)
No one in the country took seriously the appointment of the seriously ill 72-year-old Chernenok to the post of general secretary. He was considered a kind of "intermediate" figure. He spent most of his reign of the USSR in the Central Clinical Hospital. He became the last ruler of the country, who was buried at the Kremlin wall.
Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev (1985 - 1991)
The first and only president of the USSR. He began a series of democratic reforms in the country, called "Perestroika". He freed the country from the "Iron Curtain", stopped the persecution of dissidents. There is freedom of speech in the country. Opened the market for trade with Western countries. stopped cold war. Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
Boris Nikolaevich Yeltsin (1991 - 1999)
Twice elected to the presidency Russian Federation. The economic crisis in the country, caused by the collapse of the USSR, exacerbated the contradictions in political system countries. Yeltsin's opponent was vice-president Rutskoi, who, by storming the Ostankino television center and the Moscow mayor's office, launched a coup d'état, which was suppressed. I was seriously ill. During the illness, the country was temporarily ruled by V. S. Chernomyrdin. B. I. Yeltsin announced his resignation in his New Year's address to the Russians. Passed away in 2007.
Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (1999 - 2008)
Yeltsin appointed acting. president, after the election became the full president of the country.
Dmitry Anatolyevich Medvedev (2008 - 2012)
Protege V.V. Putin. He acted as president for four years, after which V.V. became president again. Putin.
Historians call the dates of Stalin's reign the period from 1929 to 1953. Joseph Stalin (Dzhugashvili) was born on December 21, 1879. Many contemporaries of the Soviet era associate the years of Stalin's rule not only with victory over Nazi Germany and an increase in the level of industrialization of the USSR, but also with numerous repressions of the civilian population.
During the reign of Stalin, about 3 million people were imprisoned and sentenced to death. And if we add to them those sent into exile, dispossessed and deported, then the victims among the civilian population in the Stalin era can be counted as about 20 million people. Now many historians and psychologists are inclined to believe that the situation within the family and upbringing in childhood had a huge influence on Stalin's character.
The formation of Stalin's tough character
From reliable sources it is known that Stalin's childhood was not the happiest and most cloudless. The leader's parents often cursed in front of their son. The father drank a lot and allowed himself to beat his mother in front of little Joseph. The mother, in turn, took out her anger on her son, beat and humiliated him. The unfavorable atmosphere in the family greatly affected Stalin's psyche. Even as a child, Stalin understood a simple truth: whoever is stronger is right. This principle became the motto of the future leader in life. He was also guided by him in governing the country.
In 1902, Joseph Vissarionovich organized a demonstration in Batumi, this step was his first in political career. A little later, Stalin became the Bolshevik leader, and Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (Ulyanov) is among his best friends. Stalin fully shares the revolutionary ideas of Lenin.
In 1913, Joseph Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili first used his pseudonym - Stalin. From that time on, he became known by this surname. Few people know that before the surname Stalin, Joseph Vissarionovich tried on about 30 pseudonyms that never took root.
Stalin's reign
The period of Stalin's rule begins in 1929. Almost all the time of the reign of Joseph Stalin is accompanied by collectivization, mass death of the civilian population and famine. In 1932, Stalin adopted the law "on three spikelets". According to this law, a starving peasant who stole ears of wheat from the state was immediately subject to the highest penalty - execution. All the saved bread in the state was sent abroad. This was the first stage in the industrialization of the Soviet state: the purchase modern technology foreign production.
During the reign of Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin, mass repressions of the peaceful population of the USSR were carried out. The beginning of the repressions was laid in 1936, when the post of People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR was taken by Yezhov N.I. In 1938, on the orders of Stalin, his close friend, Bukharin, was shot. During this period, many residents of the USSR were exiled to the Gulag or shot. Despite all the cruelty of the measures taken, Stalin's policy was aimed at raising the state and its development.
Pros and cons of Stalin's rule
Minuses:
- tough government policy:
- the almost complete destruction of the highest army officials, intellectuals and scientists (who thought differently from the government of the USSR);
- repression of wealthy peasants and the believing population;
- widening "chasm" between the elite and the working class;
- oppression of the civilian population: wages in products instead of cash rewards, working hours up to 14 hours;
- propaganda of anti-Semitism;
- about 7 million starvation deaths during the period of collectivization;
- prosperity of slavery;
- selective development of branches of the economy of the Soviet state.
Pros:
- the creation of a protective nuclear shield in the post-war period;
- an increase in the number of schools;
- creation of children's clubs, sections and circles;
- space exploration;
- lower prices for consumer goods;
- low prices for utilities;
- development of the industry of the Soviet state on the world stage.
In the Stalin era, the social system of the USSR was formed, social, political and economic institutions. Iosif Vissarionovich completely abandoned the NEP policy, carried out the modernization of the Soviet state at the expense of the village. Thanks to the strategic qualities of the Soviet leader, the USSR won the Second World War. The Soviet state began to be called a superpower. The USSR became a member of the UN Security Council. The era of Stalin's rule ended in 1953. N. Khrushchev replaced him as chairman of the government of the USSR.
Thematic materials:Updated: 10/19/2019103583If you notice an error, select a piece of text and press Ctrl + Enter
