The article provides an outline of the vegetation of the city of Krasnoyarsk, the nature of which is due to the location of the study area near the border of the forest-steppe and taiga natural zones and anthropogenic impact. The main types of vegetation, classes of formations, groups of formations, formations and associations are identified and considered. The author shows that the main types of natural vegetation of the city are: forests, steppes, meadows, shrub and aquatic vegetation, swamps. In addition, synanthropic vegetation is widespread. For each type of vegetation and the main formations, the background species that dominate in a particular phytocenosis, as well as the codominants of the vegetation cover, are given. It is noted that the synanthropic flora of the city, which is a complex semi-natural system that changes qualitatively and quantitatively, ensures the maintenance of species richness and diversity of plant communities.
: Krasnoyarsk
vegetation
shrub vegetation
aquatic vegetation
synanthropic vegetation
formation
association.
1. Antipova, E.M., Vegetation classification of the northern forest-steppes of Central Siberia, Bot. research in Siberia. - Krasnoyarsk, 2004. - Issue. 12. – P. 8–13.
2. Geobotanical zoning of the USSR. T. 2. - M.: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1947. - Issue. 2. - 150 s.
3. Dulepova B. I. Aquatic vegetation // Vegetation of Siberia (Prebaikalia and Transbaikalia). - Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1985. - S. 95–102.
4. Kuminova A. V. Vegetation cover of Khakassia. - Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1976. - 422 p.
5. Peshkova G. A. Vegetation of Siberia (Pre-Baikal and Trans-Baikal). - Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1985. - 144 p.
6. Takhtadzhyan A. L. Floristic regions of the Earth. - L.: Nauka, 1978. - 248 p.
7. Teryokhina T. A. Anthropogenic phytosystems. - Barnaul: Publishing House of AGU, 2000. - 250 p.
8. Cherepanov S. K. Vascular plants of Russia and neighboring states (within the former USSR). - St. Petersburg: World and family, 1995. - 992 p.
9. Cherepnin L. M. Vegetation cover of the southern part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the tasks of its study // Scientific notes of the Krasnoyarsk Pedagogical Institute. - 1956. - T. 5. - S. 3–43.
10. Cherepnin L. M. Flora of the southern part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. T. 1. - Krasnoyarsk: KSPI, 1957.
Introduction
In the system of floristic zoning, the city of Krasnoyarsk belongs to the Central Siberian province of the Circumboreal region of the Holarctic floristic kingdom, according to the "Geobotanical zoning of the USSR" the territory belongs to the Eurasian coniferous region, the European-Siberian subregion, the Central Siberian country, the Ural-Altai province. In accordance with the geobotanical zoning of the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the left-bank territory of the city borders on the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe region, and the right bank borders on the spurs of the Eastern Sayan.
The nature of the vegetation cover of the city of Krasnoyarsk is due to the location of its territory near the border of the forest-steppe and taiga natural zones and anthropogenic impact. Also, the main factor determining the development of various types of vegetation is the climate, in particular the quantitative indicators of heat and moisture. Relief acts as a powerful transformer of all climatic factors; it determines the location of plant communities. A significant imprint on the patterns of vegetation distribution is imposed by the chemical composition of soil-forming rocks.
In connection with the expansion of secondary vegetation, synanthropization and degradation of vegetation in urban conditions, urban vegetation is usually divided into cultivated (garden and park complexes, lawns) and spontaneous, which is represented by fragments of natural vegetation and synanthropic communities of ruderal plants.
The main types of natural vegetation of the city, in accordance with the classification adopted for the southern part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, Khakassia, Transbaikalia, the northern forest-steppes of Central Siberia, are forests, steppes, meadows, shrub and aquatic vegetation, swamps.
The purpose of this article is to make a brief outline of the vegetation of the city of Krasnoyarsk on the basis of regional geobotanical classification systems and our own geobotanical descriptions.
Research methods and materials
To compile an essay on the vegetation of the city of Krasnoyarsk, regional geobotanical classification systems were used, made for the territory of the southern part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, work on the vegetation cover of Khakassia and nearby territories of the Angara region was taken into account. The generalization of aquatic vegetation was facilitated by the work of B. I. Dulepova, based on the differences in the life forms of higher aquatic plants. The syntaxa were identified as a result of processing their own geobotanical descriptions (174) and determining their own herbarium (more than 7000 sheets) during the periods of field work in the city. The nomenclature of species is given according to S.K. Cherepanov and the latest monographic processings.
Research results and discussion
The woods. Natural forest vegetation corresponds to zonal conditions and has been preserved on the outskirts of the city, inside some urban microdistricts, quarters and courtyards. The composition of forest-forming species is small. Forests form two species of birch (Betula pendula, B. pubescens), aspen (Populus tremula), larch (Larix sibirica), pine (Pinus sylvestris), fir (Abiessibirica). Light-coniferous and small-leaved forests are characterized by the greatest distribution.
Formations of light coniferous forests are formed by Pinussylvestris. Pine forests, forming pure single-species forest stands, have survived little. The main arrays of such forests are concentrated in Vetluzhanka, pos. Lucky and Akademgorodok. The vegetation cover of these communities is represented by the following species: Swidaalba, Padusavium, Rubusidaeus, Glechomahederacea, Anemonesylvestris, Atragenesibirica, Violauniflora, Carexmacroura, Trifoliumpratense, Monesesuniflora, Neottianthecucullata, Tephroserisintegrifolia, etc. The ground cover is dominated by mosses Abietinellaabientine, Plagiomnium cuspidatum.
Sometimes Betulapendula takes a significant part in the composition of pine forests, less often - Abiessibirica. Associations of birch-pine forests are found in the area of the State University (SFU), BSMP. The tree layer is dominated by Pinussylvestris with the participation of Betulapendula. In the undergrowth are common: Lonicera tatarica, Padus avium, Ribes atropurpureum, Spiraea chamaedryfolia. Herbage is represented by Alchemilla pachyphylla, Brunnera sibirica, Carex lanceolata, Equisetum pratense, Pimpinella saxifraga, Polygonatumodoratum, Pulmonaria mollis, Pyrola rotundifolia, Stellaria bungeana, etc.
Abiessibirica is very rare in the composition of pine forests in the city, forming associations of fir-pine forests with forb-grass-fern cover. Such communities are found in small areas in the area of Udachny settlement.
The stand is dominated by Pinussylvestris with an admixture of Abiessibirica. The undergrowth consists of Salixdasyclados, Sorbussibirica. Ferns (Pteridium pinetorum, Athyriumfilix-femina), grasses (Milliumeffusum, Calamagrostisobtusata), forbs (Angelicasylvestris, Carexmacroura, Equisetumarvense, Lathyrusgmelinii, Veratrumnigrum, etc.) participate in the grass cover. The ecological conditions here are favorable for the development of a cover of Rhytidiadelphustriquetrus.
Small-leaved forests are represented by birch forest formations (from Betulapendula and B. pubescens). The forests that Betulapendula forms are located on flat areas and slopes. The following associations are quite characteristic: birch forest with forb-grass-sedge cover (Verkhnyaya Bazaikha, Akademgorodok, Studgorodok, State University district), birch forest with forb-stone cover (Solnechny microdistrict, BSMP), birch forest with forb-fern cover ( Vetluzhanka, Nikolaevskaya Sopka). The stand is dominated by Betulapendula. Of the shrubs, the following are common: Crataegussanguinea, Malusbaccata, Ribesnigrum, Rosaacicularis, Sambucussibirica, etc. In the grass cover, forbs are represented: Rubussaxatilis, Primulacortusoides, Plantagomedia, Lathyrushumilis, Pulsatillapatens, Trolliusasiaticus, Ranunculus propinquus, Carumcarvi, etc.; cereals: Stipapennata, Poapalustris, Milliumeffusum, Dactylisglomerata, Calamagrostisepigeios etc.; sedges: Carexmacroura; ferns: Pteridium pinetorum, Matteucciastruthiopteris.
Populustremula and Larixsibirica are found in birch forests. The following associations are formed. Aspen-birch forest with forb cover. Such an association is found in small areas in the district of the state university. Betulapendula takes a significant part in the composition of the forest stand, along with Populustremula. The shrubs Caraganaarborescens, Rosaacicularis, Spiraeamedia are very characteristic. The canopy of young trees of these species is pronounced. Herbs are represented by: Viola uniflora, Geum aleppicum, Plantago major, Asparagus officinalis, Primula macrocalyx, etc.
An insignificant area on the territory of the city is occupied by associations of larch-pine-birch forest with forb cover, noted in Vetluzhanka. The tree layer is formed by Betulapendula, Pinussylvestris with an admixture of Larixsibirica. The undergrowth is formed by: Cotoneaster melanocarpus, Crataegus sanguinea, Hippophae rhamnoides, Spiraea media. Herbage is represented by: Lathyrus humilis, Lupinaster pentaphyllus, Rubus saxatilis, Vicia unijuga, Thalictrum simplex, Bupleurum multinerve, Anthemis subtinctoria, Lilium martagon, Helictotrichon pubescens, Carex macroura, etc.
Associations of aspen-pine-birch forest with forb-bracken cover in small areas are noted in the area of the Fruit and Berry Station. Forest-forming species are: Betulapendula, Pinussylvestris, to a lesser extent - Populustremula. In the undergrowth are abundant: Padus avium, Ribes nigrum, Sorbus sibirica, Swida alba. In the grass cover, the following are common: Maianthemum bifolium, Aquilegia sibirica, Moneses uniflora, Primula macrocalyx, etc. The background is represented by Pteridium pinetorum.
There are also swampy birch forests, occupying a small area and confined to damp, humid habitats in the Vetluzhanka region.
The main forest-forming species is Betula pubescens. Typical associations are a swampy birch forest with a bone-grass cover. The undergrowth is expressed and represented by: Ribeshispidulum, Salixtaraikensis, S. viminalis. The grass layer is dominated by: Rubussaxatilis, Phragmitesaustralis, Calamagrostislangsdorffii. Common herbs are: Equisetum palustre, Carexcespitosa, Impatiens noli-tangere, Ligularia sibirica, Saussurea parviflora, etc.
Steppes. The steppe vegetation within the city has been preserved mainly along rather steep southern and southeastern gravelly slopes and is represented by meadow and real steppes. The most developed are meadow steppes, which are zonal in the forest-steppe regions of the region. Among them, formations of forb-cereal, forb, cotoneaster-meadowsweet shrub and cotoneaster-acacia shrub meadow steppes are common.
The grass base of the herbage communities of forb-grass meadow steppes is made up of: Stipapennata, Achnatherumsibiricum, Poatransbaicalica, Helictotrichondesertorum. Forbs are represented by species: Stellariacherleriae, Erucastrumarmoracioides, Galiumverum, Veronicaincana, Asteralpinus, Potentillabifurca, Goniolimonspeciosum, etc.
Communities of herbaceous meadow steppes are confined to the upper parts of the southern slopes or to small depressions in the real steppe. Representatives of herbs are edificators: Pulsatilla patens, P.turczaninovii, Veronica incana, Gypsophila patrinii, Artemisia commutata, Galatellaangustissima, Seselilibanotis, Delphinium grandiflorum, Hemerocallisminor, etc.
Shrubbed steppes are also found. Of the shrubs are common: Cotoneaster melanocarpus, Spiraeamedia, Caraganaarborescens and very rarely - Berberis vulgaris. In herbage, species of Liliumpumilum, Panzerinalanata, Astragalus versicolor, Leontopodium conglobatum, Youngia tenuifolia, Thalictrumacutilobum, Polygala sibirica, Thesiumrefractum, Schizonepetamultifida, etc. are common.
Real steppes play an insignificant role in the composition of the vegetation cover. Among them, coarse-turf and small-turf steppes are the most common; communities of stony and desert steppes are rare.
The formations of large-turf real steppes are characterized by a species composition with a significant participation of steppe grasses and forbs: Helictotrichonaltaicum, H. desertorum, Stipabaicalensis, Artemisia glauca, A.gmelinii, Gentianadecumbens, Allium ramosum, Oxytropis campanulata, etc.
Small sod grass steppes are characterized by the dominance of grasses in the herbage: Festuca ovina, Koeleria cristata, Poa botryoides, sedge: Carexduriuscula, C. pediformis, wormwood: Artemisia frigida, A. glauca, A. sericea. Among the forbs in the phytocenoses of small-turf grass steppes, the following were noted: Astragalusmiklaschewskii, Orobanchecoerulescens, Lychnissibirica, Steveniaincarnata, Potentilla bifurca, Galium verum, Veronica incana, Iris humilis, Scorzoneraaustriaca, Allium vodopjanovae, etc.
Under conditions of the most pronounced moisture deficit, there are small communities of desertified steppes developing on stony-rubbly dry slopes. The edificators of such communities are: Agropyroncristatum, Festucavalesiaca, Krascheninnikoviaceratoides, Thymusmongolicus, Artemisia frigida. Herbs are represented by: Veronicapinnata, Silenejenisseensis, Eritrichiumjenisseense, etc.
Stony steppes are not widespread within the city and are confined, as a rule, to the stony slopes of southern exposures with outcrops of bedrock. Their characteristic feature is the sparseness of the herbage and the absence of layering. Here are common steppe petrofitnye groups with Ephedramonosperma, E.pseudodistachya, Agropyroncristatum, Festucavalesiaca, Goniolimonspeciosum, Androsace incana, Alyssumobovatum, Erysimumaltaicum, Orostachysspinosa, Sedum aizoon, Potentillaacaulis, P. sericea, Hedysarumturczaninovii, Onosmagmelinii, Eritrichium pectinatum, Veronica pinnata, Thymusmongolicus, Artemisia gmelinii and etc.
Meadows. Meadow communities in the city are an integral part of the landscape. Currently, the area occupied by them is small. Meadows have been preserved on the outskirts of the city, along river valleys and islands of the river. Yenisei. The diversity of such communities is determined by the heterogeneous ecological conditions in which they form and exist.
Meadow vegetation is represented by subtypes of floodplain and valley and dry meadows, differing in height and density of herbage, in the composition of which grasses, sedges and forbs take a significant part. At the same time, various formations are formed: timothy (Phleum pratense) floodplain meadow, forb (Prunella vulgaris, Potentillaanserina, Rumexthyrsiflorus, Plantago major, Filipendula ulmaria, Aconogononalpinum, Rhinanthusvernalis, Lathyruspratensis, Ranunculus propinquus, Leucanthemum vulgare, Sanguisorba officinalis, etc.) floodplain meadow -grass polydominant (Calamagrostis langsdorffii, Alopecuruspratensis, Phalaroides arundinacea, Poa palustris, Carex cespitosa, C. curaica, C. songorica, etc.) swampy meadow, pike (Deschampsiacespitosa) swampy meadow, bent (Agrostis gigantea) saline meadow, barley ) saline meadow, forb (Melilotusdentatus, Plantago media, Anagallidium dichotomum, Taraxacum officinale, Carum carvi, Gentianamacrophylla, Gentianopsisbarbata, Cirsiumesculentum, etc.) saline meadow, Beckmannia (Beckmannia syzigachne) saline meadow, couch grass (Elytrigiarepens) dry meadow, forb rbaofficinalis, Anemonesylvestris, Equisetumarvense, Veronica longifolia, Phlomoides tuberosa, Geranium pratense, Polygonum aviculare, Hieracium umbellatum, Centaureascabiosa, etc.) upland meadow, forb steppe (Viciaamoena, Saussureacontroversa, Hemerocallis minor, Primula macrocalyx, Anemonumiastruminitums, rurivagum, Dracocephalum ruyschiana, Alliumsenescens, Aconitumbarbatum, et al.) upland field, reed (Calamagrostisepigeios) ostepnonny upland field, herb-cereal (Helictotrichonpubescens, Poaangustifolia, Delphinium grandiflorum, Linumperenne, Pastinacasylvestris, Scabiosaochroleuca, Medicagofalcata, Campanula glomerata, Artemisia scoparia, Galiumverum and others) steppe dry meadow, grass-forb (Potentillafragarioides, Lathyruspisiformis, Equisetumpratense, Trollius asiaticus, Vicia cracca, V. unijuga, Dactylisglomerata, Festucapratensis, etc.) forest meadow, tall grass (Delphinium elatum, Ant hriscussylvestris, Tephroserisintegrifolia, etc.) forest meadow.
Meadow areas that have been preserved inside some urban microdistricts are mostly anthropogenic and, therefore, are degrading. Such meadow communities are characterized by: Erigeron politus, Urtica cannabina, Amoriahybrida, Androsace septentrionalis, Berteroa incana, Brassicacampestris, Camelina sativa, etc.
Swamps. Swamp vegetation has a limited distribution and is confined to the banks of rivers, channels, lakes, and ponds. Wetlands are also found on the islands of the river. Yenisei, where there is a constant excess moisture. All wetlands are of the eutrophic (lowland) type.
The most common are grass bogs with a well-developed herbage, edificators of which are sedges (Carex acuta, C. curaica, C. dichroa, C. dioica, C. rhynchophysa, C. songorica, C. vesicaria), cotton grass (Eriophorum angustifolium) and some cereals (Calamagrostislangsdorffii, Agrostis clavata, A. gigantea, Beckmannia syzigachne, Deschampsiacespitosa). Herbage also includes species of forbs - Caltha palustris, Ranunculus sceleratus, Filipendula ulmaria, Juncus gerardii, Myosotiscespitosa, Triglochin palustre, Siumlatifolium, Parnassiapalustris, Menthaarvensis, Bidens tripartita, Ligulariasibirica, etc.
Bog plant associations can be characterized by the predominance of any one plant species. In this case, monodominant communities are formed. Reed (Scirpus sylvaticus) and cattail (Typha angustifolia, T. latifolia) bogs are found on the territory of the city as examples of monodominant communities.
Shrub vegetation. Thickets of shrubs, although very common, occupy insignificant areas. On the one hand, they are confined to negative relief elements (hygromesophilic shrub communities) and are found along the banks of rivers, channels, on the islands of the river. Yenisei, and on the other hand, to forest edges, roadsides (mesophilic shrub communities) and steppe slopes (xeromesophilic shrub communities).
Xeromesophilic shrub communities are mostly characteristic of steep stony steppe slopes located in the areas of Kramz, Udachny settlement, Akademgorodok, Bazaikha. The main edificators of such communities are: Cotoneastermelanocarpus, Caraganaarborescens, Spiraeamedia, Berberis vulgaris is very rare. Herbage is formed from species common for stony and desert steppes: Festucavalesiaca, Krascheninnikoviaceratoides, Potentillaacaulis, Artemisia frigida, and more mesophilic species: Achnatherumsibiricum, Dianthus versicolor, Liliumpumilum, Astragalus versicolor, Bupleurum scorzonerifolium, etc.
Mesophilic shrub communities form formations found on forest edges, clearings, and also along roadsides. Most of the species that form thickets grow under the forest canopy, but the most favorable conditions for their development are created in well-lit and moderately moist places. Thickets formed by Padusavium, Salixbebbiana, S. caprea, S. dasyclados, Spiraea media, Rosa acicularis, Rubus idaeus, Sorbaria sorbifolia, Sambucussibirica, Swida alba are common. The lower tier in the thickets is made up of meadow and forest species.
Hygromesophilic shrub communities are confined to habitats where conditions of sufficient flowing moisture are created: river banks, channels, islands of the river. Yenisei. Willows play a leading role in the formation of such thickets, forming mixed willow (Salixalba, S. jenisseensis, S. pentandra, S. taraikensis, S. viminalis, etc.) shrub communities. Extensive thickets are formed by bird cherry (Padus avium), along with willows (Salix viminalis, S. bebbiana, S. taraikensis) and poplars (Populusnigra, P. deltoides, P. laurifolia), forming willow-cherry and poplar-willow-bird cherry shrubs. thickets. Currant thickets from Ribes nigrum and Ribes hispidulum, sea buckthorn (Hippophaerhamnoides), apple trees (Malusbaccata) are also common.
The grass cover under the canopy of shrubs develops unevenly. Under the sparse canopy, the herbage is tall and dense. There are: Glechomahederacea, Prunella vulgaris, Ranunculus monophyllus, Calamagrostis langsdorffii, Naumburgia thyrsiflora, Caltha palustris, Hylotelephiumtriphyllum, Lamium album, Poapalustris, etc. In case of strong shading, the grass cover develops poorly, the herbage is very sparse. In such conditions grow: Stellariabungeana, Adoxa moschatellina, etc. In drier places grow: Urtica dioica, Impatiens noli-tangere, Chelidoniummajus, Arctiumtomentosum, etc.
Aquatic vegetation. The mass development of higher aquatic vegetation is typical for the rivers Yenisei, Kacha, Bazaikha, channels, small lakes, ponds and oxbow lakes with a muddy bottom, located in various parts of the city (Tatyshev Island, Pashenny, Fruit and Berry Station, Vetluzhanka, Peschanka, . Taimyr).
Among the true aquatic vegetation, four groups of formations have been distinguished.
Elodeid (submerged rooting) vegetation is dominant in all types of reservoirs. It is represented by widespread communities: uruti (Myriophyllum sibiricum, M. spicatum), pondweeds (Potamogeton berchtoldii, P. gramineus, P. lucens, P. perfoliatus, P. pusillus, etc.), and the alien American species Elodeacanadensis. Among other formations of elodeid vegetation, which are not widely distributed, but are typical for certain ecological conditions, one can note the swamp formation from Callitrichehermaphroditica and C. palustris, the silk formation from Batrachium circinatum, B. eradicatum, B. trichophyllum. Elodeid vegetation very often forms monodominant thickets, but mixed complex groups are also widespread.
Planktically lemnid (submerged non-rooting) vegetation is limited to three formations: hornwort (Ceratophyllumdemersum, C. oryzetorum), pemphigus (Utricularia vulgaris) and duckweed (Lemnatrisulca). Only communities from Ceratophyllum demersum are widespread among them. They are found in stagnant and low-flowing waters. Hornwort forms most often monodominant communities with limited participation of other species. Of the bidominant communities of the hornwort, the pemphigus-hornwort and pondweed-hornwort communities with the aquatic moss Fontinalisantipyretica are widespread.
Nymphaeid (rooting with floating leaves) vegetation is limited in its distribution and is represented by only a few formations: egg-pod (from Nupharpumila), water lily (from Nymphaeatetragona) and pondweed (from Potamogetongramineus). The area occupied by such communities is small.
Neustic-lemnid (free-floating on the surface) vegetation is limited in water bodies by Lemnaminor mats.
Air aquatic vegetation presented communities tall grass helophytes: (Phragmitesaustralis, Scirpushippolyti, S. tabernaemontani, Glyceriatriflora), short grass grass helophytes (Scirpusradicans, Equisetumfluviatile, Eleocharis mamillata, Alisma gramineum, Sparganiumemersum, Petasitesradiatus, Butomusumbellatus) and surface grass helophytes (Eleocharis acicularis, Limosellaaquatica, Scirpussupinus ).
synanthropic vegetation. Landscaping, development of urban areas, accompanied by disturbance of the surface layer of the soil, littering of the outskirts with construction debris, industrial waste disrupt natural ecotopes and create extremely diverse conditions suitable only for the formation of a synanthropic plant complex, in which synanthropic tree and shrub communities and herbaceous ruderal vegetation play an important role . The synanthropic flora of the city is a complex dynamic semi-natural system that is constantly changing qualitatively and quantitatively. Its most important and most stable component are woody and shrubby plants.
Synanthropic tree and shrub communities are formed from spontaneous communities dominated by Acernegundo, artificial forest plantations from: Larix sibirica, Pinus sylvestris, species of the genus Populus, Tiliacordata, T. sibirica, Ulmuspumila, shrub communities with Cerasustomentosa, Ribesaureum, R. diacantha, Rosarugosa, Loniceratatarica. Such communities are included in the system of urban green spaces, which are an important part of the city and are represented by parks, city gardens, squares, boulevards, forest belts.
Ruderal communities, which are widely distributed in the urban area due to economic activity, consist mainly of: Taraxacum officinale, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Chelidonium majus, Euphorbia virgata, Thlaspi arvense, Vicia sepium, Leptopyrum fumarioides, Hyoscyamus niger, Solanumkitagawae, Plantago urvillei, Bromusarvensis, Melandriumalbum, Amaranthus blitoides, A. retroflexus, Elsholtziaciliata, Carduuscrispus, Elytrigiarepens, Brassicacampestris, Convolvulusarvensis, Sisymbrium loeselii, Velarumofficinale, Erodium cicutarium, Dracocephalum nutans, Scutellaria scordiifolia, etc., weed communities from: Chenopodium album, Ch. glaucum, Atriplexsagittata, Cannabis sativa, Artemisia sieversiana, A. vulgaris, monodominant communities from Polygonumaviculare, P. neglectum, cultivated weeds: Panicummilaceum, Fagopyrumtataricum, Anethumgraveolens, Hordeumsativum, Triticumaestivum, etc. As a rule, such communities are distributed along railway embankments, roadsides roads, in the territories of railway stations, parks, in large ruderal areas - dumps and wastelands, along river banks, flower beds, lawns, etc.
Undoubtedly, the distribution of weed species ensures the maintenance of species richness and diversity of plant communities. However, in some cases, these species are harmful and successfully compete with native species due to better adaptation to changing conditions.
Thus, the nature of natural vegetation within the city is due to the position between the forest-steppe and mountain-taiga natural zones and anthropogenic impact.
Natural forest vegetation is represented by formations of pine and birch forests. The steppe vegetation is formed by meadow, real steppes and steppe petrophytic groups. Meadow vegetation is represented by formations of floodplain and upland meadows. Shrub and aquatic communities, swamps, as well as synanthropic areas of vegetation significantly complement the phytocenotic diversity of the urban environment. It should be noted that while areas of natural vegetation remain on the territory of the city, one can speak of the preservation of certain zonal features by the urban flora.
The work was supported by project 2012-1.4-12-000-4002-004.
Reviewers:
Antipova Ekaterina Mikhailovna, Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor of the Department of Biology and Ecology of the Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University. V. P. Astafieva, Krasnoyarsk.
Terekhina Tatyana Alexandrovna, Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor, Head. Department of Botany, Altai State University, Barnaul.
"Development of the culture of the Krasnoyarsk Territory" - Ensuring the safety of cultural heritage sites. Passport of the state program. Organization and holding of cultural events. Art and folk art. Target indicators and indicators of the program. Development of the infrastructure of the "Culture" industry. State program of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Performance of state functions. List of subroutines. Development in the Krasnoyarsk Territory of state and municipal programs for the development of culture.
"Theatres of Krasnoyarsk" - Achinsk Drama Theater. M.Yu. Lermontov. Musical comedy theater. Minusinsk Drama Theatre. Theater building. A.S. Pushkin. theatrical concepts. Test. In 1938 the building was restored. Krasnoyarsk Theater for Young Spectators (TYuZ). Theaters of Krasnoyarsk. Krasnoyarsk Puppet Theatre. Drama Theater named after A.S. Pushkin. Opera and Ballet Theatre. Norilsk Polar Drama Theater named after V. Mayakovsky.
"Lakes of the Krasnoyarsk Territory" - Salinity of the water. Aquatic habitat. Classification of lakes. Get to know the concept. Lake plants. Monuments of nature of the regional destination. Lake. Lake Tagarskoe. Hydrosphere. Lakes of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Animal world of lakes. Distribution of lakes on the territory of the region. Study of the concept of "lake".
"Birds of the Krasnoyarsk Territory" - Black vulture. Upland Buzzard. Osprey. Beauty crane. Steppe kestrel. Bearded. Big spotted eagle. Nuthatch. Owl. Bean goose Siberian taiga. Field grouse. Blue nightingale. Peregrine falcon. Grouse. The nightingale is a whistler. Bearded Owl. White-tailed eagle. Diversity of birds of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Tundra partridge. Eagle owl common. Capercaillie. Lightning chiffchaff. Black stork. Khrustan.
"Ecological problems of the Krasnoyarsk Territory" - Growth of the world population between 1750 and 2000. Excessive public spending. carbon dioxide. The growth of the world population. Population growth rate. Decreased biological diversity. The climate of the planet. Increased consumption of natural resources. Global scale of manifestation. Lack of water resources. Pollution of the oceans. The main causes of desertification. Emissions of chlorofluorocarbons.
"Animals of Taimyr" - Polar bear (Ursus maritimus Phipps). The internal structure of mammals. Lemming (Myopus schisticolor Lill). general characteristic of the Mammals class. The polar bear is a typical inhabitant of the ice fields of the polar basin. Arctic foxes exhibit cannibalism. The reindeer is perfectly adapted to the harsh conditions of the Arctic. The musk ox feeds on moss, lichen, and herbs. Each large herd of deer is followed by a kind of "retinue".
But the benefit to readers, I hope, will be ...
The next family is cereals. Cereals have been the staple food of man since ancient times. Among the representatives of this family, it is difficult to find a plant that is attractive to the eye. But, what is much more important, man has cultivated some species. Thanks to this, we have bread, flour, cereals and other food products.
Cultivated cereals are, first of all, familiar to all wheat, rye, barley, oats, millet And corn. The first three are usually confused with each other. Without going into details, you can quickly distinguish them by the ear. An ear of rye is thinner and longer than that of wheat, and its hairs - the awn - are also thinner and shorter. Barley has the shortest ear, but the longest awn. Oats differ from previous cereals in that its inflorescence is a panicle. Millet grain is the smallest among grains of cereals, but it is the hardest. Corn is an amazing cereal, characterized by its large size (some varieties can reach more than 5 m!) And the absence of a typical ear. All these crops can be found not far from the city in agricultural fields and in private farms.
In the forest, on the same Udachny, you can often find barley drooping And pine forest. On the edge - bluegrass angustifolia, hedgehog national team, timothy meadow. A malicious weed of our gardens couch grass found almost everywhere. Wheat grass is terribly prolific (one plant can produce up to 10,000 seeds), and its rhizomes are extremely tenacious. If they are cut into pieces, where there is at least one living bud, they instantly take root and give rise to new plants. For this, the farmers even called him the "fire of the fields", since the fight against wheatgrass is very problematic. But of the cereals I like the most feather grass. As soon as the wind blows - and its thickets are like an agitated sea, and you touch - and you have a tender living creature at your fingertips!
The third largest family of plants found in our country is the legume family. It belongs to... Clover. We have white clover (or creeping), red (or meadow) and creeping. It is a very valuable fodder plant. But, as dad said, if a cow is allowed to eat clover in the morning, and then drink more water, it begins to ferment in her stomach and inflates her from gases, which can lead to sad consequences - as they say, a little bit of good. Clover also has a hemostatic, expectorant, astringent, diuretic and antiseptic effect, it is even prescribed for cancer.
- one of the most valuable, useful and widespread crops in the world. One biologist even called her "the great healer." It is an excellent feed for livestock and a "green manure" that improves soil fertility, and its flowers are excellent honey plants.
No less remarkable in its properties and sweet clover(medicinal or yellow, and white). Its flowers rarely attract our attention, but, meanwhile, sweet clover has a lot of advantages. Dried plants are fragrant, have a salty-bitter, slightly pungent taste. Sweet clover is widely used as the main component of green cheese. The plant is also added to alcoholic beverages. The spice gives a good smell and taste to the fish. Sweet clover is used to flavor snuff, soap, in France - as a dye. The plant is also used in cooking, sweet clover also protects things from moths, in addition, the plant is an excellent honey plant.
Many, of course, are more familiar polka dots or mouse vetch(as well as fence, sowing, forest, etc.), growing along fences, along forest edges. Mouse peas are clearly visible when, with their sensitive tendrils, which end in its feathery leaves, it wraps around tall meadow plants. This happens because, touching neighboring plants, they begin to bend.
The species of the genus are very numerous and frequently encountered. astragalus(Alpine, South Siberian, Danish, etc.). But these plants are less known. Meanwhile, this is the largest genus of the family. In general, this name comes from the Greek "astragalos" - a dice from mutton's ankles, which resembles the shape of the seeds of this plant.
Latin genus name rank derived from two Greek words la- "very" and thuros- "attractive". Of course, there are plants that are far superior to the rank (Frolova, Gmelina, meadow, etc.) in beauty, but it has a number of other remarkable qualities. So, for example, according to the content of vitamin C, the rank of Gmelin is equal to rose hips, and in terms of the content of carotene and vitamin P it surpasses carrots by 4 times. It is considered a relic of the Ice Age.
And, of course, belongs to the indicated family beans. This is one of the ancient cultures. Of practical importance are vegetable horse ( Faba bona) and soybeans (soy). Many delicious dishes are prepared from beans, and today, instead of natural meat, you can often find soy in products - an animal protein substitute, one of the oldest cultivated plants known in Asia. True, we do not grow it.
Well, now the readers of the site, and myself, are familiar with the three most common herbaceous families - Compositae, cereals and legumes. Nastya promises that the educational program will continue.
Every day, several species of animals and plants disappear in the world. Unfortunately, not all is well with us. More than 3000 species of higher vascular plants grow in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, bryophytes, lichens and fungi are diverse.
Due to intensive economic development, many species of wild plants and fungi have practically disappeared.
498 species have been included in the new edition of the list of rare, endangered, wild plants and fungi, including: 299 species of flowering plants, 2 species of gymnosperms, 24 ferns, 5 club mosses, 33 mosses, 18 liverworts, 53 lichens and 64 species of fungi .
The increase in the number of objects in need of protection is directly related to the inclusion in 2007 of the Taimyr Dolgano-Nenets and Evenki municipal districts in the united Krasnoyarsk Territory.
For ease of use, those listed in the Red Book of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and those listed in the Red Book of the Krasnoyarsk Territory are presented.
Species of plants and animals that are simultaneously listed in the Krasnoyarsk Territory are already described in the main sections of the site, therefore it was advisable not to duplicate them in this section, they are presented in the lists as active links.
For those who care, for those who love their Earth, honor their ancestors and think about the future generation!
In the very heart of Russia, in the very center of cold Siberia lies the Krasnoyarsk Territory - a beautiful region rich in amazing nature, plants and animals. It is not for nothing that Krasnoyarsk residents who have left to live in other regions recall the beauties of their native places with nostalgia. What is so special about the nature of the Krasnoyarsk Territory?
The Krasnoyarsk Territory is one of the largest Russian regions, stretching from north to south for three thousand kilometers - along the Yenisei River, from the Kara Sea itself to the border with Khakassia and Tuva. Thanks to this, the Krasnoyarsk Territory is the only one in our country where absolutely all natural zones are present - from the Arctic deserts in the north to the steppes in the south. Most of this region is occupied by taiga, and the northern territories are dominated by permafrost.
The diversity of the nature of the Krasnoyarsk Territory is truly amazing: there are forests with the most valuable tree species, and harsh rock masses, and the cleanest lakes. That is why tourism in the native land is so widespread among the inhabitants of the region - it is impossible to enjoy its beauties.
Since the Krasnoyarsk Territory, due to its size, contains three climatic zones (Arctic, Subarctic and temperate), the climate in the region is sharply continental. Mountains, as well as the Arctic Circle and remoteness from the sea, have a great influence on it. In the north, in Norilsk, Dudinka, Igarka, winter lasts almost all year round: really warm days, when the temperature outside is more than fifteen degrees above zero, in this area, in total, there will be no more than a month in a year. The above cities are considered the Far North.
Note that there is no long summer in the Krasnoyarsk Territory and in its central part. However, here it is quite hot, and the air temperature is subject to sudden changes. It is most comfortable in the south of the region - it is just as hot there in summer, and winter is much easier to endure, because here it is not so severe and with less rainfall than in the rest of the territory. The southern regions of the Krasnoyarsk Territory are famous for a large number of salt lakes. That is why there are many different sanatoriums, resorts and recreation centers.
The Krasnoyarsk Territory is as if divided in two by the beautiful Yenisei, and this is reflected in the relief of the region. Low-lying valleys stretch along the left bank, and the Central Siberian Plateau along the right bank. The southern part of the region is represented by a high mountain system - the Sayans, which have gained fame among tourists and rock climbers for their untouched picturesque nature and rare animals that live here. In the same place, in the south, there are Ergaki - mountains, popular because of the large number of lakes, waterfalls, sheer beautiful cliffs and valleys.
In the north of the region, near the Taimyr Peninsula, there are many coves and bays. On the other side of the peninsula are mountains with lakes.
Rocks, lakes, rivers - all this is presented in abundance in the nature of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The region is rich in various reserves and parks. The most famous is the Stolby nature reserve, located in the capital of the region.
In addition to the Pillars, there is the Sayano-Shushensky Reserve in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. As the name implies, it is located on the territory of the Shushensky district, and was created in order to be able to preserve the sable population. The Taimyrsky Reserve, one of the most visited in Russia, is located on the Taimyr Peninsula. The most common animals in it are arctic fox, wolf and white hare. Many scientists regularly flock to the territory of the reserve, as mammoth excavations are carried out there.
The Tunguska Reserve was created at the site of the fall of the meteorite of the same name in order to study the consequences of the catastrophe that occurred (it happened more than a century ago, in 1908). The mystery of this phenomenon, despite many attempts, has not been disclosed so far. The wolverine lives in the Central Siberian Reserve. They also conduct unique studies of the ancient and now small northern people - the Kets.
In addition to those named, the Great Arctic Reserve, the Putoransky Reserve, the Shushensky Bor National Park and many others operate on the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.
The name of the reserve appeared due to its rocks - high syenite fragments, shaped like pillars, of which there are more than a hundred throughout the complex (which is thirty-four kilometers). The reserve was opened in 1925 at the initiative of the then citizens - in order to preserve the unique nature of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, located near these rocks. To this day, Stolby is very popular with residents. Each rock on the territory of the reserve has its own name - Grandfather, Feathers, Sparrows.
The reserve is conditionally divided into zones. One is tourist. It is available for everyone to visit. The second zone is nature protection. Rare animals live there, many of which are listed in the Red Book, and various trees and shrubs grow there, which are also on the verge of extinction. Access there is closed. But even those nature and animals of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, which can be seen in the permitted zone, will not leave anyone indifferent.
The fauna of the Krasnoyarsk Territory is extremely rich and diverse. Over ninety species of various mammals live throughout the region. In each natural zone, they have their own: in the mountains these are argali, in the Far North - deer and white bears, in the steppe - ground squirrels and hares (by the way, a great many gophers run in Krasnoyarsk, on the "green zone" of the city - Tatyshev Island), in taiga - fox, squirrel, bear.
More than four hundred species of birds inhabit the Krasnoyarsk Territory. There are geese, woodpeckers, cranes, storks, even flamingos. As for reptiles and amphibians, there are six species of the former in the region, and four of the latter. But fish - more than fifty species. Among them is the sturgeon, glorified by fellow countryman of Krasnoyarsk Viktor Petrovich Astafiev.
The Ministry of Nature of the Krasnoyarsk Territory takes care of preserving not only the fauna of the region, but also the unique flora. Most of the territory (1500 thousand km 2) is occupied by taiga. There are coniferous, deciduous, mixed forests. Among the vegetation, cedars, larches, spruces, and pines predominate.
In the north, mosses and lichens are common - there are several dozen different species of them, as well as shrubs. To the south you can find polar poppies and a variety of cereal crops.
The nature of the Krasnoyarsk Territory suffers greatly from unfavorable ecology, as a result of which many representatives of the animals present here are dying out. Therefore, now more than one hundred and forty of their species are listed in the Red Book. Among them are the snow leopard, Siberian roe deer, red wolf, ibex, fin whale and others.
A lot of plants of the Krasnoyarsk Territory are also in the Red Book. All of them are strictly protected in a special zone of the Stolby nature reserve.
It is the Krasnoyarsk Territory that is considered the richest in Russia for various natural resources. For example, the region is the leader in terms of coal reserves. In addition, there is a lot of zinc, quartz, graphite, nickel, cobalt, lead and other rocks in the region. The Krasnoyarsk Territory is also a constant supplier of oil and gas. As many as twenty-five deposits have been discovered in the region. This is one of the main raw material regions of Russia.
Nature and ecology of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, unfortunately, do not go hand in hand. If the nature of the region can be admired, then there is nothing to brag about the ecology. According to experts, the region is actively polluted. The data indicate that half of the inhabitants of the region are forced to live in an unfavorable ecological environment. Norilsk, Nazarovo and the capital of the region Krasnoyarsk are considered the most environmentally unfavorable cities. All this is connected with the largest enterprises in these settlements, which pollute the air.
It should be noted that bad ecology affects not only people. Animals and plants suffer from polluted waters and waterlogged soils. Because of all this, the region is one of the three most polluted in the country. Although measures are being taken to protect the nature of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, they are clearly not enough to solve the accumulated problems.
