How many independent states did the Soviet Union break up into. After the collapse of the USSR

The criteria for the power of all empires from antiquity to the present day are approximately the same - a prosperous economy, a strong army, advanced science and ambitious citizens. But all great powers die in different ways. The USSR stands apart here, which collapsed despite the presence of the main condition for its existence - a submissive population, ready to endure violations of human rights and inconvenience in everyday life in exchange for the greatness of their country. The mentality of this population has been preserved in modern capitalist Russia, but these people betrayed their socialist homeland in 1991 and did not save it.

The main reason is the fact that V.I. Lenin and the Bolsheviks managed to win over more people than other reformers. However, this was by no means a democratic process, when people make a conscious and balanced choice.

The Bolsheviks achieved success thanks to several factors:

Their development program may not have been the best, but their slogans were simple and clear to the illiterate majority population;
The Bolsheviks were more resolute and more active than their political opponents, including in matters of the use of violence;
Both whites and reds made mistakes and shed blood, but the latter felt better the mood and aspirations of the people;
The Bolsheviks managed to find foreign sources of funding for their activities.

The Soviet state was born as a result of a long overdue revolution and a bloody civil war. The monarchy brought the people to such a point that the most opposite model of development to it seemed to many to be the only true one.

What was really good in the USSR?

The Evil Empire lived up to its name. Repressions, Gulags, mysterious deaths of great poets and other hard-hitting pages of history have not yet been thoroughly studied. However, some positive points still took place:

Elimination of illiteracy. By the end of existence Russian Empire According to various estimates, from 30 to 56 percent of the population were literate. It took about 20 years to improve such a catastrophic situation;
Lack of social stratification. If you do not take into account the ruling elite, then among the citizens there was no such monstrous inequality in living standards and wages, as in tsarist or modern Russia;
Equality of Opportunity. People from worker-peasant families could rise to the highest positions. In the Politburo there were a majority of them;
The cult of science. Unlike today, on television and in the media, much attention was paid not only to the activities of the first persons of the state, but also to science.

The world is not divided only into black and white; many phenomena in our life are very contradictory. The USSR hindered the development of the Eastern European and Baltic countries, but gave medicine, education and infrastructure to the Central Asian republics.

In 1939, a non-aggression pact was signed, in the secret protocol of which the countries divided Eastern Europe. The same year was marked by a solemn parade of the Wehrmacht and the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army in Brest.

At first glance, there was no reason for the war. But it did, and here's why:

In 1940, the Soviet Union failed to reach an agreement with the Axis countries (Third Reich, fascist Italy, Japanese Empire) on the conditions for joining the Berlin Pact (an agreement on the division of Europe and Asia). most big country there were few of the territories that Germany proposed in the world, so it was not possible to agree. Many experts on World War II believe that it was after these events that Hitler finally decided to attack the USSR;
According to the trade agreement, the Soviet Union was already supplying raw materials and food to the Third Reich, but this was not enough for Hitler. He wanted to get the entire resource base of the USSR;
Hitler had a strong dislike for Jews and Communism. In the Land of the Soviets, his two main objects of hatred were woven together.

The logical and obvious reasons for the attack are listed here, what other ulterior motives Hitler was guided by is unknown.

The main reason is that people no longer wanted to live in this state. Watching today a large number of nostalgic and wishing to revive the Union, we can conclude that in 1991 the majority did not draw intellectual conclusions, but only wanted changes because there was nothing to eat.

Among the others reasons for the collapse the following should be highlighted:

Inefficient economy. If the socialist system managed to solve at least the problem of food shortages, then the population could endure the lack of normal clothes, equipment and cars for a long time;
Bureaucracy. Key and leading positions were appointed not by professionals in their field, but by members of the Communist Party, who strictly followed instructions from above;
Propaganda and censorship. Streams of propaganda were endless, and information about emergencies and disasters was hushed up and hidden;
Weak industrial diversification. There was nothing to export except oil and weapons. When the price of oil collapsed, problems began;
Lack of individual freedom. It was holding back creative potential people, including those in the scientific discoveries and innovation. The result was a technical backlog in many industries;
Isolation of the ruling elite from the population. While the people were forced to be content with low-quality creations of the mass industry of the USSR, members of the Politburo had access to all the benefits of ideological opponents from the West.

To finally understand the reasons for the collapse of the Soviet Union, you need to look at the modern Korean Peninsula. In 1945, South Korea came under the jurisdiction of the United States, and North - the USSR. IN North Korea in the 90s there was famine, and according to 2006 data, a third of the population was chronically malnourished. South Korea is the "Asian tiger", with an area smaller than the Orenburg region, this country now produces everything from phones and computers to cars and the world's largest ships.

Video: 6 reasons for the collapse of the USSR in 6 minutes

In this video, historian Oleg Perov will talk about 6 main reasons why the Soviet Union ceased to exist in December 1991:

The collapse of the USSR- the processes of systemic disintegration that took place in the economy, the national economy, social structure, public and political sphere which led to the demise of the USSR on December 26, 1991. These processes were caused by the desire of the bourgeoisie and their henchmen to seize power. The second nomenclature redistribution of the CPSU, carried out under the leadership of M. S. Gorbachev, did not allow successfully resisting attempts to collapse.

The collapse of the USSR led to the “independence” of 15 republics of the USSR (and de facto to the dependence of many republics like Georgia on the United States and other imperialist powers) and their emergence on the world political arena as independent states.

background

With the exception of , there were no organized movements or parties in any of the Central Asian union republics that aimed at achieving independence. Among the Muslim republics, with the exception of the Azerbaijani Popular Front, the movement for independence existed only in one of the autonomous republics of the Volga region - the Ittifak party, which advocated the independence of Tatarstan.

Immediately after the events, independence was proclaimed by almost all the remaining union republics, as well as several autonomous ones outside of Russia, some of which later became the so-called. unrecognized states.

Legislative registration of the consequences of the collapse

On August 24, 1991, the all-Union administration of the country was destroyed. A lack of confidence in the Cabinet of Ministers of the USSR was initiated. A new cabinet of ministers was not formed. In its place, a committee for operational management was created. national economy THE USSR. Only 4 all-union ministers remained in it: Bakatin Vadim Viktorovich - Chairman of the USSR State Security Committee, Shaposhnikov Evgeny Ivanovich - Minister of Defense of the USSR, Barannikov Viktor Pavlovich - Minister of Internal Affairs of the USSR (all three were appointed by decrees of the President of the USSR of August 23, 1991, still as members of the Cabinet of Ministers of the USSR, but consent to their appointment was given by the Decree of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of August 29, 1991 No. 2370-I after the resignation of the entire composition of the Cabinet of Ministers), Pankin Boris Dmitrievich - Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR (appointed by Decree of the President of the USSR of August 28 1991 No. UP-2482).
On August 24, 1991, Ukraine leaves the USSR. The Supreme Council of Ukraine decides -

“The Supreme Council of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic solemnly proclaims the independence of Ukraine and the creation of an independent Ukrainian state - Ukraine. The territory of Ukraine is indivisible and inviolable. From now on, only the Constitution and laws of Ukraine are in force on the territory of Ukraine».

On August 25, 1991, Belarus leaves the USSR (accepting a declaration of independence).
On September 5, 1991, the Committee for the Operational Management of the National Economy of the USSR took shape as the Inter-Republican Economic Committee of the USSR.
September 19, 1991 - the name of the country and state symbols were changed in Belarus.
On November 14, 1991, the inter-republican economic committee of the USSR already officially calls itself an interstate committee. In fact, it is already a superstructure between independent states.
December 8, 1991. De facto independent Ukraine and Belarus conclude an agreement with Russia on the creation of the CIS, which allows them to partially announce the state of affairs to the people and create a body to which the remaining all-Union ministries can be subordinated. The Supreme Soviet of the USSR loses its quorum, because delegates from the RSFSR were recalled from the Supreme Soviet.
December 21, 1991. The Central Asian republics are moving from the USSR to the CIS.
December 25, 1991. The resignation of the President of the USSR M.S. Gorbachev and the official demise of the USSR
December 26, 1991. The Supreme Soviet of the USSR self-dissolves.
January 16, 1992. The oath of the USSR troops was changed to "I swear to sacredly fulfill the Constitution and the laws of my state and the state of the Commonwealth, on whose territory I perform military duty." The process of mass transfer of Soviet troops to the service of independent states as part of entire divisions begins.
March 21, 1992. Only 9 countries participate in the formation of the USSR troops. They are renamed to "United Armed forces CIS".
July 25 - August 9, 1992 Last performance USSR national team (Joint Team) at the Olympic Games.
December 9, 1992. Russia introduces inserts in Soviet passports to separate its citizens from the citizens of the USSR.
July 26, 1993. The ruble zone of the USSR was destroyed.
August 1993 - the troops of the USSR were finally disbanded, only air defense remained all-union. Also, Russian border guards continue to work in some countries.
January 1, 1994. Ukraine began to exchange Soviet passports for Ukrainian ones.
February 10, 1995. The All-Union Air Defense once again confirms its status as the "unified air defense of the CIS." At the same time, the troops have an oath already to their states. At that time, troops from 10 countries were in the All-Union Air Defense. For 2013, the agreement was valid in the following countries - Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan.
January 1, 2002. It is forbidden to enter Ukraine on a USSR passport without a foreign passport.

The collapse of the USSR occurred in 1991, and the history of Russia began. Numerous states that quite recently called themselves "brothers forever" now fiercely defended the right to sovereignty, and even fought with each other.

Meanwhile reasons for the collapse of the USSR lie on the surface, moreover, the collapse of the Soviet empire was inevitable.

Reasons for the collapse of the USSR: why did the Union collapse?

Historians, sociologists and political scientists identify several main reasons collapse of the USSR:

Totalitarian regime. A country where any dissent is punishable by death, imprisonment or a certificate of incapacity is doomed to death, so only the "capture" will be at least a little weakened and citizens will be able to raise their heads.
International conflicts. Despite the declared "brotherhood of peoples", in reality the Soviet state simply turned a blind eye to ethnic strife, preferred not to notice and hush up the problem. Therefore, at the end of the 80s, a long-awaited explosion occurred in several places at once - these are Georgia, and Chechnya, and Karabakh, and Tatarstan.
Economic downturn. After the global fall in oil prices, the Union had a hard time - many still remember the total shortage of all products and huge queues.
"Iron Curtain" and " cold war". The Soviet Union artificially whipped up anti-Western hysteria, convincing its citizens that there were only enemies everywhere, spending huge amounts of money on defense and the arms race, ridiculing and forbidding any trends from the rest of the world. Forbidden fruit is sweet, and in time Soviet people began to feel much more confidence in both the things and the ideas of the Western world.

From the USSR to the CIS.

1991 became the year of the collapse of the USSR, and Mikhail Gorbachev resigned as president. A new state arose - Russia, and a new "union" of free independent countries - the CIS. This association included all the former republics of the Soviet Union - but now each of them lived according to its own laws, maintaining only neighborly relations with others.

On this moment there is no consensus on what are the prerequisites for the collapse of the USSR. However, most scientists are unanimous in the fact that their beginnings were laid in the very ideology of the Bolsheviks, who, albeit in many respects formally, recognized the right of nations to self-determination. The weakening of the central government provoked the formation of new power centers on the outskirts of the state. It is worth noting that similar processes took place at the very beginning of the 20th century, during the period of revolutions and the collapse of the Russian Empire.

In short, the reasons for the collapse of the USSR are as follows:

the crisis provoked by the planned nature of the economy and led to a shortage of many consumer goods;
unsuccessful, largely ill-conceived, reforms that led to a sharp deterioration in living standards;
mass dissatisfaction of the population with interruptions in food supplies;
the ever-increasing gap in the standard of living between the citizens of the USSR and the citizens of the countries of the capitalist camp;
aggravation of national contradictions;
weakening of the central government;
authoritarian character Soviet society, including strict censorship, banning the church and so on.

The processes that led as a result to the collapse of the USSR were identified already in the 80s. On the background general crisis, which only deepened by the beginning of the 90s, there is an increase in nationalist tendencies in almost all union republics. The first to leave the USSR are: Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia. They are followed by Georgia, Azerbaijan, Moldova and Ukraine.

The collapse of the USSR was the result of the events of August - December 1991. After the August coup, the activity of the CPSU party in the country was suspended. The Supreme Soviet of the USSR and the Congress of People's Deputies lost power. The last Congress in history took place in September 1991 and announced its self-dissolution. During this period, the supreme authority was State Council The USSR was headed by Gorbachev, the first and only president of the USSR. His attempts to prevent both the economic and political collapse of the USSR, undertaken by him in the autumn, did not bring success. As a result, on December 8, 1991, after the signing of the Belovezhskaya Agreement by the heads of Ukraine, Belarus and Russia, the Soviet Union ceased to exist. At the same time, there was the formation of the CIS - the Commonwealth of Independent States. The collapse of the Soviet Union was the largest geopolitical catastrophe of the 20th century, with global consequences.

Here are just the main consequences of the collapse of the USSR:

Sharp decline in production in all countries former USSR and a decline in the standard of living of the population;

The territory of Russia has shrunk by a quarter;

Access to seaports became more difficult again;

The population of Russia has decreased - in fact by half;

The emergence of numerous national conflicts and the emergence of territorial claims between the former republics of the USSR;

Globalization began - the processes gradually gained momentum that turned the world into a single political, informational, economic system;

The world became unipolar, and the United States remained the only superpower.

Today is a significant date: 18 years ago, in December 1991, the Soviet Union officially ordered a long life. It should be noted that in fact the "Union Soviet socialist republics” ceased to exist about a year before, by the time when almost all of its constituent republics declared their sovereignty or even independence. The declarations of these decisions also contained the rejection of the definitions "Soviet" and "socialist", therefore the name of the USSR in 1991 was used only out of inertia. The collapsing state was finally knocked down by the August “coup of shaking hands”, and in December it was all over.

I propose to trace how the former colossus agonized:

1988
February 20th- Extraordinary session of the Regional Council of the Nagorno-Karabakh autonomous region(NKAR) decided to ask the Supreme Soviets of the Azerbaijan and Armenian USSR to transfer the region from Azerbaijan to Armenia, as well as the Supreme Council of the USSR - to support such a solution to the issue.
June 14- The Supreme Council of the Armenian SSR gave its consent to the inclusion of the NKAR into the republic.
June 17- The Supreme Council of the Azerbaijan SSR decided to keep the NKAO within the AzSSR.
22nd of June- repeated appeal of the regional council of the NKAO to the Supreme Council of the USSR on the transfer of the region to Armenia.
July, 12- The session of the regional council of the NKAO decided to withdraw from the Azerbaijan SSR.
July 18- The Presidium of the Supreme Council of the USSR announced that it considered it impossible to change the borders and the national-territorial division of the Azerbaijan and Armenian SSR established on a constitutional basis.
11 September- the first public call for the restoration of Estonian independence on the Singing Field.
October 6- The Supreme Council of the Latvian SSR adopted a resolution on giving the status of the state language to the Latvian language.
October 30- A popular vote on the question of the language in the Estonian SSR.
November 16- at an extraordinary session of the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR, the Declaration on Sovereignty and the Declaration on the Union Treaty were adopted.
November 17-18- at the session of the Supreme Council of the Lithuanian SSR, an amendment to the constitution of the republic was adopted, providing for giving the status of the state language to the Lithuanian language.
November 26- The Presidium of the Supreme Council of the USSR declared the decisions of the Supreme Council of Estonia dated 11/16/88 invalid due to inconsistency with the constitution of the Union.
December 5-7- The Supreme Council of the Estonian SSR made changes to the constitution of the republic, according to which the Estonian language becomes the state language on its territory.
1989
January 12- The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR introduced a special form of government in the NKAO.
February 22- the appeal of the highest authorities and the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Estonian SSR on the announcement of February 24 as the Independence Day of Estonia was published.
18th of March- in the village of Lykhny of the Gudauta region of the Abkhaz ASSR, a gathering of many thousands of Abkhazians took place, in which both ordinary workers and party and government leaders of the republic took part. The question of the political status of the Abkhaz Republic was on the agenda. The meeting resulted in the adoption of a special appeal to the leaders of the USSR and leading scientists of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR - the "Lykhny Appeal" with a request to "return political, economic and cultural sovereignty to Abkhazia within the framework of the Leninist idea of federation." More than 30 thousand people put their signatures under the appeal.
May 7- The session of the Supreme Council of Latvia adopted a law on the language, which gave Latvian the status of a state language.
May 18- The Supreme Council of the Lithuanian SSR adopted the Declaration on the State Sovereignty of the Republic. The Supreme Soviets of Lithuania and Estonia condemned the Soviet-German treaty of 1939 and demanded that it be recognized as illegal from the moment it was signed. Later, the Supreme Council of Latvia joined them.
May 29- The Supreme Council of the Armenian SSR adopted a decree recognizing May 28 as the Day of the Restoration of Armenian Statehood.
June 6- a message was published on the adoption by the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR of a law on languages, by which Ukrainian gets the status of a state language, Russian is recognized as the language of interethnic communication.
July 28th- The Supreme Council of the Latvian SSR adopted a law on the sovereignty of the republic.
August 22- The commission of the Supreme Council of the Lithuanian SSR for the study of German-Soviet treaties and their consequences stated that, since these treaties are illegal, they have no legal force, which means that the Declaration on the entry of Lithuania into the USSR and the USSR Law on the admission of the Lithuanian SSR to the USSR are not valid.
September 1- The session of the Supreme Council of the Moldavian SSR adopted a law on the language, recognizing Moldavian as the state language, Moldavian and Russian as languages of interethnic communication.
September 19- convened a plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU on the national question.
23 September- The Supreme Council of the Azerbaijan SSR adopted a law on the sovereignty of the republic.
September 25- The Lithuanian Supreme Soviet declared the accession of the republic to the USSR in 1940 illegal.
October 21- The Supreme Council of the Uzbek SSR adopted a law on the state language (Uzbek).
10th of November- The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted a resolution on the inconsistency of certain legislative acts of the union republics (Azerbaijan, the Baltic states) with the constitution of the USSR. The Council of People's Deputies of the South Ossetian Autonomous Region of the Georgian SSR decided to transform it into an autonomous republic.
November 19- The Supreme Council of the Georgian SSR adopted an amendment to the republican constitution, giving it the right to veto union laws and declaring natural resources the property of the republic. The right to freely secede from the USSR was confirmed.
November 27- The Supreme Council of the USSR adopted a law on the economic independence of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia.
December 1- The Supreme Council of the Armenian SSR adopted a resolution "On the reunification of the Armenian SSR and Nagorno-Karabakh."
December 3- a referendum was held in Rybnitsa on the advisability of establishing a Pridnestrovian Autonomous Socialist Republic. 91.1% of those who took part in the voting supported the creation of autonomy.
December 4- The Supreme Council of the Azerbaijan SSR adopted a resolution "On measures to normalize the situation in the Nagorno-Karabakh region of the Azerbaijan SSR."
December 7- The Supreme Council of Lithuania canceled the 6th article of the constitution of the republic on the leading and guiding role of the Communist Party.
1990
January 10- The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted resolutions on the inconsistency of the Armenian acts on the NKAO with the constitution of the USSR and the incompetence of the Azerbaijani decisions.
January 15- The Presidium of the Supreme Council of the USSR adopted a decree "On declaring a state of emergency in the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region and some other regions."
January 19- the independence of the Nakhichevan ASSR was proclaimed
January 22- The Supreme Soviet of the Azerbaijan SSR declared the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated 19.01.90 aggression against the republic.
January 26- The Supreme Council of the Byelorussian SSR adopted a law on languages, according to which Belarusian was proclaimed the state language of the republic.
9th of March- The Supreme Council of Georgia adopted a decree on guarantees for the protection of the republic's sovereignty. The treaty of 1921 and the union treaty of 1922 were denounced.
11th of March- session of the Supreme Council of Lithuania. The act "On the restoration of the independent Lithuanian state" was adopted. The Lithuanian SSR was renamed the Republic of Lithuania. The effect of the Constitution of the USSR and the Lithuanian SSR on the territory of the republic was cancelled.
March 12- The III Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR abolished the 6th article of the Constitution of the USSR (“The leading and guiding force of Soviet society, the core of its political system, state and public organizations is the CPSU"). After that, about 30 different parties arose in a few days.
March 14th- At the same Congress, a decision was made to establish the post of President of the USSR. elected by him general secretary Central Committee of the CPSU and Chairman of the Supreme Soviet M.S. Gorbachev.
March 23- The Communist Party of the Estonian SSR announced its withdrawal from the CPSU.
March 24- at the session of the Supreme Soviet of the Uzbek SSR, the 1st Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party I.A. Karimov.
30th of March- The Supreme Council of Estonia adopted the law "On the state status of Estonia", which denies the legality state power USSR in Estonia from the moment of its establishment and proclaiming the beginning of the restoration of the Republic of Estonia.
April 3- The Supreme Council of the USSR adopted the law "On the procedure for resolving issues related to the withdrawal of a union republic from the USSR." In particular, they declared legally void the declarations of the Supreme Soviets of the Baltic republics on the annulment of entry into the USSR and the legal consequences and decisions arising from this.
April 24- The Supreme Council of the Kazakh SSR elected the first secretary of the Communist Party N.A. Nazarbayev.
26 April- The Supreme Council of the USSR adopted the law "On the delimitation of powers between the USSR and the subjects of the federation." According to him, "autonomous republics are Soviet socialist states that are subjects of the federation - the USSR"
May 4th- The Supreme Council of Latvia adopted the Declaration on the Restoration of the Independence of the Republic of Latvia.
May 8- The Estonian SSR is officially renamed the Republic of Estonia.
12 June- The 1st Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR adopted the Declaration on State Sovereignty of the RSFSR.
June 20- The Supreme Council of Uzbekistan adopted the Declaration on the Sovereignty of the Uzbek SSR.
June 23- The Supreme Council of Moldova adopted the Declaration of Sovereignty of the SSR Moldova, and also approved the Conclusion of the Special Commission on the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, in which the creation of the Moldavian SSR was declared illegal, and Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina were declared occupied Romanian territories.
July 16- The Supreme Council of the Ukrainian SSR adopted the Declaration on the State Sovereignty of Ukraine.
July 20- The Supreme Council of the North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic adopted the Declaration on the State Sovereignty of the Republic.
July 27- The Supreme Soviet of the Byelorussian SSR adopted the Declaration on the State Sovereignty of Belarus.
August 1- the Statement of the Council of the Baltic States was published stating that they do not consider it possible to participate in the development of the Union Treaty.
August 17- M.S. Gorbachev on maneuvers in the Odessa military district: "In the form in which the Soviet Union has existed so far, it has exhausted its capabilities."
August 19- The independence of Gagauzia from Moldova was proclaimed.
August 22- The Supreme Council of the Republic adopted the Declaration "On State Independence of the Turkmen SSR".
August 23- The Supreme Council of the Armenian SSR adopted the Declaration of Independence. A new name was approved: "Republic of Armenia", which, however, remained part of the USSR.
24 August- The Supreme Council of Tajikistan adopted the Declaration on State Sovereignty of the Tajik SSR.
25-th of August- The Abkhaz part of the deputies of the Supreme Council of the Abkhaz ASSR adopted the Declaration "On the state sovereignty of the Abkhaz SSR" and the resolution "On legal guarantees for the protection of the statehood of Abkhazia."
August, 26th- The Supreme Council of the Georgian SSR declared the acts of the Supreme Council of Abkhazia invalid.
September 2- at the II Extraordinary Congress of Deputies of all levels of Pridnestrovie, it was decided to proclaim the Pridnestrovian Moldavian SSR as part of the Soviet Union.
September 3- by the decision of the Supreme Soviet of the SSR Moldova, M.I. was appointed the President of the Republic. Snegur.
September 20- The Council of People's Deputies of the South Ossetian Autonomous Region proclaimed the South Ossetian Soviet Democratic Republic, the Declaration of National Sovereignty was adopted.
the 25th of October- The Supreme Council of the Kazakh SSR adopted the Declaration on the state sovereignty of the republic.
27th October- President of the Academy of Sciences A.A. Akaev. The 1st Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party and Chairman of the Supreme Soviet S.A. was elected President of the Turkmen SSR by popular vote. Niyazov ("for" voted 98.3% of voters).
November 14- The Supreme Council of the Republic of Georgia adopted the law “On Declaring a Transitional Period” in order to prepare the foundations for “restoring the full state independence of Georgia”. All former state attributes of the Georgian SSR (anthem, state flag and coat of arms) have been changed.
November 24- a draft Union Treaty, providing for the creation of a Union of sovereign Soviet republics, was submitted for public discussion.
December 15- The Supreme Soviet of the Kirghiz SSR adopted the Declaration on State Sovereignty of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan.
December 9-10- Elections to the Supreme Council of the South Ossetian Republic (residents of Georgian nationality boycotted them). T. Kulumbegov was elected Chairman of the Supreme Council. The Supreme Council of the Republic of Georgia decided to abolish the Ossetian autonomy.
December 17- at the first meeting of the IV Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR, a proposal was put forward for a vote of no confidence in the President of the USSR (author - S. Umalatova).
December 22- Decree of the President of the USSR "On measures to normalize the situation in the SSR Moldova", which drew attention to the fact that "in a number of acts adopted by the Supreme Council of the Republic, the civil rights of the population of non-Moldovan nationality are infringed." At the same time, the decisions on the proclamation of the Gagauz Republic and the TMSSR were declared null and void.
December 24- The 4th Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR, at the initiative of the President, adopted a resolution on holding a USSR referendum on the question of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
27th of December- at the IV Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR, G.N. Yanaev. The Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR adopted a resolution declaring January 7 (Christmas Day) a non-working day.
? December- The Supreme Council of the Adzharian ASSR of the Georgian SSR decided to rename it to the Adzharian Autonomous Republic.
1991
January 12- the Treaty on the Foundations was signed in Tallinn interstate relations RSFSR with the Republic of Estonia. In Article I of the Treaty, the parties recognized each other as independent states.
January 20th- the first referendum in the history of the USSR was held on the territory of the Crimean Autonomous Region, in which 81.3% of voters participated. To the question: “Are you for the re-establishment of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic as a subject of the USSR and a participant in the Union Treaty?” - 93.26% of the referendum participants answered positively.
28 January- President of the USSR M.S. Gorbachev confirmed the constitutional right of Estonia (and other union republics) to withdraw from the USSR.
February- By the beginning of the month, the decision not to participate in the referendum on March 17 was announced by the Baltic republics, as well as Armenia, Georgia and Moldova. Lithuanian independence is recognized by Iceland.
12th of February- The Supreme Soviet of Ukraine adopted the Law "On the Restoration of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic" (within the territory of the Crimean region as part of the Ukrainian SSR).
March, 3rd- a referendum on the independence of the Republic of Estonia, in which only successive citizens of the Republic of Estonia (mainly Estonians by nationality), as well as persons who received the so-called "green cards" of the Congress of Estonia, took part. 78% of those who voted supported the idea of independence from the USSR.
9th of March- the revised draft of the Treaty on the Union of Sovereign Republics was published.
March 17- A USSR referendum was held on the issue of preserving the Soviet Union as a renewed federation of equal sovereign republics. It was held in 9 union republics (RSFSR, Ukraine, Belarus, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan), as well as in the republics that are part of the RSFSR, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan and Georgia, in Transnistria.
April 9- The Supreme Council of the Republic of Georgia adopted the “Act on the Restoration of the State Independence of Georgia”.
May 4th- The assembly of deputies of the councils of South Ossetia at all levels voted (with 1 vote against) for the abolition of the self-proclaimed Republic of South Ossetia and the return to the status of an autonomous region. This decision was rejected by the Supreme Council of Georgia.
22nd of May- The Supreme Council of the USSR adopted a resolution demanding that the text of the draft Union Treaty be brought into line with the results of the referendum.
May, 23rd- The Supreme Soviet of the SSR Moldova adopted a law on renaming the Republic of Moldova.
26 of May- presidential elections were held in Georgia, which were won by the chairman of the Supreme Council Z.K. Gamsakhurdia.
June 7- The Supreme Council of Ukraine decided to transfer all state-owned enterprises and organizations of union subordination under the control of the republic.
12 June- elections of the President of the RSFSR, the victory was won by the Chairman of the Supreme Council B.N. Yeltsin (57.30% of the votes "for").
July 17th- an Appeal to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR was published by representatives of the regions (Pridnestrovian Moldavian SSR, Gagauz Republic, Abkhaz Autonomous Republic, South Ossetian Autonomous Okrug, Interregional Council of the Estonian SSR, Shalchininkai region of the Lithuanian SSR), whose population expressed a desire to remain part of the renewed Union.
July 23- the next meeting of heads of delegations of the republics in Novo-Ogaryovo. Work on the draft Union Treaty has been completed. The signing of the agreement is scheduled for August 20.
July 29- Russia recognized the independence of Lithuania.
August 15- The draft Treaty on the Union of Sovereign States (the Union of Soviet Sovereign Republics) was published.
August 19- "Appeal of the Soviet leadership" on the creation of the State Emergency Committee for the effective implementation of the state of emergency.
August 20- The Supreme Council of the Republic of Estonia adopted the Resolution “On the State Independence of Estonia”.
August 21- The Supreme Council of the Republic of Latvia adopted the Constitutional Law on the State Status of the Republic.
August 22- Decree of the President of the USSR "On the abolition of anti-constitutional acts of the organizers of the coup."
August 23- Yeltsin signed a decree on the suspension of the activities of the Communist Party of the RSFSR, its property was confiscated. Disbanded the Communist Party of Moldova.
24 August- The Supreme Council of the Ukrainian SSR proclaimed Ukraine an independent democratic state. Yeltsin announced the recognition of the independence of the Baltic republics by the RSFSR.
25-th of August- The Supreme Soviet of the Byelorussian SSR decided to give the Declaration of State Sovereignty the status of a constitutional law. Decrees were also adopted to ensure the political and economic independence of the republic and to suspend the activities of the Communist Party. The Supreme Council of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian SSR adopted the "Declaration of Independence of the PMSSR".
August 27- The emergency session of the Supreme Council of Moldova adopted the law "On the Declaration of Independence", which declared the law of 02.08.40 "On the Formation of the Union Moldavian SSR" null and void.
August 30- The Supreme Soviet of Azerbaijan adopted the Declaration of Independence of the Republic.
August 31- the Declaration of Independence of the Republic of Uzbekistan was adopted (September 1 was declared Independence Day). The independence of Kyrgyzstan was proclaimed.
September 1- the session of the Council of People's Deputies of South Ossetia canceled the decisions of the Assembly of Deputies of Councils of all levels on 04.05.91 as legally incompetent, abolished the Assembly as an unconstitutional body and proclaimed the Republic South Ossetia within the RSFSR. This decision was annulled by the Georgian parliament.
September 2- at the joint session of the Nagorno-Karabakh regional and Shaumyan district councils of people's deputies of Azerbaijan, the creation of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic was proclaimed. The IV Congress of Deputies of all levels of Pridnestrovie approved the constitution, flag and coat of arms of the PMSSR.
6 September- in connection with the declaration of independence of Ukraine, the emergency session of the Supreme Council of the Crimean Autonomy adopted the Declaration on the State Sovereignty of the Republic of Crimea.
6 September- The State Council of the USSR at its first meeting recognized the independence of the Baltic republics.
9th of September- In connection with the declaration of independence, the Tajik SSR was renamed the Republic of Tajikistan.
September 17- Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia became full members of the United Nations.
September 19- The Byelorussian SSR was renamed the Republic of Belarus, a new National emblem and a new state flag.
September 21- According to the results of the referendum in Armenia, the vast majority of the population voted for secession from the USSR and the establishment of independent statehood. The Supreme Council of the Republic adopted the "Declaration of Independence of Armenia".
October 1- in the course of work on the Union Treaty, a new name for the future union arose: "The Union of Free Sovereign Republics."
October 18- In the Kremlin, the President of the USSR and the leaders of 8 republics (excluding Ukraine, Moldova, Georgia and Azerbaijan) signed the Treaty on the Economic Community of Sovereign States. At the Congress of Judges of Russia B.N. Yeltsin said that Russia had stopped funding the union ministries (except for the ministries of defense, communications and nuclear energy).
October 21- The first session of the Supreme Council of the USSR renewed by the republics was opened.
27th October- Following the results of the referendum, the Supreme Council of the Turkmen SSR adopted the Declaration of Independence, approved a new name: Turkmenistan.
October 31- The Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR approved a new state flag - white-blue-red.
Nov. 1- an alternative draft of the Union Treaty was presented, in which future union defined as "Union of sovereign states - a confederal state", acting within the framework of powers voluntarily delegated by its members.
November 5- in connection with the actual collapse of the USSR, by the decision of the Supreme Council, the Pridnestrovian Moldavian SSR was renamed the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic.
November 6- Yeltsin signed a decree on the termination of activities on the territory of the RSFSR of the CPSU, its dissolution organizational structures and nationalization of property. The Supreme Council of Ukraine gave its consent to the initialing by the government of the republic of the Treaty on the Economic Community, which was signed on the same day.
15th of November- Yeltsin formed under his leadership a new government of the RSFSR ("reform cabinet") and signed a package of 10 presidential decrees and government decrees on a real transition to a market economy.
November 18th- at the session of the Supreme Council, the state flag of the Republic of Uzbekistan was approved, the law on presidential elections was adopted.
November 23- The Supreme Council of the Republic of Azerbaijan adopted a resolution on the liquidation of the NKAR. The Supreme Soviet of the USSR recognized this decision as invalid.
November 24- Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Republic R.N. was elected the first president of Tajikistan. Nabiev.
November 27- the last draft of the Union Treaty was published: "Treaty on the Union of Sovereign States". The last meeting of the USSR State Council was on the issue of the aggravation of the situation between Armenia and Azerbaijan.
December 1- a referendum in Ukraine on the independence of the republic (90.32% of those who voted "for") and presidential elections (L.M. Kravchuk). A referendum on the autonomy of Transcarpathia, 78% of those who voted were in favor. Presidential elections in Kazakhstan (“for” N.A. Nazarbayev 98.7% of voters voted). Referendum on the independence of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic: 78% of voters took part in the voting, of which 97.7% voted "for".
December 3- The Supreme Council of the USSR approved the draft Treaty on the Union of Sovereign States. Vnesheconombank of the USSR began to freely sell foreign currency to citizens (purchase - 90 rubles for $1, sale - 99 rubles for $1).
December 4- the statement of the President of the RSFSR on the recognition of the independence of Ukraine was published.
5th of December- The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine adopted the "Message to the Parliaments and Peoples of All Countries". In particular, it was announced that the Union Treaty of 1922 had become invalid.
December 8- the leaders of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus at a meeting in the residence "Viskuli" in Belovezhskaya Pushcha announced: " Union SSR as a subject of international law and geopolitical reality ceases to exist. The Statement of the Heads of State on the Formation of the Commonwealth was signed independent states. M.I. was elected in the presidential elections in Moldova. Snegur.
December 10- The Supreme Council of the Republic of Belarus ratified the Agreement on the establishment of the CIS and adopted a resolution on the denunciation of the Treaty of 1922 on the formation of the USSR. The Supreme Council of Ukraine ratified the Belovezhskaya agreement. A referendum was held on the status of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (99.89% of the participants voted for independence).
December 11th- Kyrgyzstan and Armenia announced their accession to the CIS.
12 December- The Supreme Council of the RSFSR ratified the Agreement on the establishment of the CIS (76.1% of those who voted "for").
December 13th- meeting of heads of state Central Asia and Kazakhstan in Ashgabat, the initiative to create the CIS was approved.
December 16- The Supreme Council of Kazakhstan adopted the Law on the State Independence of the Republic.
December 18- Gorbachev's message to the participants of the future meeting in Alma-Ata on the creation of the CIS. In particular, it proposed "the most appropriate name: the Commonwealth of European and Asian States." Russia recognized the independence of Moldova.
December 19th- Yeltsin announced the termination of the activities of the USSR Foreign Ministry.
20th of December- The Presidium of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR adopted a resolution on the abolition of the State Bank of the USSR.
21 December- in Alma-Ata, the signing of the "Declaration on the goals and principles of the CIS" (Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Ukraine) took place. "With the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ceases to exist." Ukraine recognized the independence of Moldova. In Georgia, units of the National Guard led by T. Kitovani rebelled against the regime of Z.K. Gamsakhurdia.
December 24- The USSR officially ceased to be a member of the United Nations. His place was taken by the Russian Federation, which also received the rights of a permanent member of the UN Security Council.
December 25- Gorbachev made a statement on television about the termination of his activities as President of the USSR and Supreme Commander-in-Chief. Following this, the red flag was lowered on the Kremlin, replaced by the Russian tricolor. After the resignation, Gorbachev transferred to Yeltsin the residence in the Kremlin and the so-called. "Nuclear Suitcase" The Supreme Council of the RSFSR decided to adopt a new official name republics - Russian Federation(Russia). The United States announced the official recognition of Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Armenia, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.
December 26- under the chairmanship of the Kazakh writer A.T. Alimzhanov, the last meeting of the Council of Republics, the upper chamber of the Supreme Council of the USSR, took place. An official declaration No. 142-N was adopted, which states that with the creation of the CIS, the USSR as a state and subject of international law ceases to exist. The activity of the Supreme Soviet itself is also terminated.
27th of December- In the morning, Yeltsin took Gorbachev's office in the Kremlin.
December 29th- I.A. was elected the first president of Uzbekistan. Karimov (86% of votes "for").