What is fascism? This is the collective name of ideologies, extreme right political currents and the principle of dictatorial type of government that corresponds to them. Fascism, as defined above, is characterized by chauvinism, xenophobia, mystical leaderism, anti-communism, militaristic nationalism, contempt for liberalism and electoral democracy, belief in a natural social hierarchy and the rule of the elite, statism, and in some cases genocide.
The word "fascism" in translation from Italian "fascio" means "union". For example, the political party of B. Mussolini, distinguished by its radical views, was called the "Union of Struggle" (Fascio di combattimento). The word "fascio", in turn, comes from the Latin "fascis", which translates as "bundle" or "bundle". In ancient times, it was used to designate a symbol of the power of a magistrate - a fascia (a bundle of rods with an ax stuck in it), which was a characteristic sign of lictors - the guard of honor of the highest magistrates of the Romans. At the same time, the fascia gave its owner the right to use force on behalf of the entire people, and even carry out the death penalty. The image of a bunch of rods with an ax can now be seen even on the emblem belonging to the Federal Bailiff Service of the Russian Federation. In addition, fascias are present in the symbols of power in many states of the world.
What is fascism in the narrow historical sense? This is a mass movement of a political nature. It existed in the 1920s - 1940s. In what country did fascism originate? In Italy.
With regard to world historiography, fascism is also understood as ultra-right political trends in third world countries, the Portuguese regime of the New State, Francoism.
What is fascism, if we consider this phenomenon through the prism of the historiography of the CIS countries, the Russian Federation and the USSR? In addition to all of the above, it is also German National Socialism.
Currently, there are at least four directions of interpretation of the phenomenon under consideration:
Standard Soviet definition;
Fascism as a Western form of extremism;
The interpretation of the term, including the widest range of nationalist and authoritarian trends;
Definition of fascism as right-wing conservative revolutionism.
In addition, fascism, the definition of which we consider in detail, is interpreted by some authors as a pathological deviation in the individual and / or public consciousness, which has psychophysiological roots.
As the American philosopher Hana Arendt noted, the main sign of this phenomenon should be considered the formation of a cult of hatred for an external or internal enemy, fueled by a powerful propaganda machine, if necessary resorting to lies in order to ensure the desired effect.
Under the fascist regime, there is a strengthening of the regulatory functions of the state, not only in the economy, but also in ideology. At the same time, the ruling elite actively creates a system of public associations and mass organizations, initiates violent methods of suppressing dissent, and does not accept the principles of political and economic liberalism. The main features of fascism are as follows:
Statism;
Nationalism;
Traditionalism;
Extremism;
Militarism;
Corporatism;
anti-communism;
anti-liberalism;
Some features of populism.
Often leaderism;
Statements that the main support is the broad masses of the people who do not belong to the ruling class.
I. V. Mazurov expressed his thoughts about what fascism is. He noted the following: it is wrong to compare this phenomenon with authoritarianism, since it is exclusively totalitarianism.
In which country did fascism originate? In Italy. The course for an authoritarian nationalist policy was taken in 1922 by Prime Minister Benito Mussolini. He was the son of a blacksmith, a former socialist, who bore the official title "Duce" (translated from Italian as "leader"). Mussolini remained in power until 1943. All this time the dictator put his nationalistic ideas into practice.
In 1932, he first published The Doctrine of Fascism. It could be read in the fourteenth volume of Enciclopedia Italiana di scienze, lettere ed arti. The doctrine served as an introduction to an article entitled "Fascism". In his work, Mussolini reported disappointment in past courses, including in socialism (despite the fact that he was an active supporter of it for a long period). The dictator called for the search for new ideas, convincing everyone that if the nineteenth century was a period of individualism, then the twentieth will be the era of collectivism, and therefore the state.
Mussolini long time tried to derive a recipe for national happiness. In the process, he formulated the following provisions:
Fascist ideas about the state are all-encompassing. Outside this current, there simply are no human or spiritual values. Fascism interprets, develops and directs all human activity.
It is not worth discounting the reasons for the emergence and development of the trade union movement and socialism. A certain importance should be attached to the corporate structure of the state, in which the current government is responsible for coordinating and harmonizing diverging interests.
Fascism is the absolute opposite of liberalism in both economics and politics.
The state must manage all areas of the life of the people through corporate, social and educational institutions.
Fascism is unacceptable in Russia. That is why in June 2010 the specified work of Mussolini was recognized as extremist. An appropriate decision was made in the Kirovsky District Court of Ufa about this.
In which country did fascism originate? In Italy. It was there that the ideas about the denial of democratic values, about the superiority of one nation over all the others, about the establishment of the cult of the leader, about the justification of terror and violence in order to suppress dissidents, and also about the fact that war is a normal means of resolving interstate disputes, were first voiced. Nazism and fascism go hand in hand in this regard. The former is only one of many varieties of the latter.
National Socialism (Nazism) is the official political ideology of the Third Reich. Her idea was to idealize the Aryan race. For this, elements of social democracy, racism, anti-Semitism, chauvinism, social Darwinism, the principles of "racial hygiene" and the principles of democratic socialism were used.
Nazism and fascism were based on the theory of racial hygiene. According to it, people were divided into representatives of the so-called superior race and inferior elements. The need to make an appropriate selection was proclaimed. The ideology of fascism cultivated the idea that the existence of true Aryans must be supported by all means. At the same time, the reproduction of all unwanted people had to be prevented. According to fascist principles, people suffering from epilepsy, alcoholism, dementia and hereditary diseases were subjected to mandatory forced sterilization.
The idea of expanding the "living space" was especially widespread. They were realized through military expansion.
The organizational base of the first fascist party was formed in 1921. It was based on the "Fuhrer-principle", which assumed the unlimited power of the leader. The main goals of the formation of this party were the following: the maximum spread of fascist ideology, the preparation of a special terrorist apparatus capable of suppressing the forces of democrats and anti-fascists, and, of course, the subsequent seizure of power.
Fascism in Germany in 1923 switched to new level. Adherents of the ideology under consideration made the first direct attempt to seize state power. This event is known in history as the "Beer Putsch". Then the plans of the Nazis failed. For this reason, the tactics of the struggle for power were adjusted. In 1925, the so-called battle for the Reichstag began and the mass base of the fascist party was formed. Three years later, the changed tactics brought the first serious results. The result of the work was the receipt of twelve seats in the Reichstag. And in 1932, the fascist party was in the absolute majority in terms of the number of mandates.
On January 30, 1933, the history of fascism was replenished with another important fact: Adolf Hitler was entrusted with the post of Reich Chancellor of the country. He came to power in the status of head of the coalition government. Hitler was supported by various sections of society. He managed to build the broadest social base thanks to those people who, after the defeat of Germany in the war, simply left the ground from under their feet. The huge aggressive crowd felt cheated. Together with property, the majority of the population of the country lost and life prospects. In such a situation, Hitler skillfully took advantage of the psychological and political disorder of the people. He promised various social strata exactly what they most needed at that time: workers - employment and bread, monarchists - the restoration of the desired way of life, industrialists - enough military orders, the Reichswehr - strengthening positions in connection with updated military plans. The inhabitants of the country much more liked the nationalist appeals of the Nazis, and not the social democratic or communist slogans.
When German fascism began to dominate the country, there was not just a change of cabinet. All institutions of the state of the bourgeois-parliamentary type, as well as all democratic achievements, began to systematically collapse. A terrorist anti-people regime began to be built. At first, anti-fascist demonstrations were actively held, but they were quickly suppressed.
The movement in question reached its apogee during the Second World War. During that period, eleven million people objectionable to the regime were killed in fascist camps. The Soviet Union is given the leading role in the destruction of the cruel system.
In order to throw off the Nazi bonds from the occupied states, in 1944 and 1945 the Soviet armed forces successfully carried out several major strategic operations offensive nature. Troops from eleven fronts took direct part in them. In addition, four fleets, fifty combined arms, six tank and thirteen air armies were involved. No lesser contribution was made by three armies and one air defense front. The number of fighters involved reached 6.7 million people. In the same period, anti-fascist national movements were strengthening, not only in the occupied countries, but even in Germany.
Finally, the long-awaited second front opened on European territory. The Nazis, squeezed in the vise of active hostilities, were rapidly losing strength for further resistance. However, the main part of the shock troops was still concentrated on the line of the Soviet-German front, which was the main one. From August 1944 to May 1945, the largest offensive operations were carried out. They played a decisive role in the liberation of European states from fascist invaders. As a result, the Soviet army partially or completely cleared the territory of ten countries in Europe and two in Asia from the enemy. Two hundred million people, including Bulgarians, Romanians, Hungarians, Poles, Yugoslavs, Czechoslovaks, Austrians, Danes, Germans, Koreans and Chinese, got rid of the enemy.
Millions of people fought and gave their lives so that the propaganda of fascism would never again sound from the stands, in order to wipe out the remnants of a bloody dictatorship, misanthropic ideology, Nazism and racism from the face of the earth. This goal was achieved in 1945.
Every year on the second Sunday of September, the Russian Federation celebrates the International Day of Remembrance for the Victims of Fascism. In most countries of the world, those who died at the hands of bloody ideologists are honored. This day was established in 1962. The main goal with which the victims of fascism are regularly remembered is to prevent the re-spread of fascist or other misanthropic ideas.
It is believed that fascism is reincarnated today in some Western states. This is explained by the need of large capitals to obtain inexpensive labor and new raw materials through the seizure of Western European territories. In this regard, the ruling coalitions of both the States and the European Union do not prevent the revival of fascist traditions that bear hatred for the Russian world.
It is noteworthy that the ambiguity in the discussion of the phenomenon under consideration is still observed. The concept of fascism is recognized as one of the key in the twentieth century. It has its own history and, undoubtedly, influenced the course of modern history.
If we take into account the multitude of fascist movements and regimes, the predominance of the assertion that there is no single theory about the emergence of this direction becomes clear. To clearly define the phenomenon under study, we outline the main features of fascism: it is an ideology based on chauvinist, anti-socialist, anti-liberal and conservative views. Occult, mythological anti-Semitic and romantic ideas, coupled with elements of militant political culture, are of particular importance. Fertile ground for the emergence of fascist parties are capitalist systems and societies that are in the so-called transitional stage. At the same time, such trends do not develop within the limits of socialism.
The study of fascism in its classical sense has now reached a phase of balance, synthesis and systematization. However, this cannot be said about the studies of modern trends - right-wing extremism and fascism. The process is significantly complicated by complete chaos in the subject distinction and terminology. At the same time, a variety of concepts are used, including neo-Nazism, neo-fascism, right-wing populism, extremism ...
What is the difference between the views of classical fascists and modern European far right? Let's try to answer this difficult question. So, fascism is characterized by an authoritarian nationalism that stands up for the protection of the corporate-estate version of petty-bourgeois capitalism. He controls the militarist party and the armed units. An invariable attribute is a charismatic leader. As for the current ultra-right, they sharply criticize cosmopolitanism and talk about the decline of modern society, they also do not allow mixing of races and peoples, they cultivate the myth of the enlightenment tradition. The basic ideological samples presented above are generously flavored with local prejudices and coloring.
Fascism is still unreasonably dangerous for a civilized society. Despite the fact that it was originally an Italian-German-Japanese project, many other states were infected with similar ideas. Information about the Second World War eloquently confirms this.
As we well know from school history books, the Germans are responsible for the extermination of six million Jewish people. Other peoples also suffered, but they are usually remembered less often. At the same time, society is not sufficiently informed that representatives of some nations, inspired by bloody ideas, not only helped the fascists realize their terrible mission, but also achieved their own gloomy political goals under their protection. Not everyone today can openly say that a certain part of Ukrainians, Latvians, Hungarians, Estonians, Lithuanians, Croats and Romanians were directly involved in the most cruel atrocities. To confirm this fact, it is enough to turn to history. Thus, for Croats, fascism became a widely supported national idea and the basis for the formation of a political course. The same can be said about Estonians.
It is an indisputable fact that the Holocaust would not have been realized without Hitler, Himmler and some other Germans. Nevertheless, according to the Hamburg historian M. Wild, they would not have been able to destroy a great many European Jews on their own. To this end, they undoubtedly received serious assistance from outside.
Fascism in Russia is an unambiguously negative phenomenon. He is being fought at different levels. However, not all players in the world political arena support the desire to eradicate bloody ideas.
On December 23, 2010, the plenipotentiaries of the Russian Federation presented the Resolution in the UN General Assembly. This document called for a fight against the glorification of fascism. The resolution was supported by 129 countries. And only America opposed its signing. There were no comments from the media and US officials on this matter.
In the above article, we answered the question of which country fascism originated in. In addition, the characteristic features of this phenomenon, the features of ideology and the consequences of the influence of misanthropic ideas on the course of world history were considered.
Literature
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2. Kravchenko, A.I. Political science [Text]: textbook / A.I. Kravchenko. – M.: Prospekt, 2008.
3. Irkhin, Yu. V. Political science [Text]: textbook. for stud. universities on special "Political Science" / Yu. V. Irkhin - M .: Exam, 2007.
4. Pugachev, V. P. Introduction to political science [Text]: textbook. for stud. universities studying in the direction and special. "Political science" / V. P. Pugachev, A. I. Solovyov. - M. : Aspect Press, 2007.
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1. The concept of political ideology, its functions and levels.
The word "ideology" comes from the Greek idea - idea and logos - doctrine, i.e. etymologically means "the doctrine of ideas". Political ideology is a certain doctrine that justifies the claims of a particular group of persons to power and, in accordance with this goal, achieves the subordination of public opinion to its own ideas.
Along with economic and political power, ideology can be called spiritual power over society.
Functions of ideology:
· Mastering the public consciousness and introducing into it their own criteria for assessing the past, present and future.
· Creation of a system of values and orientations of human activity.
· Organization of purposeful actions of society to achieve the set goals.
· Unification and cohesion of society on the basis of certain goals and values.
Any ideology proclaims goals and ideals that people are supposed to take on faith. The purpose of ideology is to serve the real state policy, its main task is to idealize reality. Political ideology claims to be of universal significance, therefore it seeks to suppress other ideologies, declares its calling to change the world for the better. It requires adherence from its supporters to the values and norms that it cultivates.
Ideology is closely related to propaganda, but they must be distinguished. Ideology is a form of existence of political ideas, and political propaganda is a means of their dissemination. Propaganda purposefully forms in citizens the political orientations necessary and desirable for the party, elites, leaders, inducing citizens to a certain course of action. Propaganda exercises “control over the minds of people”, for this they use the media, which have become the “fourth power”. From the media, society mainly draws proper ideas about the ongoing processes in politics, and very often a directed interpretation of real events replaces information about real events. This serves as a prerequisite for political manipulation, which is a way to control the political consciousness and behavior of people, to form their readiness for certain political actions.
It is important to distinguish between the real facts that need to be accurately established and their interpretation for various political purposes. A certain interpretation of facts is the goal of political ideology.
political manipulation is based on the systematic introduction into the mass consciousness of political myths, illusions, ideas that prescribe certain standards of behavior, values and norms taken for granted.
The mass consciousness is most susceptible to manipulation during transitional periods, when it is necessary to form ideas that are divorced from reality on the basis of lies, half-truths, juggling of facts. Thus, at the beginning of perestroika reforms in Russia, a myth was cultivated about the attractiveness of capitalism, the complete failure of socialism, and the urgency of breaking the existing economic relations in favor of the market and competition. On the eve of elections, ideas about the advantage of this or that leader usually begin to be hammered into the minds of society, and all sorts of ways are used to create the perfect picture.
If an ideology affects the entire society and is able to influence the worldview level, it is total. If the ideology is aimed at a partial change in the forms of government, election systems, state functions and is not able to influence the worldview of citizens, then it acts as a private one. The fall in the influence of ideology on public opinion speaks of an increase in the general culture of the population.
Main ideological currents:
Liberalism.
The concept of "liberalism" entered the political lexicon in the early 19th century. It was formed on the basis of the political ideas of the English enlighteners John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, A. Smith at the end of the 17th-18th century. It was the time of the formation of capitalist relations and the bourgeoisie as a class. Therefore, despite all the differences in the views of these thinkers, they shared ideas aimed at realizing the need to revise established but outdated values and approaches to solving socio-economic and political problems, to restructure socio-political and state institutions.
The turning point in the formation of liberalism was the French Revolution of the 18th century. The main ideas of liberalism were formulated in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen of 1789 and the constitution of 1791. Liberalism had a huge impact on the formation government systems many western countries. In Russia, the liberal worldview took root in the 19th century. 20th century.
In general, liberal ideology can be divided into classical liberalism and neoliberalism.
Ideas of classical liberalism.
1. At the heart of liberalism is the recognition of the ideal of individual freedom of the individual. Every person has an inalienable right to spiritual, political and economic freedoms. Freedom means the destruction of external restrictions in the economic, physical, intellectual sphere of activity. The equality of all people in their natural right to self-realization is proclaimed. Liberalism declares null and void all forms of heredity and estate privileges. The ideals of private property, competition, the market, and entrepreneurship are proclaimed. These ideals become the basis for the economic and political development of society.
2. Relations between the state and society, the state and the individual are being revised. The state should not control the economic, social, religious spheres of society. The pluralism of political currents and ideologies, their tolerance for each other, the priority of the individual in relation to society and the state are proclaimed. The principle of non-intervention of the state in private life is proclaimed. The main task of the state is to guarantee the rights and freedoms of the individual, control over the observance of laws, order in society and protect the country from external danger.
3. Liberalism laid the foundation for the formation of the principles of civil society, constitutionalism, parliamentarism and the rule of law. The idea of dividing power into three branches was formulated - legislative, executive, judicial. The state should be ruled not by individuals, but by laws, and the task of the state is to regulate the relations of free citizens on the basis of laws.
These ideas lead to the fact that a person gets opportunities for self-realization in any field of activity and, above all, in the economy. Everyone gets a chance to move up the social ladder, which stimulates entrepreneurship, hard work, and risk. All this allows capitalism to become an effective, dynamic system, contributes to the development of the individual and society.
But it must be said that the classical type of liberalism is only a kind of ideal and does not quite reflect reality. The end of the 19th-beginning of the 20th century is a kind of milestone of liberalism, at which time both its strengths and weaknesses are revealed.
Thus, free competition has led to the suppression of weaker competitors by stronger ones; there is a concentration and centralization of production in the hands of a small number of corporations and financial magnates (Carnegie, Rockefeller, Hurst). This leads to a sharp polarization of society into a wealthy minority and the poorest majority. The failure of many ideas of classical liberalism was demonstrated by the world economic crisis of 1929-1933. As a result, liberalism underwent significant changes and appeared in an updated form as neoliberalism; the American President Franklin Roosevelt became its main political spokesman.
At the heart of neoliberalism on the one hand, some "eternal" values of liberalism are preserved, but, on the other hand, new ideas are introduced. For example, laws were adopted that strengthened the regulatory role of the state, and the principle of state intervention in the economy was introduced. The right to private property, although it remains the main one, ceases to be fundamental, since in reality other rights turn out to be more important for a huge part of society. For example, for workers, the main is the right to work, and for the poor - the right to a living wage.
Modern liberalism recognizes as unsatisfactory the classical concept of freedom and equality of opportunity, in which the state should not interfere in the economic and social sphere of society. In reality, the "starting opportunities" of individuals depend on various reasons, for example, on family background. So, people from wealthy families automatically get a chance for a much better education, upbringing, medical service, not to mention the clear advantages in the form of inherited real estate and finances. Therefore, the state cannot withdraw from participation in the socio-economic sphere of society. It must ensure the possibility of realization of individual abilities of representatives of different strata, including the obligation to provide free access to education, medical care, etc. for those who, due to their origin and financial situation, cannot independently provide themselves with equal starting opportunities.
The concept of social justice occupies an important place in modern liberal ideology. This is not about social equality, since liberals reject the idea of mechanical leveling and defend the idea of rewarding initiative and talent, but about the principle of state redistribution of national wealth to eliminate extremes of inequality, ensure a living wage and social protection for all citizens, to adequately reward those social categories who are obviously excluded from market mechanisms, for example, teachers, doctors, workers social sphere.
So, the main idea of neoliberalism is that a person should have the opportunity for self-development based on their talents, abilities, healthy competition, but the state should mitigate the negative consequences of the market system.
Conservatism.
The emergence of conservatism as a political ideology is also associated with the Enlightenment and the 18th century French Revolution. Conservatism was a reaction to the threat posed by the revolution to traditional values, habitual ways of life and thought. Initially, this was the ideology of the nobility, but gradually broader layers also joined it. In general, this is the ideology of the middle class and those social strata that are primarily affected by various kinds of transformations in society.
The ideologist of conservatism is the English politician and philosopher Edmund Burke. In 1790, his book Reflections on the Revolution in France was published, in which the basic principles of conservatism were first formulated: social life should be based on traditions, customs, moral and material values inherited from previous generations and interconnected. To ensure the future, society must be stable, balanced and gradually renewed.
The term "conservatism" itself was first used by the French writer Chateaubriand, who in 1818 began publishing the journal "Conservator", since then this term has been widely used to refer to a certain way of thinking, mindset, style of behavior, etc. But most often, conservatism is understood as a political ideology focused on protecting the traditional foundations of public life, unshakable values and opposing a sharp renewal of society.
For two hundred years of its existence, conservatism has undergone great changes, there are many approaches to the typology of conservatism. But we will divide all conservatism into classical and neoconservatism.
Classic variant.
Conservatives believe that the real world has some kind of unchanging vital principle, and a person, due to the limitations of his mind, should not undertake to rebuild the world, as he can destroy this vital principle, which will lead to the destruction of the very foundations of society.
Conservatism denies conscious progress in society. Social progress is the result of trial and error, in the course of which experience is accumulated and passed on from generation to generation, which is embodied in institutions and values. These institutions and values are not created consciously and purposefully, because their nature cannot be understood in principle.
Society is a set of institutions, norms, moral beliefs, customs, traditions, dating back to a deep history. Their interconnection and unity is a miracle of history, it cannot be explained by rational arguments, i.e. It is impossible to explain why everything exists in this form, and not in another. Therefore, already established institutions and connections should always be given preference over any innovations, no matter how perfect they seem from a rational point of view.
The constitution is considered as a manifestation of higher principles that cannot be arbitrarily changed by a person, the principle of the rule of law and civil law-abiding is proclaimed.
In the process of social development, many principles of conservatism have undergone significant changes. IN Western Europe neoconservatism emerges as a reaction to the economic crisis of 1973-1974. This trend combines many ideas and values of classical conservatism with the ideas of liberalism. For example, the idea of social development, the historical, social and political activity of man, the idea of democratization of politics and social relations. Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan became political spokesmen for neoconservatism.
The modern accelerated pace of life, the violation of the spiritual and ecological balance leads to the instability of society, to the confusion of people. Under these conditions, neoconservatism proposed a return to traditional values and ideals, for example, to the priority of the family and religion, social stability based on the moral mutual responsibility of citizens and the state, respect for law, a strong state order and stability are proclaimed. Those. in a society tormented by unemployment, inflation, loss of spirituality, sexual revolution, etc., universal moral laws and morals were put at the forefront as the basis of society.
Responsibility for the preservation of these foundations was assigned to the individual himself, who must rely primarily on his own strength, his own initiative and vitality. And do not consider the state as a "cash cow". But man was not left to his own devices. The state must provide the individual with the necessary living conditions, provide the opportunity to form political associations. The state must also support and develop the institutions of civil society.
Although neoconservatism could not solve many problems of the economy, it provided support for the stability of society, was able to protect a person, the spiritual sphere of his life in an industrially developing society. A non-conservative ideology is adhered to in the modern world by many large political parties Western countries, for example, Republican in the USA, liberal-conservative in Japan, conservative in England, the influence of this ideology is very strong in Western society.
social democracy.
Social democracy arises at a certain stage in the development of bourgeois society in countries that have reached an average level of industrial development. This ideology expresses the interests of workers, intellectuals, entrepreneurs. The theoretical foundations of social democracy were laid in the work of E. Bernstein "Preconditions for Socialism and the Tasks of Social Democracy" (1899). The main ideas of social democracy were formulated at the congress of social democrats in Frankfurt am Main in 1951.
The main values proclaim the ideas of freedom, justice, solidarity. Freedom means the right of everyone to self-determination. The equality of all in their rights and freedoms means justice. Solidarity means mutual aid, mutual support.
The ideology of social democracy is characterized by the following features:
1. Promotion of the concept of democratic socialism. But socialism is understood not as a type of society, but as a process aimed at realizing the basic values of social democracy.
2. A large role is assigned to the trade union movement.
3. Also great importance is attached to the political contract and agreement in solving various problems. The transformation of society must take place through gradual reforms.
4. The priority of the development of the social sphere is recognized, and not the achievement of maximum economic profit. The tasks of the Social Democrats are to create and develop a system of social security and services. An important place is occupied by the solution of environmental problems.
In the economic sphere, the Social Democrats advocate a mixed type of economy. Key industries should be socialized or under state control. At the same time, public control over investments, the participation of workers in joint decision-making at the level of companies and trade unions in the development of a national economic policy, self-managed cooperatives of workers and farmers, state enterprises with democratic forms of control and management, etc. are encouraged.
In the modern world, social democratic ideology is represented by different parties - social democratic, socialist, labor, workers. In general, there are about 80 such parties, which unite about 20 mil. more than 200 million people vote for these parties. voters. In many Western countries(England, Germany) the main political struggle takes place between parties of the social democratic type and between parties of neoconservatives.
Communism.
The communist ideology was formed on the basis of Marxism, a doctrine that arose in Western Europe in the middle of the 19th century. The founders are Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Marxism developed the doctrine of building a just society, in which the exploitation of man by man, with the alienation of man from power, from property and the results of labor, will be put an end to. Such a society was called communist. The carrier of this ideology was the proletariat.
Marxism is a radical ideology; it assigns the main role to violent methods of transforming the old society and revolutionary methods of building a new society. Marxism recognizes the possibility of scientific knowledge of the surrounding reality, objective social laws, and the steady progress of society.
The type of society, according to Marxism, is determined mainly by the level of development, productive forces, but also by cultural, psychological, spiritual and other factors. Historical progress consisted in a change in socio-economic formations: from slave-owning to feudal, and then to capitalist. All three formations are based on private property, on the exploitation of classes and the irreconcilability of their interests. The economic basis of the communist formation, as an ideal towards which the development of society aspires, is public property. But to the communist formation and its first phase, socialism, it is possible to pass only through the proletarian revolution and the dictatorship of the proletariat, the purpose of which is the expropriation of private property and its transfer into the hands of the working people.
A communist society presupposes the formation of a new person who is guided primarily by moral incentives for labor (a pennant or a passing flag), labor for the good of society, and so on. In building a new state, emphasis was placed on the leading role of the Communist Party, which merged with the power structures of the state. But it is assumed that in the subsequent development of the state and its bodies will be replaced by a system of public self-government.
Fascism.
It is translated from Latin as a bunch, bunch, union. Fascism is a phenomenon of the 20th century, it is the reaction of society to problems and contradictions in various spheres of society. Fascism draws its strength from the mass protest movement. The mass movement needs an ideology that can clearly formulate goals and ways to achieve them, as well as create an image of the enemy, the overthrow of which will open the way to success. The ideology of fascism appeals to passions, innate instincts, base human feelings.
For the emergence of fascism, not just a crisis in society is suitable, but a protracted crisis that shook the entire social structure of society, its moral foundations, disrupted economic processes, caused general disappointment in the official ideology, etc.
Basic ideas of fascism.
1. An arrogantly negative attitude towards the human person as a being subject to all sorts of vices, a “vessel of sin”, in need of a constant bridle and a firm guiding hand.
2. Recognized disability human mind to knowledge of the world. The mind is a source of confusion and frustration.
3. Main focus in historical development humanity is done to the nation. The change in the levels of development of society is based on the relationship between nations, the spiritual upsurge and decline of nations.
It must be said that these values themselves can be the basis not only of fascist ideologies, but at the same time there are no fascist movements that would not rely on these ideas.
A disdainful attitude towards the individual, the interpretation of a person as a “vessel of evil” justifies a system of strict control over society by that part of it that, according to fascist theorists (Mussolini, Hitler), due to biological heredity and self-improvement, rises above the average human level (Nietzsche’s concept "superman" and "aristocracy of the spirit"). In order for the functioning of public institutions to be effective, leadership based on a single will is required. Hence the natural need for a leader who realizes this will. And to various processes in society, they did not weaken a single strong will, violence is justified, which should be used not only as a response to actions, but also as a reaction to intentions.
The proclamation of the nation as the driving force of social development solves two problems. Firstly, the idea is put forward of fighting for the salvation, strengthening, expansion of one's nation, which is the bearer of a positive principle and is capable of making mankind happy (the National Socialist slogan: "The German spirit will heal the whole world"). And secondly, a specific enemy appears, to whose account all failures and troubles can be attributed, this is another nation - the bearer of all conceivable and inconceivable negative traits, an attacker who builds sinister plans. For example, they may be declared a certain national minority. Such an enemy is useful for domestic policy, since discontent can be directed at it to weaken the internal tension of society. This enemy is also useful for foreign policy, for explaining failures in international affairs, justifying an aggressive course, unleashing military conflicts, and so on.
So, the goal of fascism is the revival and improvement in their “titular” country, i.e. main, nation. The priority of state interests, a rigid system of government, closing on the personality of the leader, the opposition is excluded. The methods of fascism are the organization of a mass movement, its fertilization with a national spirit, the unification of public life, and the suppression by any means of counteraction.
For example, in Germany, a fascist ideology was created on the basis of the myth of the superiority of a certain people "Aryans", and a policy of state support for "culturally creating races" was proclaimed, which included the Germans, the British; restrictions on living space for ethnic groups "serving cultural races", such ethnic groups included the Slavs, residents of some states of the East and Latin America; and proclaimed the merciless destruction of "culture-destroying" peoples, they included blacks, Jews, gypsies.
Fascist ideology was prevalent in Germany, Italy (30s-40s), Spain and Portugal (1943-1960s). Greece in the 60s, Brazil, Chile. In modern Russia, fascist ideology is present in the LDPR and RNE parties.
In some cases, fascism is characterized by rejection of the monarchy.
Fascist states are characterized by a developed economy with a strong regulatory role of the state, corporatization of the state through the creation of a system of mass organizations and social associations, violent methods of suppressing dissent, rejection of the principles of liberal democracy, open terror against the labor movement.
Often, a factor in the emergence and growth of fascist parties is the presence of an economic crisis in the country, if it also causes a crisis in the social and political field.
Fascist parties were often militarized and adopted an unusual political style at the time: mass demonstrations, mass marches, emphasis on the masculine and youthful character of the party, forms of some secularized religiosity, uncompromising approval and the use of violence in political conflicts.
The fascist parties had comparable ideologies and goals, the hallmark of which was their underlying ambivalence. Fascist ideology reveals simultaneously anti-socialist and anti-capitalist, anti-modernist and specifically modern, extremely nationalistic and tendentiously transnational moments. These relations do not appear in the same form in all types of fascism.
The anti-capitalist points of the program, for the most part formulated in a deliberately vague way, in the course of the development of the Italian NFP and the NSDAP more and more receded into the background. They were relatively strong in the Hungarian Arrow Cross, in the Romanian Iron Guard, in parts of the Phalanx, in the French FNP Doriot, and in the Austrian National Socialists before the Anschluss. On the contrary, they were relatively weak among the Austrian Heimwehrites, the Norwegian "National Unity", the Belgian Rexists, some parts of the rest of the French fascist parties and the Dutch NSS.
Extremely anti-modernist attitudes are found among the NSDAP, the Iron Guard and the Ustashe. But even these movements by no means refused to use specifically modern tools and methods in propaganda, politics, military affairs and economics. Therefore, fascism in general cannot be described either as an exclusive anti-modernism, or as a "rush towards the modern", or, even more so, as a "social revolution".
All fascist parties were extremely nationalistically oriented; for the most part they were guided by certain "glorious" periods of the corresponding national history. But small fascist movements, willingly or unwittingly, had to take into account to some extent the national interests of other fascist movements, and above all of fascist regimes. It was precisely because of this orientation towards a foreign fascist model that not only the left, but also the right-wing forces of an extremely national direction fought with these parties.
All fascist parties showed a determined and uncompromising will to destroy their political opponents, as well as - partly arbitrarily chosen - minorities.
Word fascism comes from italian fascio (fashio) - "union" (the name of the political radical organization of B. Mussolini - Fascio di combattimento- "Union of Struggle"). This word, in turn, goes back to the Latin fascism- “bundle, bundle”, which, in particular, denoted the symbols of magisterial power - fascia, bundles of rods with a stuck ax. The image of the fasces became a symbol of Mussolini's movement, which appealed to the imperial traditions of Ancient Rome (in particular, Mussolini claimed that Julius Caesar was the first fascist.)
Emblem with symbols of the Italian fascist movement
Fascism in the narrow sense of the word, that is, the doctrine of Benito Mussolini, brought to the fore the idea of a corporate state - the state as the power of corporations, representing and harmonizing the interests of all segments of the population (as opposed to parliamentary democracy as the power of parties). Fascist ideology originated in Italy in the late 1990s, the Italian Fascist Party came to power and established Mussolini's dictatorship in 1922. Mussolini himself, in his book La Dottrina del Fascismo, used the word "fascism" both in the sense of "regime" and in the sense of "ideology":
"Il fascismo, oltre a essere un sistema di governo, è anche, e prima di tutto, un sistema di pensiero" ("Fascism is not only a system of government, it is also, and above all, a system of thought")
Back in November 1922, Lenin compared the Italian fascists with the "gangs" (according to the author's vocabulary) of the Black Hundreds of the tsarist time.
At the same time, almost simultaneously, socialist and communist authors began to designate as "fascist" all anti-revolutionary movements and regimes.
Subsequently, in the discussion of the communists about the concept of fascism, such a generalization, apparently, was not in doubt, although in the early 1920s Clara Zetkin, Antonio Gramsci, Palmiro Togliatti and some other Italian authors warned against labeling all anti-democratic and anti-communist phenomena as fascist, since at the same time, the specific features of Italian fascism were erased.
Since the late 1920s, opponents of German National Socialism have increasingly referred to it as "fascism". In particular, this was also characteristic of Soviet political phraseology.
The classic Marxist definition of fascism is considered to be the definition presented in the resolution of the XIII Plenum of the ECCI and repeated at the VII Congress of the Comintern by Georgy Dimitrov, a speaker on this issue (the so-called "Dimitrov" definition):
Fascism is an open terrorist dictatorship of the most reactionary, the most chauvinistic, the most imperialist elements of finance capital... Fascism is not supra-class power, nor is it the power of the petty bourgeoisie or lumpen-proletariat over finance capital. Fascism is the power of finance capital itself. This is the organization of terrorist reprisals against the working class and the revolutionary part of the peasantry and intelligentsia. Fascism in foreign policy is chauvinism in itself. grossest form cultivating zoological hatred against other peoples.
At the same time, for the regime and the dominant ideology of some countries, the term "fascism" was almost never used, although it was suitable on formal grounds. For example, in the USSR it was customary to characterize the political regime of Japan as "Japanese militarism." This is probably due to the peculiarities of the formation of the reactionary regime in Japan in the 20-40s, mainly "from above" by the hands of military extremists. Although the zaibatsu often used criminals to intimidate and kill opponents of the reaction, there is no evidence of the formation of stormtrooper detachments outside the control of the army.
During the Great Patriotic War, the Soviet people fought against the Nazi invaders
With the outbreak of World War II, this understanding of the term was adopted by the bourgeois-democratic and democratic layers of the countries participating in the anti-Hitler coalition. Here, for example, is what the Encyclopædia Britannica writes:
Between 1922 and 1945 fascist parties and movements came to power in a number of countries: in Italy, the National Fascist Party (Partito Nazionale Fascista) led by Mussolini, in Germany, the National Socialist Workers' Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei), or the Nazi Party, led by Adolf Hitler and representing his national - socialist movement
After World War II word fascist acquired an extremely negative connotation, and it became unpopular for political groups to correlate with fascism. Currently, some politicians use the word "fascism" in their speeches to brand their political opponents and their beliefs. The word "fascism" has become a dirty word in political demagogy, often losing its semantic content. For some, accusations of fascism have become a weapon in the fight against political opposition.
In the media, fascism is often referred to as any real or imaginary manifestation of totalitarianism, combined with the idea of national or racial exclusivity, as well as sympathy for Nazi symbols and aesthetics.
Since the late 1980s, there has been considerable interest among academic historians and sociologists in the study of the phenomenon of fascism. A number of scientific monographs are published, both in Europe (see, for example, Roger Griffin) and in Russia (see, for example, Alexander Galkin).
See also the section "National Socialism and Religion" in the article "National Socialism"
“in a fascist state, religion is regarded as one of the deepest manifestations of the spirit, therefore it is not only revered, but is protected and patronized”
Benito Mussolini. Doctrine of fascism. 1932
In fact, the attitude of the fascist regime in a given state to religion and the church depended on how deeply it was connected with traditional structures - for example, the close relationship between the fascist regime and the church was characteristic of Romania, Hungary and Spain.
Italian fascism began as an atheistic and anti-clerical movement, but then compromised with the church. The Catholic Church was given even more power and influence by the Lateran Treaty of February 1929 than before. Along with significant state subsidies, she negotiated for herself far-reaching rights of intervention and control in the field of education and family life. Insulting the Pope has become a criminal offense.
Hitler was supported by some high-ranking representatives of the Russian Church Abroad and the Moscow Patriarchate. This is explained by the fact that the leaders of the Orthodox Churches saw in the attack of Germany and its allies on the USSR an opportunity to restore church life in the occupied territories, which was almost destroyed or driven underground by the Soviet anti-religious policy, and in the future - to restore pre-revolutionary forms of power in Russia.
The position of the German authorities in the occupied territories of the USSR combined several trends. Reich Minister of the Eastern Lands Alfred Rosenberg sought to revive Orthodoxy in the minds of the people through the creation of autonomous church structures, divided along national and territorial lines and controlled by Nazi officials. On the other hand, the fascist military in every possible way welcomed the revival of Orthodoxy in the occupied territories and participated in the restoration of churches. According to numerous testimonies, when the Nazis occupied the next settlement of the USSR (and sometimes before the arrival of the Nazi troops), churches were immediately opened in it on the initiative of Orthodox believers, which they did not have time to destroy Soviet authority. Thousands of parish and monastic communities have returned to church worship, Soviet time gone underground. For the first time in many years, the once closed temples were restored and overflowed with worshipers. At one time, there were more active churches in the occupied territories than in the rest of Soviet Russia.
At the same time, in the territories controlled by the USSR, representatives of the Russian Orthodox Church declared spiritual support for the Soviet people (appeal to the believers of the Patriarchal Locum Tenens Metropolitan Sergius on June 22, 1941 (first published in 1943), about supporting besieged Leningrad), they organized a number of actions in the fight against the fascist army (transferring funds to the defense and Red Cross funds, collecting clothes and food in parishes, raising funds for the construction of a tank column named after Dmitry Donskoy), which were assessed by the Soviet government as populist. At the same time, some of these actions were organized on the initiative of the Soviet government itself.
According to Orthodox researchers, the strengthening of Orthodoxy was not part of the goals of the German leadership. The revival of popular religiosity, in their opinion, was used by Germany solely for propaganda purposes to counter the Soviet leadership. In support of their point of view, Orthodox researchers cite the thesis that Hitler wanted to see the Orthodox Church fragmented, and its dioceses in the occupied territories independent of the influence of the Moscow Patriarchate. Also, in support of this point of view, facts are cited that some hierarchs and simple priesthood resisted the alleged German policy towards the Orthodox Church. Their skepticism is rather confirmed by the real instructions of Hitler and Goering about the post-war destruction of the Russian people.
In some cases, the German occupation authorities banned local churches. So, on September 27, 1942, the Orthodox Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia was banned. Its Primate Bishop Gorazd and several priests were shot, the property of the Church was confiscated, churches were closed, the clergy were arrested and imprisoned, the laity were sent to forced labor in Germany. The reason for this was that Orthodox priests hid in cathedral Saints Cyril and Methodius, a group of Czech agents abandoned from Great Britain and shot General SS Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich.
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .
Reasons for the emergence of the ideology of fascism
The emergence of fascist ideology in Italy and Germany in the first half of the twentieth century. has a number of common grounds that led to the formation of totalitarian regimes in these countries on the basis of the fascist doctrine developed by their ideologists. During this period, prerequisites were formed that contribute to the emergence and consolidation of fascism. First of all, such a prerequisite was the nationwide crisis caused by the post-war devastation, affecting all social strata and groups and exacerbating social, including interethnic, contradictions. This is superimposed on the weakening of the real power of the liberal-democratic state, its inability to propose and implement effective measures to bring society out of the crisis. The situation was aggravated by the use of tough measures by the authorities, positioning themselves as democratic. “The slowness of liberal policy caused growing discontent. To this was added justified indignation by those who, under the guise of liberal phrases, defended anti-social privileges. Citizens began to distrust political institutions. At the level of mass psychology, a feeling of loss of social security arose, often developing into aggression against the state as a whole.
Not the last role was played by the weakening of the country's international positions, both in the case of Italy, which lost its former role in the political processes of Europe, and in the case of Germany, which was forced to sign the Treaty of Versailles, which traumatized the national consciousness of the Germans. The activities of the left parties (communist, social democratic) frightened with a revolutionary perspective not only big capital, but also the middle strata of society.
At the head of the fascist movement were skillful demagogue leaders, skillfully playing on social contradictions, manipulating the masses, promising to bring the country out of the crisis through quick and decisive action. The charismatic abilities of such leaders often solved many questions that he could answer in a clear, accessible and unambiguous way: "The more complex civilization becomes, the more limited the freedom of the individual." It is impossible to overestimate the fact that the material support of the big bourgeoisie eliminated many of the difficulties that stood in the way of power for the fascist party.
The crisis of public consciousness, the disappointment of the masses in liberal and democratic values forced people to turn not to a rational solution of the problem within the framework of liberal democracy, but to appeal to emotions, feelings and the search for an irrational way out of a catastrophic situation.
With regard to Germany, it is possible to clearly identify the fundamental reasons that led to the establishment of fascism:
The monopoly bourgeoisie found in fascism the desired way out of the acute political situation created by the economic crisis;
The petty bourgeoisie, a certain part of the peasantry, saw in the demagogic promises of the Hitlerite party the fulfillment of their hopes for alleviating the economic difficulties caused by the growth of monopolies and aggravated by the crisis;
The German working class was split into two workers' parties, neither of which was strong enough to stop fascism.
For both Germany and Italy, general instability played a significant role, fueling nationalist, militaristic and revanchist sentiments. You should also pay attention to the complexity of the international situation during this period. It was characterized by an underestimation by the leading powers of the world of the fascist threat, connivance with the aggressor, and contradictions in the international arena. France was interested in preserving the Versailles system and sought to create a bloc of European states for this purpose. England and the United States were inclined to restore the German military and economic potential, hoping to prevent French hegemony on the continent and, most importantly, to direct the aggressive aspirations of German fascism to the east with the prospect of war between Germany and the USSR.
Don't underestimate and psychological background of fascist ideology. Perhaps it was she who played a significant role in strengthening the spirit of "righteousness" of fascism among poorly educated people and marginalized people. "In addition to the problem of the economic and social conditions that contributed to the emergence of fascism, there is also the problem of man as such, which also needs to be understood." The essence of this prerequisite for the emergence of fascist ideology lies in the fact that a person, being in an unstable, but relatively free state, is ready to give up this very freedom in order to receive a guarantee of “tomorrow”. In an era of crisis, a person is ready to buy order and stability for free will and conscience.
The simultaneous presence of all these factors and their interweaving allowed the fascist ideology to gain wide scope in Europe in the 1920s and 30s. The results of the partial implementation of the doctrine of fascism are horrifying - the suppression of the individual, total state control, war, repressions, concentration camps and millions of human victims.
The concept of fascism and its basic ideological principles
Fascism (from the Italian fascio-bundle, bundle, association) is a right-wing radical political movement and ideological movement that denies both liberal and socialist values. It is one of the main varieties of totalitarianism, but it is quite tolerant of private property. It is distinguished by chauvinist nationalism, anti-Semitism, racism and aggressiveness in foreign policy.
The "classic" examples of fascism are Italian fascism and German Nazism. The main distinguishing quality of fascism is militant anti-communism, as well as social and nationalist demagogy. Despite the complexity of the class composition of the fascist movement, its anti-proletarian character is decisive. Fascism is a direct reaction of the entire anti-proletarian front to a possible socialist revolution in the conditions of the collapse or crisis of the bourgeois state, a split in the ruling class, social hysteria in all strata of society. The establishment of fascism represents a radical upheaval leading to the complete and final destruction of bourgeois democracy by the bourgeoisie itself, since the social base of its dictatorship has disintegrated.
With the establishment of fascism, there is no change in the class essence of state power, and the nature of the socio-economic system does not change either. The most reactionary part of the bourgeoisie comes to power, which establishes a regime of arbitrariness and lawlessness. Being a product of the era of the general crisis of capitalism, fascism is an openly terrorist dictatorship of the most reactionary and chauvinistic elements of finance capital. Distinguishes fascism from other totalitarian regimes, first of all, the preaching of "national socialism", in which bourgeois democracy is also liquidated, but this is done without "theoretical justification" and not under "socialist" slogans. This is due to the fact that the understanding of socialism among the Nazis was very specific. Mussolini saw it as a great act of destruction, and Hitler saw it as a complete commitment to the ideas of the nation. The Nazis focused on popular in the 1920s and 30s. the ideas of socialism are mainly based mainly on demagogic considerations.
The basic principles of fascist ideology include the following fundamental provisions:
· A conservative revolution, the essence of which is the elimination of the liberal order, which brought the country into a state of economic crisis and a proletarian-revolutionary situation. A conservative revolution is the path by which the country will return to its former historical greatness. Fascist revolutionism, special, based on the need for "order, discipline, obedience to the moral commandments of the Fatherland."
a totalitarian state. Mussolini said that the party that governs totalitarian - " new fact in history”, analogies and comparisons are inappropriate here. The state subjugates society, destroys its civic foundations, subjecting all aspects of its life to stateization, right down to private (even intimate) relationships.
The idea of a nation. National revival is possible only within the framework of a totalitarian state in which national interests are decisive. The nation is "absolute", a single whole. “The state educates citizens in civic virtues, it gives them the consciousness of its mission and encourages them to unity, harmonizes interests on the principle of justice; ensures the continuity of the conquests of thought in the field of knowledge, art, law, solidarity; elevates people from elementary, primitive life to the heights of human power, that is, to the empire; preserves for future centuries the names of those who died for its integrity and in the name of obedience to its laws; sets an example and exalts for future generations the leaders who have enlarged its territory; geniuses who glorified him.
The idea of a "new order". Establishing the order of national prosperity and social justice requires the formation of a “new” person, devoted “with all his heart” to the state and nation.
· Rejection of class antagonism. The fascists argued that this idea of struggle and class rivalry was nothing more than an invention of the liberals, "inflated" by the Marxists. The idea of class in its essence contradicts the idea of the unity of the German nation.
· Anti-parliamentarism and anti-multiparty system. From the point of view of fascist ideology, parliamentarianism leads to negative consequences for society, because the division of state power between groups of "fraudsters" who are trying to realize their private interests cause political instability. At the same time, the real interests of the nation are grossly neglected. “There is no principle as false as parliamentarism,” wrote Hitler. There can be only one party that merges with the nation into a single movement and monopolizes power, the rest must be banned and destroyed.
· Prohibition of trade unions. Trade unions express the interests of the working class exclusively, but workers are, first of all, citizens of their country. They are obliged to cooperate with fellow citizens who are not workers, and cannot allow themselves to be opposed to their own compatriots.
· Anti-communism. The fight against the communists took place both directly on the territory of the fascist states (where the communist parties were destroyed and banned), and had an international focus, primarily on the "homeland of communism" in the USSR. The Nazis partially defined their intentions and tasks regarding this country in a political, ideological and strategic document - "Drag Nach Osten". A. Hitler expressed his attitude and view of the communists as follows: “They literally trampled everything into the dirt ... the Nation, since it was considered a product of the capitalist classes; Fatherland, because they considered it an instrument of the bourgeoisie for the exploitation of the working class; the rule of law - because for them it was a means to keep the proletariat in check; religion, which was considered a means of intoxicating the people for subsequent enslavement; morality - as a symbol of stupid and slavish obedience.
· Non-recognition of the Versailles system. According to the Versailles Peace Treaty, a ban was introduced to have an army, the obligation to pay reparations, and the introduction of a demilitarized zone. The Nazis at first neglected these requirements, and then violated them. France and England allowed Germany to behave like this and did not oppose, hoping to direct the growing aggression against the USSR.
· Nationalism, racism, anti-Semitism. The Nazis developed a radical degree of nationalism, the essence of which is that a nation "strong in spirit and will" is obliged to subjugate other nations and increase its own living space. Such concepts as “purity of blood”, “superior race” were introduced, on the basis of which plans were made for world domination and the transformation of part of the races into slaves: “these peoples have one and only justification for their existence - to be useful to us economically”, the rest were to be exterminated. Ideological anti-Semitism was expressed in practice by the mass genocide of Jews - the Holocaust, because. Jews were recognized as “the source of capitalism, Marxism” and accused of all their negative manifestations (unemployment, inflation, revolution): “If the Jews, with the help of their Marxist faith, conquer the peoples of the world, a funeral wreath for humanity will be crowned with it,” Hitler believed, and also the desire of the Jews to "denationalise, at the expense of degeneration" of the representatives of the "superior race" was pointed out. Thus, it is obvious that the principles of nationalism, racism and anti-Semitism have inseparably grown together and reincarnated into a completely new and ultra-radical concept.
Expansionism. From the first days of power, the fascists and Nazis began to prepare for the "big war", which was supposed to ensure the dominance of the German and Italian nation over the whole world. Building military power happened at a tremendous pace. Militarization filled all spheres of life. The idea of war as a manifestation of the strength of the nation, and its purpose is absolutely clearly seen in the speeches of both Hitler and Mussolini. “War is a sign of the vitality of a nation, the meaning of history,” the Duce proclaimed in his “Doctrine of Fascism”. And the Fuhrer wrote in Mein Kampf: “Whoever wants to live must fight; who does not want to fight in this world, where eternal struggle is the law of life, has no right to exist.”
· Communitarianism. The meaning of this idea lies in the fact that the individual and society are completely inseparable, and the state is society, and accordingly there are no rights and interests of the individual outside the state. An individual can and should realize all interests only through the communitarian, common. To implement such an approach, it is necessary to begin to educate a “new person”, whose interests will coincide with the interests of the nation and the state. First of all, communitarianism refers to the economic sphere, where the national goals in the economy must be shared by each individual, guided by and obeying the leader of the party.
· Leadership. Fascism is built on a charismatic principle - on leaderism. The supremacy of the Fuhrer, the Duce is "the embodiment of the racial national and popular spirit." The leader has unlimited power. He is a symbol of the greatness and unity of the nation. Social groups rally around the leader, thanks to which he skillfully manipulates and leads them to mobilize the nation and solve acute problems.
Summing up this chapter, it should be noted that the fascist ideology has a number of specific features that together allow us to define it as follows: firstly, it is the presence of a clear distinction between the ideology of the ruling elites and the masses. The elitism of the upper classes was justified, among other things, by biological arguments. Secondly, fascism is characterized by militant irrationalism, the extreme simplification of slogans and ideological clichés. Thirdly, it was built on a charismatic principle - on leaderism. The supreme leader (Duce in Italy, Fuhrer in Germany), who has unlimited power, is the embodiment of the racial, national and popular spirit. The fourth characteristic of this ideology is the cult of force, the absolutization of the force factor in history, the denial of humanism. In combination with racism, the cult of violence became one of the reasons for unleashing the bloodiest war in the history of mankind.
Fascism (from the Italian fascio-bundle, bundle, union) ? right-wing political movement and ideological movement that denies both liberal and socialist values. It is one of the main varieties of totalitarianism, but it is quite tolerant of private property. It is distinguished by chauvinist nationalism, anti-Semitism, racism and aggressiveness in foreign policy.
"Classic" examples of fascism? they are Italian fascism and German Nazism. The main distinguishing quality of fascism? militant anti-communism; and social and nationalist demagogy. Despite the complexity of the class composition of the fascist movement, its anti-proletarian character is decisive. Fascism? the immediate reaction of the entire anti-proletarian front to a possible socialist revolution in the conditions of the collapse or crisis of the bourgeois state, a split in the ruling class, social hysteria in all strata of society. The establishment of fascism represents a radical upheaval leading to the complete and final destruction of bourgeois democracy by the bourgeoisie itself, since the social base of its dictatorship has disintegrated.
With the establishment of fascism, there is no change in the class essence of state power, and the nature of the socio-economic system does not change either. The most reactionary part of the bourgeoisie comes to power, which establishes a regime of arbitrariness and lawlessness. Being a product of the era of the general crisis of capitalism, fascism is openly terrorist dictatorship the most reactionary and chauvinistic elements of finance capital. Distinguishes fascism from other totalitarian regimes, first of all, the preaching of "national socialism", in which bourgeois democracy is also liquidated, but this is done without "theoretical justification" and not under "socialist" slogans. This is due to the fact that the understanding of socialism among the Nazis was very specific. Mussolini saw in him a great act of destruction, and Hitler? full commitment to the ideas of the nation. The Nazis focused on popular in the 1920s and 30s. the ideas of socialism are mainly based mainly on demagogic considerations.
So, the following fundamental provisions can be attributed to the basic principles of fascist ideology:
· A conservative revolution, the essence of which is the elimination of the liberal order, which brought the country into a state of economic crisis and a proletarian-revolutionary situation. A conservative revolution? the path along which the country will return to its former historical greatness. Fascist revolutionism, special, based on the need for "order, discipline, obedience to the moral commandments of the Fatherland."
a totalitarian state. Mussolini said that the party that governs totalitarian? "a new fact in history", analogies and comparisons are inappropriate here. The state subjugates society, destroys its civil foundations, subjecting all aspects of its life to stateization, up to private (even intimate) relationships.
The idea of a nation. National revival is possible only within the framework of a totalitarian state in which national interests are decisive. The nation is "absolute", a single whole. “The state educates citizens in civic virtues, it gives them the consciousness of its mission and encourages them to unity, harmonizes interests on the principle of justice; ensures the continuity of the conquests of thought in the field of knowledge, art, law, solidarity; elevates people from elementary, primitive life to the heights of human power, that is, to the empire; preserves for future centuries the names of those who died for its integrity and in the name of obedience to its laws; sets an example and exalts for future generations the leaders who have enlarged its territory; geniuses who glorified him.
The idea of a "new order". Establishing the order of national prosperity and social justice requires the formation of a “new” person, devoted “with all his heart” to the state and nation.
· Rejection of class antagonism. The fascists argued that this idea of struggle and class rivalry was nothing more than an invention of the liberals, "inflated" by the Marxists. The idea of class in its essence contradicts the idea of the unity of the German nation.
· Anti-parliamentarism and anti-multiparty system. From the point of view of fascist ideology, parliamentarianism leads to negative consequences for society, because the division of state power between groups of "fraudsters" who are trying to realize their private interests cause political instability. At the same time, the real interests of the nation are grossly neglected. "There is not a single principle as false as parliamentarism"? Hitler wrote. There can be only one party that merges with the nation into a single movement and monopolizes power, the rest must be banned and destroyed.
· Prohibition of trade unions. Trade unions express the interests of the working class exclusively, but workers are, first of all, citizens of their country. They are obliged to cooperate with fellow citizens who are not workers, and cannot allow themselves to be opposed to their own compatriots.
· Anti-communism. The fight against the communists took place both directly on the territory of the fascist states (where the communist parties were destroyed and banned), and had an international focus, primarily on the "homeland of communism" in the USSR. Did the Nazis partially define their intentions and objectives for this country in a political, ideological and strategic document? "Drag Nach Osten" . A. Hitler expressed his attitude and view of the communists as follows: “They literally trampled everything into the dirt ... the Nation, since it was considered a product of the capitalist classes; Fatherland, because they considered it an instrument of the bourgeoisie for the exploitation of the working class; the rule of law? because for them it was a means to keep the proletariat in check; religion, which was considered a means of intoxicating the people for subsequent enslavement; morality? as a symbol of stupid and slavish obedience" [op. according to: 9, p.284].
· Non-recognition of the Versailles system. According to the Versailles Peace Treaty, a ban was introduced to have an army, the obligation to pay reparations, and the introduction of a demilitarized zone. The Nazis at first neglected these requirements, and then violated them. France and England allowed Germany to behave like this and did not oppose, hoping to direct the growing aggression against the USSR.
· Nationalism, racism, anti-Semitism. The Nazis developed a radical degree of nationalism, the essence of which is that a nation "strong in spirit and will" is obliged to subjugate other nations and increase its own living space. Such concepts as “purity of blood”, “superior race” were introduced, on the basis of which plans were made for world domination and the transformation of part of the races into slaves: “these peoples have one and only justification for their existence - to be useful to us economically” [ cit. according to: 9, p.58], the rest were subject to extermination. Is ideological anti-Semitism expressed in practice as a mass genocide of Jews? Holocaust, because Jews were recognized as “the source of capitalism, Marxism” and accused of all their negative manifestations (unemployment, inflation, revolution): “If the Jews, with the help of their Marxist faith, conquer the peoples of the world, a funeral wreath for humanity will become his crown” [cit. by: 9, p.12] ? Hitler believed, and also pointed out the desire of the Jews to “denationalize, due to the degeneration” of representatives of the “superior race”. Thus, it is obvious that the principles of nationalism, racism and anti-Semitism have inseparably grown together and reincarnated into a completely new and ultra-radical concept.
Expansionism. From the first days of power, the fascists and Nazis began to prepare for the "big war", which was supposed to ensure the dominance of the German and Italian nation over the whole world. The build-up of military power took place at a tremendous pace. Militarization filled all spheres of life. The idea of war as a manifestation of the strength of the nation, and its purpose is absolutely clearly seen in the speeches of both Hitler and Mussolini. "War? a sign of the vitality of the nation, the meaning of history" [cit. by: 31, p.203] declared in his "Doctrine of Fascism" Duce. And the Fuhrer wrote in Mein Kampf: “Whoever wants to live must fight; who does not want to fight in this world, where eternal struggle is the law of life, has no right to exist" [cit. according to: 9, p.193].
· Communitarianism. The meaning of this idea lies in the fact that the individual and society are completely inseparable, and the state is society, and accordingly there are no rights and interests of the individual outside the state. An individual can and should realize all interests only through the communitarian, common. To implement such an approach, it is necessary to begin to educate a “new person”, whose interests will coincide with the interests of the nation and the state. First of all, communitarianism refers to the economic sphere, where the national goals in the economy must be shared by each individual, guided by and obeying the leader of the party.
· Leadership. Fascism is built on a charismatic principle? on leadership. The supremacy of the Fuhrer, the Duce is "the embodiment of the racial national and popular spirit." The leader has unlimited power. He is a symbol of the greatness and unity of the nation. Social groups rally around the leader, thanks to which he skillfully manipulates and leads them to mobilize the nation and solve acute problems.
Summing up this chapter, it should be noted that the fascist ideology has a number of specific features that together allow us to define it as follows: firstly, it is the presence of a clear distinction between the ideology of the ruling elites and the masses. The elitism of the upper classes was justified, among other things, by biological arguments. Secondly, fascism is characterized by militant irrationalism, the extreme simplification of slogans and ideological clichés. Thirdly, it was built on a charismatic principle - on leaderism. The supreme leader (Duce in Italy, Fuhrer in Germany), who has unlimited power, is the embodiment of the racial, national and popular spirit. The fourth characteristic of this ideology is the cult of force, the absolutization of the force factor in history, the denial of humanism. In combination with racism, the cult of violence became one of the reasons for unleashing the most bloody war in the history of mankind.
