Comments ( 14 )
And what, exactly, should be considered an "invention"? Agree that you can answer it in different ways. Some will say that an invention is the proposition of the idea itself, the statement of the principle. Others mean by invention the creation of a working model. Third - the introduction of this model in production. Making different accents, you can see the history of any invention in different ways.
And who is the author of the invention? For there is probably no such great inventor who would not have had his predecessors, because, as you know, nothing is born from scratch.
And where "invention" ends and what is called "improvement" begins. I will refer to the words of one of the most outstanding inventors of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Thomas Alva Edison.
Edison admitted: "It is easy to make amazing discoveries, but the difficulty lies in improving them so that they are of practical value." Anyone familiar with the history of technology will agree that this is so. And let no one be misled by stories of sudden insights, miraculous coincidences, and amazing successes that supposedly happened to some great inventors. All this is nothing more than idle speculation. Yes, we know that Watt allegedly "invented" his steam engine while walking, after seeing, in his own words, "steam rushing out of the laundry window." But we also know that he then spent more than ten years of everyday hard work before he managed to establish a serial production of these machines. Because one "principle of action" is still not enough. And when it came to real steam, real metal and real cars, everything turned out to be not at all as simple as it might seem at first. We also know that Morse invented all the parts of his famous telegraph machine in just two weeks while sailing on a ship from Europe to America. But how many failures and disappointments awaited him in subsequent years until he managed to translate his idea into a real scheme! And how much more effort and money he had to spend before he managed to prove that his telegraph apparatus was not a toy, but a necessary and necessary one. useful thing. We know how amazingly fortunate the inventor of the telephone, Bell, was when, due to the error of his assistant repairing the contact, he discovered a simple way to convert sound waves into electrical waves, and vice versa. But let's not forget that this did not happen to anyone else, but to Bell, after many years of working on the problem of telephone communication.
There is only one conclusion: the inventor should rightfully be considered not the one who made the “surprising discovery”, but the one who gave it “practical value”. Saying that such and such an invention was made by this or that, we thereby transfer to one person the achievements of his predecessors and contemporaries (and we, alas, forget these latter; whether it is fair or not fair is another question).
Everyone has the names of Galileo, Watt, Maudsley, Stephenson, Fulton, Morse, Marconi, Zworykin, Sikorsky, Brown or Korolev in their language. These people are rightfully considered the greatest inventors, although it is well known that spotting scopes were used before Galileo, that steam engines worked before Watt, that the caliper was used before Maudsley. It's no secret that steam locomotives (and very good ones) were built before Stephenson, and steamboats - before Fulton. We know that telegraphs functioned before Morse, that the principle of radio was already known before Marconi, that televisions showed before Zworykin, helicopters flew as far as Sikorsky, and rockets took off as far as Brown and Korolev (and that their own rockets would never have been launched without the efforts of subordinates). them powerful scientific teams). And yet it doesn't change anything. The great merit of these particular and many other “recognized great” inventors before mankind lies in the fact that, having taken up some (perhaps even someone else’s) undeveloped idea, they, through hard work, overcoming many difficulties, brought it to such a state when its “practical value” became obvious to everyone. It is this act that we further take for "invention" in the true sense of the word. As for the question of to what "degree
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Who will add?
I also remembered - a mortar. Gobyato and Vlasiev 1904 Port Arthur
Few people know that the Intel Pentium (the first) was developed by Vladimir Pentkovsky, a former ITMiVT employee, who is currently the leading developer of Intel microprocessors.
True, no longer in Russia, but Russian.
Both tape recorders and video recorders were brought to life by the Russian emigrant Alexei Mikhailovich Poniatov, the founder of the AMPEX company (the initials AMP and EXcelence - excellency, Poniatov was a colonel in the tsarist army).
About Tetris - although I don’t consider it the greatest, nevertheless, for someone the greatest achievement of civilization is possible)) therefore I mentioned
Gas mask - chemist Zelinsky, and in general, the entire automotive civilization - catalytic cracking and oil platforming - synthetic fibers- his merit
Yes, and cellular communication - back in 1957 L.I. Kupriyanovich in the USSR created an experimental sample of the LK-1 mobile phone weighing 3 kg and a base station for it, connected with the GTS.
Stealth technology is based on our developments, first used on the MIG-25 - the one that Belenko stole to Japan, if you remember
it is little known that Oleg Losev, who died in the Blockade at 41, invented an amplifying semiconductor device with a tunnel effect already in 1922
Ilizarov apparatus
Cement as we know it - Yegor Gerasimovich Cheliev, in 1825 published his "Complete Instruction on how to prepare the cheapest and best mortar, or cement, very durable for underwater structures, such as: canals, bridges, pools and dams, - cellars, cellars and plastering of stone and wooden buildings", written by him based on the experience of restoring Moscow after the war of 1812.
Ironically, what is used everywhere today and is called Portland cement is actually the same Cheliev cement, and not at all the "Portland cement" of the Englishman Aspdin, who received a patent for this name of his cement, which has not been used by anyone for a long time.
In fact, the entire filling cell phone- based on Russian inventions ranging from basic principle actions - radio and ending with the principle of organization of the microprocessor pipeline
Finally, this very Internet (the principle of data transmission in packets) is Igor Aleksandrovich Mizin. The ARPA organization, whose employees are credited with the invention of this principle, in fact, only tried to repeat in iron the data obtained by American intelligence from Russia. At the same time, she repeated crookedly, which is why for 8 years she tried to make her network work normally. An implementation error caused the data stream to be plugged. The Americans were able to solve this problem only after using the already open information about the Mizin network, they corrected the errors in accordance with the works of Mizin. Unfortunately, having received a more or less workable system, they immediately began to develop it without implementing even half of the features of the Mizin network. The unfinished contraption has become the de facto standard. Because of this, there are now a lot of problems with protocols, routing, etc..
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The list goes on
Korolev (the world's first space rocket),
Yu. V. Lomonosov (the world's first main diesel locomotive),
K.M. Verigin (created Chanel N 5),
Mikhail Strukov (creator of the first jet military transport aircraft in the USA),
Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky (the world's first color photograph),
A. Alekseev (creator of the needle screen),
F. Pirotsky (the world's first electric tram),
F. Blinov (the world's first caterpillar tractor),
Vladislav Starevich (gave the world a three-dimensional animated film),
Mutilin V.P. (the world's first construction combine),
A. R. Vlasenko (the world's first grain harvester),
V. Demikhov (the first in the world to perform a lung transplant, and the first to create a model of an artificial heart),
Vinogradov A.P. (created a new direction in science - isotope geochemistry),
Dm. Polzunov (the world's first universal continuous steam engine (2 cylinders)),
M. O. Dolivo - Dobrovolsky (invented a three-phase current system, built a three-phase transformer),
V. P. Volodin (the world's first high-voltage liquid cathode mercury rectifier, developed induction furnaces for the use of high frequency currents in industry),
A. G. Stoletov (investigated the magnetization of iron, which made it possible to calculate electromagnets for electrical machines),
S.O. Kostovich (created the world's first gasoline engine in 1879),
Valery Glushko (the world's first electric / thermal rocket engine),
V. V. Petrov (discovered the phenomenon of an arc discharge),
N. G. SLAVYANOV (electric arc welding),
V. G. Shukhov (cracking process for refining oil into light fractions),
I. F. Aleksandrovsky (invented a stereo camera),
D.P. GRIGOROVICH - THE CREATOR OF THE HYDROSALANE,
Strandin, Povarnin and Capital created a SPS flamethrower,
Aleksandrov A, Vavilov S.I. and many others.
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1718 A.K. Nartov (1693-1756) Mechanic, built the world's first lathe with a movable support.
1748 M. V. Lomonosov (1711-1765) for the first time in science formulated the principle of conservation of matter and motion.
1751 M.V. Lomonosov for the first time in the world began to read a course in physical chemistry. V Western Europe(Leipzig) L. Ostwald began to read this discipline in 1886.
1760 R. Glinkov Mechanic, created a spinning plant with a water drive, which increased labor productivity by 15 times. A similar machine appeared in England in 1771.
1761 M.V. Lomonosov first discovered the existence of an atmosphere on Venus.
1776 IP Kulibin (1735-1818) Mechanic, developed the project of the world's first wooden arched single-span bridge.
1789 M. E. Golovina (1756-1790) The book “Plane and Spherical Trigonometry” was published, surpassing similar books abroad in its scientific level.
1802 VV Petrov (1761-1834) Physicist, developed the world's largest galvanic battery; opened electric arc.
1806 K. K. Prince (1778-?) Engineer, developed the world's first heavy-duty platform scales.
1814 P.I. Prokopovich (1775-1850) invented the frame hive for the first time in the world, in which he used a framed magazine.
1826 VV Lyubarsky and PS Sobolevsky Chemists laid the foundation for powder metallurgy.
N.I. Lobachevsky (1792-1856) Mathematician, presented the manuscript of the work “Abbreviated presentation of the principles of geometry”. This date is considered the birth year of non-Euclidean geometry.
1834 The world's first metal ship was launched in St. Petersburg.
1837 D.A. Zagryazhsky (1807-1860) invented caterpillars.
1838 B. O. Jacobi (1801-1874) invented electroforming.
BS Yakobson Academician, created the world's first ship using galvanic cells.
1841 P.P. Anosov (1797-1851) Metallurgist, revealed the secret of making ancient damask steel.
Yu.V. Lermontov (1841-1919). The world's first female chemist was born.
1844 D.I. Zhuravsky (1821-1891) was the first to develop the theory of bridge truss calculations, which is currently used throughout the world.
1847 N.I. Pirogov and A.M. Filomafitsky Surgeons, for the first time in the world, developed intravenous anesthesia.
1854 N.I. Pirogov (1810-1881) compiled an atlas “Topographic Anatomy”, which has no analogues in the world.
1856 N.P. Makarov (1810-1890) organized the first International Guitar Competition in Brussels.
1859 PV Tsiklinskaya (1859-1923) The world's first female professor-bacteriologist was born.
I.R. Hermann (1805-1970) compiled a summary of uranium minerals for the first time in the world.
1860 The world's first steel cannon was cast at the Knyaz-Mikhailovsky factory according to Obukhov's method.
1861 A.M. Butlerov (1828-1886) for the first time formulated the main provisions of the theory of the structure of organic compounds.
1863 I.M. Sechenov (1829-1905) published his main work “Reflexes of the Brain”.
1867 A.A.Inostrantsev (1843-1919) was the first in the world to use a microscope to study rocks.
1869 DIMendeleev (1834-1907) discovered the periodic law of chemical elements.
1872 A.N. Lodygin (1847-1923) invented a carbon incandescent lamp.
1875 P.N.Yablochkov (1847-1894) invented the arc lamp.
1876 M.A.Novinsky (1841-1914) Veterinarian, laid the foundations of experimental oncology.
1879 F.A. Blinov (1823-1899) for the first time in the world built a caterpillar machine - a prototype of a tractor, a tank.
1880 GG Ignatiev (1846-1898) for the first time in the world developed a system of simultaneous telephony and telegraphy over one cable.
KS Dzhevetsky (1843-1938) built the world's first submarine with an electric motor.
1881 NI Kibalchich (1854-1881) was the first in the world to develop a scheme for a rocket aircraft.
1882 N.N. Benardos (1842-1905) invented electric welding.
A.F. Mozhaisky (1825-1890) built the world's first airplane.
1883 VV Dokuchaev The book "Russian Chernozem" was published, with which he laid the foundations of genetic soil science.
1884 A.M. Voeikova (1842-1916) The book “Climates the globe” is the first such work in the world.
1886 PM Golubitsky (1845-1911) developed the world's first portable microtelephone station.
VI Sreznevsky (1849-1937) Engineer, invented the world's first aerial camera.
1887 A.G. Stoletov (1839
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Nikolai Dubinin - geneticist, discovered the divisibility of the gene.
Nikolai Benardos - inventor, created a method of electric arc welding using carbon electrodes.
Ivan Grekov - surgeon, the first in the world to successfully suture a heart wound.
Matvey Kapelyushnikov invented the turbodrill.
Evgeny Zavoisky discovered electric paramagnetic resonance.
Peter Kupriyanov - a doctor, the first to use a surgical method for the treatment of heart defects.
Nikolai Lunin - guessed and proved that there are vitamins in the body of living beings. Then these vitamins, on his tip, gradually, over the course of eight years, were found by two other scientists, no longer Russians.
KLIMENT TIMIRYAZEV! KONSTANTIN TSIOLKOVSKY! Sergei Vavilov - optician, V. glow, on the basis of which the fluorescent lamp was created.
Nikolai Wagner discovered the pedogenesis of insects.
Ivan Kulibin is the author of the first prototype of a searchlight ("mirror lamp").
Nikolai Slavyanov - electrical engineer, the first in the world to use an electric generator for welding metals.
ALEXANDER BUTLEROV. Mikhail Lomonosov - discovered (but did not substantiate) the law of conservation of matter by his experience with a sealed glass vessel; discovered the atmosphere of Venus.
ALEXANDER POPOV! Valery Glushko created the world's first electric / thermal rocket engine.
Svyatoslav Fedorov - ophthalmologist, "Fedorov's lens".
Sergei Yudin performed the first transfusion of human cadaveric blood.
Alexey Shubnikov - physicist, Shubnikov groups (58 crystallographic point groups of antisymmetry).
Lev Shubnikov - Shubnikov-de Haas effect ( magnetic properties superconductors).
Vladimir Shukhov - inventor, Sh tower (hyperboloid towers made of metal structures).
Pavel Lvovich Schilling (he has German roots) invented the world's first practical electromagnetic telegraph.
Eduard Shpolsky - physicist, Shpolsky effect.
Nikolai Zhukovsky (his grandfather is Turkish, and he himself is the "grandfather of Russian aviation") - the founder of modern aerodynamics, Zh.'s theorem (the basis of the theory of an airplane wing and a propeller).
Vladimir Zworykin invented the world's first transmitting television tube in 1931 in the United States, where he emigrated from Red Russia.
Nikolai Izgaryshev discovered the phenomenon of passivity of metals in non-aqueous electrolytes.
Vladimir Demikhov is a biologist, the first in the world to perform a lung transplant, and the first to create a model of an artificial heart.
Petr Lebedev - physicist, the first to receive and study millimeter el / magnetic waves, discovered and measured the pressure of light on solid bodies and gases.
Lenz Emily Khristianovich (German roots) - L. rule (determines the direction of current induction), the Joule-Lenz law, discovered the reversibility of electrical machines.
Alexander Lavrov - metallurgist, discovered and explained the segregation of steel (heterogeneity chemical composition alloy that occurs during its crystallization).
Petr Lazarev is the author of the ion theory of excitation.
Dmitry Lachinov - physicist, proved the possibility of transmitting e / energy over wires over long distances in 1880.
Sergei Mosin created the world's first repeating rifle, the famous "three-ruler".
Mikhail Naletov created the world's first underwater minelayer "Crab", in essence - the first submarine.
Sergey Neustroev - soil scientist, introduced the concept of "serozem".
DMITRY MENDELEEV! Petr Minakov - physician, M. spots (they are used in forensic medicine to determine death from acute blood loss).
Pavel Molchanov - meteorologist, created the world's first radiosonde.
Nikolai Umov, a physicist, the equation of energy motion, the concept of energy flow, by the way, was the first to explain practically and without ether the fallacies of the theory of relativity.
Evgraf Fedorov - table F. (device for crystallographic studies).
Nil Filatov - doctor, F.'s disease (infectious mononucleosis).
Vasily Petrov - physicist, "the first welder", he discovered an electric arc and guessed what to do with it.
Grigory Petrov - chemist, contact P. (a mixture of petroleum sulfonic acids), the world's first synthetic detergent.
Vasily Petrushevsky, scientist and general, invented a rangefinder for artillerymen.
Igor Petryanov-Sokolov - filters P-S. (fundamentally new filter materials).
Nikolai Pirogov - a doctor, was the first to introduce a fixed plaster cast.
Lev Obukhov - metallurgist, hundred
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Vladimir Kostitsyn (first engaged in solving problems of biology mathematical methods and evolutionary theory)
Ilya Prigozhin (made a colossal contribution to chemistry, physics, biology, as well as sociology and philosophy),
Sergei Vinogradsky (discovered chemosynthesis, which became one of the greatest events in the biology of the twentieth century),
Alexander Chuprov Mathematician and statistician (The system of teaching statistics he proposed is still considered unsurpassed),
Boris Babkin Physiologist (he was a member of the Royal Society of Canada, the Royal Society of London, a member of the German Academy of Naturalists ("Leopoldina"), was elected president of the Canadian Physiological Society),
Ivan Ostromyslensky An outstanding chemist (Now his discoveries in the field of polymers are valued above the achievements made in this area by Nobel laureates),
Boris Uvarov Entomologist (headed the Royal Entomological Society of London and was awarded the highest award of Great Britain - the "Order of the Garter"),
Sergey Metalnikov Immunologist and evolutionist (He made an attempt to transfer the "Pavlovian" doctrine of conditioned reflexes to immunology)
Mikhail Zarochentsev America's Chief Refrigerator - Engineer became a prominent specialist in the field of refrigeration and held an important position in the US refrigeration industry,
Georgy Kistyakovsky (Advisor to President Eisenhower) He advised the president on a wide range of issues, from coordinating research and development in various scientific and technical institutions to training scientific personnel.
Konstantin Voronets Mechanic (The scientist made a huge contribution to the field of fluid and gas mechanics, as well as to the development of the Academic Institute of Mathematics in Yugoslavia)
Nikolay Bobrovnikov Astronomer (In 1942 he published the article "Physical theory of comets in the light of spectroscopic data", which laid the foundations of the physical theory of comets. In the future, many researchers relied on its results in their work)
Georgy Pio-Ulsky The initiator of the introduction of turbines in the marine fleet, born in Russia, designed gas turbines, the first in the world to theoretically substantiate their double advantage - speed and noiselessness,
Sergei Prokopovich Founder of the Berlin Economic Cabinet (Everyone was struck by the method of the scientist’s work: using official Soviet statistics, he correctly and impartially analyzed the Soviet economy and came to conclusions that, by the way, became obvious only after the collapse of the USSR)
Academician of the Serbian Academy of Sciences, physicist and mathematician Anton Bilimovich (Scientist for the first time in world science developed a methodology for applying mathematics to mechanics, expanding his research through related sciences: celestial mechanics, geophysics and hydrodynamics).
Mikhail Strukov is the creator of the first jet military transport aircraft in the United States. Pavel Vinogradov - one of the most outstanding medievalists of our time According to the British historians, Vinogradov revealed to them, the British, their own history.
Grigory Troshin Neurologist and psychiatrist. He was the first in the world to comprehensively analyze critical issues child psychopathology, combining together the principles of child psychology and psychiatry.
Aleksey Chichibabin Organic chemist (The scientist developed the technology for obtaining salicylic acid and its salts, as well as aspirin, salol and phenacetin, which saved the lives of thousands of Russian soldiers during the First World War).
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Russian emigrants
Professor G. Znamensky declared in his speech on the radio, "there is no area of the human spirit in America today in which Russian genius and Russian talent have not played an outstanding role." In the second half of the XX century. third wave immigrants and their children also contributed to the further development of the economy, science and culture of the United States.
Yes, back in the 70s. years XIX v. Thomas A. Edison employed Russian electrical engineer Ladygin. In the 1880s, he began his career overseas as a railroad builder and founder of the city of St. Petersburg in Florida, the future businessman and California state senator P.A. Dementiev (1850-1919).
At the beginning of the XX century. Russian agronomist M.I. worked in the USA. Volkov and the future well-known entomologist A.I. Getrunkevich (1875-1964). And during the First World War, dozens of Russian engineers of various specialties, economists, etc. turned out to be members and employees of the procurement missions of the tsarist and Provisional governments in the United States, many of whom remained there permanently.
Vladimir Karapetov Electrical engineer (187?-1948), born in St. Petersburg and graduated from the Institute of Communications there in 1897, became a university professor in the USA, consultant of the Naval Academy, was awarded awards and medals learned societies, became the author of many books in the field of electromechanics.
A.M. Ponyatov (1892-1986) Engineer contributed to the development of electronics in the USA and created a large firm AMPEX with 10 thousand employees.
G.P. Chebotarev (1899-1986) A civil engineer became a professor at Princeton University, where he worked for 27 years.
P.A. Malozemov (1909-1997) Mining engineer who became vice president, chairman of the board, president of Newmont and turned it into a world-class company, was awarded membership in the US Mining Chamber of Fame. Moved from Paris to America
IN AND. Yurkevich (1885-1964) A shipbuilding engineer was the designer of one of the largest liners of the 20th century, the Normandie.
Shipbuilding engineers N.I. and I.N. Dmitriev and engineer I.A. Avtomonov (1913-1995) worked as designers in a number of large American firms.
R.A. Nebolsin (1900-19?) Engineer became a renowned hydraulics, water treatment specialist and businessman.
M.T. Zarochentsev (1879-1963) Engineer became a prominent specialist in the field of refrigeration,
A.M. The Tikhvin Engineer became a famous submarine designer.
But perhaps the most striking (if only because of its scale) example in this respect is the list of names of Russian engineers, designers, test pilots, inventors, and production managers known to us who contributed to the development of American aircraft manufacturing. The "pioneers" among them, who arrived in the USA as early as 1918, were I.I. Sikorsky (1889-1972), A.N. Seversky (Prokofiev-Seversky, 1894-1974) and G.A. Botezat (1882-1940). However, only after the "helicopter? 1" Sikorsky managed to put together the backbone of his future company, which consisted of aircraft designers, engineers and test pilots - M.E. and S.E. Glukharev, B.V. Sergievsky (1888-1971), I.A. Sikorsky, V.R. Kachinsky (1891-1986), and also to raise the necessary financial resources with the help of S. Rakhmaninov and other Russian immigrants, in 1923 the Sikorsky Aviation Corporation was finally founded in Stratford (Connecticut). Many Russian engineers, designers and workers found work and received a specialty in it. Here such prominent specialists as Professor A.M. Nikolsky (1902-1963), N.A. Aleksandrov, V.N. Gartsev.
In 1926, he founded the De Botezet Impeller Company for the production of G.A. helicopters. Botezat (who changed his surname to De Botezet in America). Most of its employees were Russians (including V.A. Ivanov, N.A. Tranze, N. Solovyov). In 1931, on Long Island (New York), the created A.N. Seversky, the Seversky Aircraft company, which employed such well-known aircraft designers and testers as A.M. Kartveli (1896-1974), who became the head of the company after Seversky left in 1939, M.A. Gregor. Most of its employees also consisted of Russians and
Radio, television, the first artificial satellite, color photography and much more are inscribed in the history of Russian inventions. These discoveries marked the beginning of the phenomenal development of the most different areas in science and technology. Of course, everyone knows some of these stories, because sometimes they become almost more famous than the inventions themselves, while others remain in the shadow of their loud neighbors.
The modern world is hard to imagine without cars. Of course, more than one mind had a hand in the invention of this transport, but in improving the machine and bringing it to its current state, the number of participants is increasing many times, geographically gathering together the whole world. But separately we will note Ippolit Vladimirovich Romanov, since he owns the invention of the world's first electric car. In 1899, in St. Petersburg, an engineer presented a four-wheeled carriage designed to carry two passengers. Among the features of this invention, it can be noted that the diameter of the front wheels significantly exceeded the diameter of the rear ones. The maximum speed was 39 km / h, but very a complex system recharging allowed to pass at this speed only 60 km. This electric car became the forefather of the trolleybus known to us.
And today, monorails make a futuristic impression, so you can imagine how incredible by the standards of 1820 was the “road on poles”, invented by Ivan Kirillovich Elmanov. A horse-drawn trolley moved along a bar, which was mounted on small supports. To Elmanov's great regret, there was no philanthropist who was interested in the invention, because of which he had to abandon the idea. And only 70 years later the monorail was built in Gatchina, St. Petersburg province.
Boris Semenovich Jacobi, an architect by education, at the age of 33, while in Koenigsberg, became interested in the physics of charged particles, and in 1834 he made a discovery - an electric motor operating on the principle of rotation of the working shaft. Instantly, Jacobi becomes famous in scientific circles, and among many invitations for further education and development, he chooses St. Petersburg University. So, together with Academician Emil Khristianovich Lenz, he continued to work on the electric motor, creating two more options. The first was designed for a boat and rotated the paddle wheels. With the help of this engine, the ship easily kept afloat, moving even against the current of the Neva River. And the second electric motor was the prototype of a modern tram and rolled a man in a cart along the rails. Among Jacobi's inventions, electroplating can also be noted - a process that allows you to create perfect copies of the original object. This discovery was widely used to decorate interiors, houses and much more. Among the merits of the scientist is also the creation of underground and underwater cables. Boris Jacobi became the author of about a dozen designs of telegraph devices, and in 1850 he invented the world's first direct-printing telegraph device, which worked on the principle of synchronous movement. This device was recognized as one of the greatest achievements of electrical engineering in the middle of the 19th century.
If earlier everything that happened tried to get on paper, now all life is aimed at obtaining a photograph. Therefore, without this invention, which has become part of the small but rich history of photography, we would not have seen such a “reality”. Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky developed a special camera and introduced his brainchild to the world in 1902. This camera was capable of taking three shots of the same image, each shot through three completely different light filters: red, green, and blue. And the patent received by the inventor in 1905 can be considered, without exaggeration, the beginning of the era of color photography in Russia. This invention is becoming much better than the achievements of foreign chemists, which is an important fact in view of the massive interest in photography around the world.
It is generally accepted that all information about the invention of the bicycle before 1817 is doubtful. The history of Efim Mikheevich Artamonov also enters this period. The Ural serf inventor made the first bike ride around 1800 from the Ural worker of the Tagil factory settlement to Moscow, the distance was about two thousand miles. For his invention, Efim was granted freedom from serfdom. But this story remains a legend, while the patent of the German professor Baron Karl von Dres from 1818 is a historical fact.
Mankind has always been looking for ways to transfer information as quickly as possible from one source to another. Fire, smoke from a campfire, various combinations of sound signals helped people transmit distress signals and other emergency messages. The development of this process is undoubtedly one of the most important tasks facing the world. The first electromagnetic telegraph was created by the Russian scientist Pavel Lvovich Schilling in 1832, presenting it in his apartment. He came up with a certain combination of symbols, each of which corresponded to a letter of the alphabet. This combination appeared on the apparatus as black or white circles.
If you pronounce "incandescent lamp", then the name of Edison immediately sounds in your head. Yes, this invention is no less famous than the name of its inventor. However, a relatively small number of people know that Edison did not invent the lamp, but only improved it. Whereas Alexander Nikolaevich Lodygin, being a member of the Russian Technical Society, in 1870 proposed the use of tungsten filaments in lamps, twisting them into a spiral. Of course, the history of the invention of the lamp is not the result of the work of one scientist - rather, it is a series of successive discoveries that were in the air and were needed by the world, but it was the contribution of Alexander Lodygin that became especially great.
The question of who is the inventor of the radio is debatable. Almost every country has its own scientist, who is credited with the creation of this device. So, in Russia, this scientist is Alexander Stepanovich Popov, in whose favor many weighty arguments are given. On May 7, 1895, the reception and transmission of radio signals at a distance were demonstrated for the first time. And the author of this demonstration was Popov. He was not only the first to put the receiver into practice, but also the first to send a radiogram. Both events occurred before the patent of Marconi, who is considered the inventor of the radio.
The discovery and widespread use of television broadcasting has radically changed the way information is disseminated in society. Boris Lvovich Rosing was also involved in this most powerful achievement, who in July 1907 filed an application for the invention of the "Method of electrical transmission of images over distances." Boris Lvovich managed to successfully transmit and receive an accurate image on the screen of the still simplest device, which was the prototype of the kinescope modern TV, which the scientist called the "electric telescope". Among those who helped Rosing with experience was Vladimir Zworykin, then a student of the St. 1911.
Gleb Evgenievich Kotelnikov was an actor in the troupe of the People's House on the Petersburg Side. Then, impressed by the death of the pilot, Kotelnikov began to develop a parachute. Before Kotelnikov, the pilots escaped with the help of long folded "umbrellas" fixed on the plane. Their design was very unreliable, besides, they greatly increased the weight of the aircraft. Therefore, they were rarely used. Gleb Evgenievich proposed his completed project of a backpack parachute in 1911. But, despite successful tests, the inventor did not receive a patent in Russia. The second attempt was more successful, and in 1912 in France, his discovery received legal force. But even this fact did not help the parachute to start wide production in Russia because of the fears of the head of the Russian air forces, Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich, that the aviators would leave the airplane at the slightest malfunction. And only in 1924 he finally receives a domestic patent, and later transfers all rights to use his invention to the government.
In 1893, working together with the physicist Lyubimov, Iosif Andreevich Timchenko created the so-called "snail" - a special mechanism with which it was possible to intermittently change the sequence of frames in the stroboscope. This mechanism later formed the basis of the kinetoscope, which Timchenko is developing together with the engineer Freidenberg. Kinetoscope demonstration took place in next year at the congress of Russian doctors and naturalists. Two tapes were shown: "The Spear Thrower" and "The Galloping Horseman", which were filmed at the Odessa hippodrome. This event even has documentary evidence. So, in the minutes of the section meeting it says: “Representatives of the meeting got acquainted with the invention of Mr. Timchenko with interest. And, in accordance with the proposals of two professors, we decided to express our gratitude to Mr. Timchenko.”
Since 1913, the inventor Vladimir Grigorievich Fedorov began work, consisting in testing an automatic rifle (firing in bursts) chambered for 6.5 mm, which was the fruit of his development. Three years later, soldiers of the 189th Izmail regiment are already armed with such rifles. But the serial production of machine guns was launched only after the end of the revolution. The weapons of the designer were in service with the domestic army until 1928. But, according to some reports, during the Winter War with Finland, the troops still used some copies of the Fedorov assault rifle.
The history of the invention of the laser began with the name of Einstein, who created the theory of the interaction of radiation with matter. At the same time, Alexei Tolstoy, in his famous novel The Hyperboloid of Engineer Garin, wrote about the same thing. Until 1955, attempts to create a laser were not successful. And only thanks to two Russian physicists - N.G. Basov and A.M. Prokhorov, who developed a quantum generator, the laser began its history in practice. In 1964, Basov and Prokhorov received the Nobel Prize in Physics.
The name of Vladimir Petrovich Demikhov is associated with more than one operation, which was performed for the first time. Surprisingly, Demikhov was not a doctor - he was a biologist. In 1937, being a third-year student of the biological faculty of the Moscow state university, he created a mechanical heart and put it on the dog instead of the real one. The dog lived with the prosthesis for about three hours. After the war, Demikhov got a job at the Institute of Surgery of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR and created a small experimental laboratory there, in which he began to engage in research on organ transplantation. Already in 1946, he was the first in the world to perform a heart transplant from one dog to another. In the same year, he also performed the first transplant of a heart and lung into a dog at the same time. And most importantly, Demikhov's dogs lived with transplanted hearts for several days. It was a real breakthrough in cardiovascular surgery.
Since ancient times, mankind has dreamed of getting rid of pain. This was especially true of treatment, which was sometimes more painful than the disease itself. Herbs, strong drinks only dulled the symptoms, but did not allow serious actions accompanied by serious pain. This significantly hindered the development of medicine. Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov, the great Russian surgeon, to whom the world owes many important discoveries, made a huge contribution to anesthesiology. In 1847 he summarized his experiments in a monograph on anesthesia, which was published throughout the world. Three years later, for the first time in the history of medicine, he began to operate on the wounded with ether anesthesia in the field. In total, the great surgeon performed about 10,000 operations under ether anesthesia. Also, Nikolai Ivanovich is the author of topographic anatomy, which has no analogues in the world.
Many minds around the world worked to solve the most difficult problems in the development of the aircraft. Numerous drawings, theories and even test designs did not give a practical result - the plane did not lift a person into the air. The talented Russian inventor Alexander Fedorovich Mozhaisky was the first in the world to create a full-size aircraft. Having studied the works of his predecessors, he developed and supplemented them using his theoretical knowledge and practical experience. His results fully resolved the issues of his time and, despite the very unfavorable situation, namely the lack of actual opportunities in material and technical terms, Mozhaisky was able to find the strength to complete the construction of the world's first aircraft. It was a creative feat that forever glorified our Motherland. But the surviving documentary materials, unfortunately, do not allow us to give a description of the aircraft of A.F. Mozhaisky and its tests in the necessary detail.
Nikolai Egorovich Zhukovsky developed theoretical basis aviation and methods for calculating aircraft - and this was at a time when the builders of the first aircraft claimed that “an aircraft is not a machine, it cannot be calculated”, and most of all they hoped for experience, practice and their intuition. In 1904, Zhukovsky discovered the law that determines the lift force of an aircraft wing, determined the main profiles of the wings and propeller blades of an aircraft; developed the vortex theory of the propeller.
Academician Igor Vasilievich Kurchatov occupies a special place in the science of the twentieth century and in the history of our country. He, an outstanding physicist, plays an exceptional role in the development of scientific and scientific-technical problems of mastering nuclear energy in the Soviet Union. The solution of this most difficult task, the creation of a nuclear shield of the Motherland in a short time in one of the most dramatic periods in the history of our country, the development of problems of the peaceful use of nuclear energy was the main business of his life. It was under his leadership that the most terrible weapon of the post-war period was created and successfully tested in 1949. Without the right to make a mistake, otherwise - execution ... And already in 1961, a group of nuclear physicists from the Kurchatov laboratory created the most powerful explosive device in the history of mankind - the AN 602 hydrogen bomb, which was immediately assigned quite appropriate historical name- "Tsar bomb". When this bomb was tested, the seismic wave resulting from the explosion circled the globe three times.
The name of Sergei Pavlovich Korolev characterizes one of the brightest pages in the history of our state - the era of space exploration. The first artificial satellite of the Earth, the first manned flight into space, the first spacewalk by an astronaut, many years of work orbital station and much more is directly related to the name of Academician Korolev, the first Chief Designer of Rocket and Space Systems. From 1953 to 1961, every day Korolev was scheduled by the minute: at the same time he worked on projects for a manned spacecraft, an artificial satellite and an intercontinental rocket. October 4, 1957 was a great day for world cosmonautics: after that, the satellite flew through Soviet pop culture for another 30 years and even registered in the Oxford Dictionary as “sputnik”. Well, about what happened on April 12, 1961, it’s enough to say “man in space”, because almost every one of our compatriots knows what it is about.
During the Great Patriotic War, Academician Mil worked in the evacuation in the village of Bilimbay, mainly engaged in the improvement of combat aircraft, improving their stability and controllability. His work was marked by five government awards. In 1943, Mil defended his Ph.D. thesis "Criteria for the controllability and maneuverability of an aircraft"; in 1945 - a doctorate: "The dynamics of a rotor with hinged blades and its application to the problems of stability and controllability of an autogyro and a helicopter." In December 1947, M. L. Mil became the chief designer of an experimental design bureau for helicopter construction. After a series of tests at the beginning of 1950, a decision was issued to create an experimental series of 15 GM-1 helicopters under the designation Mi-1.
Andrei Tupolev's design bureau developed more than 100 types of aircraft, 70 of which were mass-produced in different years. With the participation of his aircraft, 78 world records were set, 28 unique flights were made, including the rescue of the crew of the Chelyuskin steamer with the participation of the ANT-4 aircraft. Non-stop flights by the crews of Valery Chkalov and Mikhail Gromov to the United States via the North Pole were carried out on ANT-25 aircraft. In the scientific expeditions "North Pole" by Ivan Papanin, ANT-25 aircraft were also used. A large number of bombers, torpedo bombers, reconnaissance aircraft designed by Tupolev (TV-1, TV-3, SB, TV-7, MTB-2, TU-2) and torpedo boats G-4, G-5 were used in combat operations in the Great Patriotic war in 1941-1945. In peacetime, among the military and civilian aircraft developed under the leadership of Tupolev were the Tu-4 strategic bomber, the first Soviet Tu-12 jet bomber, the Tu-95 turboprop strategic bomber, the Tu-16 long-range missile carrier bomber, and the Tu-22 supersonic bomber; the first Tu-104 jet passenger aircraft (it was built on the basis of the Tu-16 bomber), the first Tu-114 turboprop intercontinental passenger airliner, Tu-124, Tu-134, Tu-154 short- and medium-haul aircraft. Together with Alexei Tupolev, the Tu-144 supersonic passenger aircraft was developed. Tupolev's planes became the backbone of Aeroflot's fleet and were also operated in dozens of countries around the world.
Millions of doctors, having received a diploma, are eager to help people, dream of future achievements. But most of them gradually lose their former fuse: no aspirations, the same thing from year to year. Fedorov's enthusiasm and interest in the profession only grew from year to year. Just six years after the institute, he defended his Ph.D. thesis, and in 1960 in Cheboksary, where he then worked, he performed a revolutionary operation to replace the lens of the eye with an artificial one. Similar operations were carried out abroad before, but in the USSR they were considered pure charlatanism, and Fedorov was fired from his job. After that, he became the head of the Department of Eye Diseases at the Arkhangelsk Medical Institute. It was here in his biography that the "empire of Fedorov" began: a team of like-minded people gathered around the indefatigable surgeon, ready for revolutionary changes in eye microsurgery. People from all over the country flocked to Arkhangelsk with the hope of regaining their lost sight, and they really began to see clearly. The innovative surgeon was also appreciated "officially" - together with his team, he moved to Moscow. And he began to do absolutely fantastic things: to correct vision with the help of keratotomy (special notches on the cornea of the eye), transplant the donor cornea, developed new method operation of glaucoma, became a pioneer of laser eye microsurgery.
Mid 80s. A time covered in legends. The idea of Tetris was born by Alexey Pajitnov in 1984 after getting acquainted with the American mathematician Solomon Golomb's Pentomino Puzzle. The essence of this puzzle was quite simple and painfully familiar to any contemporary: from several figures it was necessary to assemble one large one. Alex decided to computer version pentomino. Pajitnov not only took the idea, but also supplemented it: in his game, it was necessary to collect figures in a glass in real time, and the figures themselves consisted of five elements and could rotate around their own center of gravity during the fall. But the computers of the Computing Center turned out to be unable to do this - the electronic pentomino simply did not have enough resources. Then Aleksey decides to reduce the number of blocks that made up the falling figures to four. So from pentomino turned tetramino. new game Alexey names "Tetris".
When they tell you that Russia is the Motherland of bast shoes and balalaikas, grin at this person in the face and list at least 10 items from this list. I think it's a shame not to know such things.
And this is just a small part:
1. P.N. Yablochkov and A.N. Lodygin - the world's first electric light bulb
2. A.S. Popov - radio
3. V.K. Zworykin (the world's first electron microscope, television and broadcasting)
4. A.F. Mozhaisky - the inventor of the world's first aircraft
5. I.I. Sikorsky - a great aircraft designer, created the world's first helicopter, the world's first bomber
6. A.M. Ponyatov - the world's first video recorder
7. S.P. Korolev - the world's first ballistic missile, spacecraft, the first satellite of the Earth
8. A.M. Prokhorov and N.G. Basov - the world's first quantum generator - maser
9. S. V. Kovalevskaya (the world's first female professor)
10. S.M. Prokudin-Gorsky - the world's first color photograph
11. A.A. Alekseev - the creator of the needle screen
12. F.A. Pirotsky - the world's first electric tram
13. F.A. Blinov - the world's first caterpillar tractor
14. V.A. Starevich - volume-animated film
15. E.M. Artamonov - invented the world's first bicycle with pedals, a steering wheel, a turning wheel
16. O.V. Losev - the world's first amplifying and generating semiconductor device
17. V.P. Mutilin - the world's first mounted construction harvester
18. A. R. Vlasenko - the world's first grain harvester
19. V.P. Demikhov - the first in the world to perform a lung transplant and the first to create a model of an artificial heart
20. A.P. Vinogradov - created a new direction in science - isotope geochemistry
21. I.I. Polzunov - the world's first heat engine
22. G. E. Kotelnikov - the first backpack rescue parachute
23. I.V. Kurchatov is the world's first nuclear power plant (Obninsk), also under his leadership, the world's first hydrogen bomb with a capacity of 400 kt was developed, detonated on August 12, 1953. It was the Kurchatov team that developed the RDS-202 thermonuclear bomb (Tsar bomb) with a record power of 52,000 kt.
24. M. O. Dolivo-Dobrovolsky - invented a three-phase current system, built a three-phase transformer, which put an end to the dispute between supporters of direct (Edison) and alternating current
25. V. P. Vologdin, the world's first high-voltage mercury rectifier with a liquid cathode, developed induction furnaces for the use of high-frequency currents in industry.
26. S.O. Kostovich - created the world's first gasoline engine in 1879
27. V.P. Glushko - the world's first electric / thermal rocket engine
28. V. V. Petrov - discovered the phenomenon of an arc discharge
29. N. G. Slavyanov - electric arc welding
30. I. F. Aleksandrovsky - invented a stereo camera
31. D.P. Grigorovich - creator of the seaplane
32. V. G. Fedorov - the world's first automatic
33. A.K. Nartov - built the world's first lathe with a movable caliper
34. M.V. Lomonosov - for the first time in science formulated the principle of conservation of matter and motion, for the first time in the world he began to teach a course in physical chemistry, for the first time he discovered the existence of an atmosphere on Venus
35. I.P. Kulibin - mechanic, developed the project of the world's first wooden arched single-span bridge, inventor of the searchlight
36. VV Petrov - physicist, developed the world's largest galvanic battery; opened an electric arc
37. P.I. Prokopovich - for the first time in the world invented a frame hive, in which he used a frame shop
38. N.I. Lobachevsky - Mathematician, creator of "non-Euclidean geometry"
39. D.A. Zagryazhsky - invented the caterpillar
40. B.O. Jacobi - invented electroforming and the world's first electric motor with direct rotation of the working shaft
41. P.P. Anosov - metallurgist, revealed the secret of making ancient damask steel
42. D.I. Zhuravsky - for the first time developed the theory of calculations of bridge trusses, which is currently used all over the world
43. N.I. Pirogov - for the first time in the world compiled an atlas "Topographic Anatomy", which has no analogues, invented anesthesia, gypsum and much more
44. I.R. Hermann - for the first time in the world compiled a summary of uranium minerals
45. A.M. Butlerov - for the first time formulated the main provisions of the theory of the structure of organic compounds
46. I.M. Sechenov - the creator of evolutionary and other schools of physiology, published his main work “Reflexes of the brain”
47. D.I. Mendeleev - discovered the periodic law of chemical elements, the creator of the table of the same name
48. M.A. Novinsky - veterinarian, laid the foundations of experimental oncology
49. G.G. Ignatiev - for the first time in the world developed a system of simultaneous telephony and telegraphy over one cable
50. K.S. Dzhevetsky - built the world's first submarine with an electric motor
51. N.I. Kibalchich - for the first time in the world developed a scheme of a rocket aircraft
52. N.N. Benardos - invented electric welding
53. V.V. Dokuchaev - laid the foundations of genetic soil science
54. V. I. Sreznevsky - Engineer, invented the world's first aerial camera
55. A.G. Stoletov - physicist, for the first time in the world created a photocell based on an external photoelectric effect
56. P.D. Kuzminsky - built the world's first radial gas turbine
57. I.V. Boldyrev - the first flexible light-sensitive non-combustible film, formed the basis for the creation of cinema
58. I.A. Timchenko - developed the world's first movie camera
59. S.M.Apostolov-Berdichevsky and M.F.Freidenberg - created the world's first automatic telephone exchange
60. N.D. Pilchikov - physicist, for the first time in the world created and successfully demonstrated a wireless control system
61. V.A. Gassiev - engineer, built the world's first phototypesetting machine
62. K.E. Tsiolkovsky - the founder of astronautics
63. P.N. Lebedev - physicist, for the first time in science experimentally proved the existence of light pressure on solids
64. I.P. Pavlov - creator of the science of higher nervous activity
65. V. I. Vernadsky - naturalist, creator of many scientific schools
66. A.N.Skryabin - composer, for the first time in the world used lighting effects in the symphonic poem "Prometheus"
67. N.E. Zhukovsky - creator of aerodynamics
68. S.V. Lebedev - first received artificial rubber
69. GA Tikhov - astronomer, for the first time in the world established that the Earth, when observed from space, should have a blue color. Later, as you know, this was confirmed when shooting our planet from space.
70. N.D. Zelinsky - developed the world's first carbon highly effective gas mask
71. N.P. Dubinin - geneticist, discovered gene divisibility
72. M.A. Kapelyushnikov - invented the turbodrill in 1922
73. E.K. Zavoisky discovered electric paramagnetic resonance
74. N.I. Lunin - proved that there are vitamins in the body of living beings
75. N.P. Wagner - discovered insect pedogenesis
76. Svyatoslav Fedorov - the first in the world to perform an operation to treat glaucoma
77. S.S. Yudin - for the first time used in the clinic the blood transfusion of suddenly dead people
78. A.V. Shubnikov - predicted existence and created piezoelectric textures for the first time
79. L.V. Shubnikov - Shubnikov-de Haas effect (magnetic properties of superconductors)
80. N.A. Izgaryshev - discovered the phenomenon of passivity of metals in non-aqueous electrolytes
81. P.P. Lazarev - the creator of the ionic theory of excitation
82. P.A. Molchanov - meteorologist, created the world's first radiosonde
83. N.A. Umov - physicist, equation of motion of energy, concept of energy flow; by the way, he was the first to explain practically and without ether the fallacies of the theory of relativity
84. E.S. Fedorov - the founder of crystallography
85. G.S. Petrov - chemist, the world's first synthetic detergent
86. V.F. Petrushevsky - scientist and general, invented a rangefinder for artillerymen
87. I.I. Orlov - invented a method for making woven banknotes and a method for single-pass multiple printing (Orlov printing)
88. Mikhail Ostrogradsky - mathematician, O. formula (multiple integral)
89. P.L. Chebyshev - mathematician, Ch. polynomials (orthogonal system of functions), parallelogram
90. P.A. Cherenkov - physicist, Ch. radiation (new optical effect), Ch. counter (detector of nuclear radiation in nuclear physics)
91. D.K. Chernov - points Ch. (critical points of phase transformations of steel)
92. V.I. Kalashnikov is not the same Kalashnikov, but another, who was the first in the world to equip river vessels with a steam engine with multiple steam expansion
93. A.V. Kirsanov - organic chemist, reaction K. (phosphozoreaction)
94. A.M. Lyapunov - mathematician, created the theory of stability, balance and motion mechanical systems with a finite number of parameters, as well as L.'s theorem (one of the limiting theorems of probability theory)
95. Dmitry Konovalov - chemist, Konovalov's laws (elasticity of parasolutions)
96. S.N. Reformatsky - organic chemist, Reformatsky reaction
97. V.A. Semennikov - metallurgist, the first in the world to carry out the semerization of copper matte and get blister copper
98. I.R. Prigogine - physicist, P.'s theorem (thermodynamics of non-equilibrium processes)
99. M.M. Protodyakonov - a scientist, developed a scale of rock strength generally accepted in the world
100. M.F. Shostakovsky - organic chemist, balm Sh. (vinylin)
101. M.S. Color - Color method (chromatography of plant pigments)
102. A.N. Tupolev - designed the world's first jet passenger aircraft and the first supersonic passenger aircraft
103. A.S. Famintsyn, a plant physiologist, was the first to develop a method for carrying out photosynthetic processes under artificial lighting.
104. B.S. Stechkin - created two great theories - the thermal calculation of aircraft engines and jet engines
105. A.I. Leipunsky - physicist, discovered the phenomenon of energy transfer by excited atoms and molecules to free electrons during collisions
106. D.D. Maksutov - optician, telescope M. (meniscus system of optical instruments)
107. N.A. Menshutkin - chemist, discovered the effect of a solvent on the rate of a chemical reaction
108. I.I. Mechnikov - the founders of evolutionary embryology
109. S.N. Winogradsky - discovered chemosynthesis
110. V.S. Pyatov - metallurgist, invented a method for the production of armor plates by rolling
111. A.I. Bakhmutsky - invented the world's first coal combine (for coal mining)
112. A.N. Belozersky - discovered DNA in higher plants
113. S.S. Bryukhonenko - physiologist, created the first heart-lung machine in the world (autojector)
114. G.P. Georgiev - biochemist, discovered RNA in the nuclei of animal cells
115. E. A. Murzin - invented the world's first optical-electronic synthesizer "ANS"
116. P.M. Golubitsky - Russian inventor in the field of telephony
117. V. F. Mitkevich - for the first time in the world proposed the use of a three-phase arc for welding metals
118. L.N. Gobyato - colonel, the world's first mortar was invented in Russia in 1904
119. V.G. Shukhov, an inventor, was the first in the world to use steel mesh shells for the construction of buildings and towers
120. I.F. Kruzenshtern and Yu.F. Lisyansky - made the first Russian round-the-world trip, explored the islands Pacific Ocean, described the life of Kamchatka and Fr. Sakhalin
121. F.F. Bellingshausen and M.P. Lazarev - discovered Antarctica
122. The world's first icebreaker of the modern type is the steamship of the Russian fleet "Pilot" (1864), the first Arctic icebreaker is the "Ermak", built in 1899 under the direction of S.O. Makarov.
It is difficult for us today to imagine that 200 years ago people did not know anything about electricity, most modern species transport, television, not to mention mobile phones, Skype, the Internet and other components of the modern information society.
In this regard, it will be interesting to consider the authorship of which inventions, which have become crucial for the development of mankind, belongs to Russian inventors. Of course, it is impossible to cover all areas of invention, so this article will contain a certain amount of selectivity and subjectivity. Let us immediately state that Russian state the main components of patent law (which is directly related to the establishment of the primacy of the invention) are formed only from the 30s. XIX century, while in the West they got acquainted with this concept a little earlier. And so the phrases “first invented” and “first patented” were far from always identical.
Military, weapons
1. G. E. Kotelnikov - inventor of the backpack parachute. While in the theater, the inventor saw in the hands of one lady a tightly folded piece of fabric, which, after a little effort of the hands, turned into a loose scarf. So, in the head of Kotelnikov appeared the principle of the parachute. Unfortunately, initially the novelty was recognized abroad, and only during the First World War did the tsarist government remember the existence of this useful invention.
Gleb Kotelnikov with his invention.
By the way, the inventor had other ideas that have not yet been implemented.
2. N. D. Zelinsky - invented a filtering coal gas mask. Despite the Hague Convention prohibiting the use of toxic substances? first world war the use of gas poisonous substances became a reality, and therefore representatives of the warring countries began to look for ways to protect themselves from this dangerous weapon. It was then that Zelinsky offered his know-how - a gas mask in which activated carbon was used as a filter, which, as it turned out, successfully neutralized all poisonous substances.
Russian soldiers in Zelinsky gas masks on the front line during the First World War
3. L. N. Gobyato - the inventor of the mortar-mortar. The invention appeared in the field during the Russian-Japanese war of 1904-1905. Faced with a problem - the need to knock out enemy forces from the trenches and trenches located in the immediate vicinity, Gobyato and his assistant Vasilyev suggested using these light conditions 47mm naval gun on wheels. Instead of conventional projectiles, improvised pole mines were used, which were fired at a certain angle along a hinged trajectory.
Mortar system Gobyato on the positions of Mount High. D. Buzaev
4. I. F. Aleksandrovsky - the inventor of a self-propelled mine (torpedo) and the first mechanically driven submarine in the domestic fleet.
Submarine Alexandrovsky
5. V. G. Fedorov - the creator of the world's first automatic machine. Actually, the machine gun was originally understood as an automatic rifle, which Fedorov began to create even before the start of the First World War - in 1913. Only from 1916, the invention gradually began to be used in hostilities, although, of course, the machine gun became a weapon of mass distribution during the Second World War .
Automatic Fedorov system
Communication facilities, information transfer
1. A. S. Popov - the inventor of the radio. On May 7, 1895, at a meeting of the Russian Physical and Chemical Society at St. Petersburg University, he demonstrated the operation of a radio receiver he invented, but did not have time to patent it. The Italian G. Marconi received a patent and the Nobel Prize (together with K. F. Brown) for the invention of the radio.
Radio Popova
2. GG Ignatiev - for the first time in the world developed a system of simultaneous telephony and telegraphy over one cable.
3. V. K. Zworykin - the inventor of television and television broadcasting on the electronic principle. Developed an iconoscope, a kinescope, the basics of color television. Unfortunately, most of his discoveries were made in the USA, where he emigrated in 1919.
4. A. M. Ponyatov - inventor of the video recorder. Like Zworykin emigrated from Russia in the years civil war, and, once in the USA, continued his developments in the field of electronics. In 1956, Ampex, led by Poniatow, produced the world's first commercial video recorder.
Ponyatov with his brainchild
5. I. A. Timchenko - developed the world's first movie camera. In 1893, in Odessa, on a large piece of white sheet, the first two films in the world were shown - "The Spear Thrower" and "The Galloping Horseman". They were demonstrated with the help of a movie camera, which was designed by the mechanic-inventor Timchenko. In 1895, a patent for the invention of the movie camera was received by Louis Jean Lumiere, who, together with his brother, are considered the founders of cinema.
The medicine
1. N. I. Pirogov - the first use of anesthesia in military field surgery during the Caucasian War in 1847. It was Pirogov who began to use starch-impregnated bandages, which turned out to be very effective. In addition, he introduced a fixed plaster cast into medical practice.
Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov was the first to use anesthesia in military field surgery
2. G. A. Ilizarov - the device designed by him in 1953 is named after this inventor. It is used in orthopedics, traumatology, and surgery. The apparatus is iron structure, consisting of rings and knitting needles, and mainly gained wide popularity when healing fractures, straightening deformed bones, aligning the legs.
Layout schemes of the Ilizarov apparatus
3. S. S. Bryukhonenko - created the world's first heart-lung machine (autojector). Through experiments, he proved that the revival human body after clinical death is possible in the same way as open heart surgery, organ transplantation and the creation of an artificial heart.
Today, surgeons can no longer do without artificial blood circulation devices, and the merit in their creation belongs to our compatriot
4. V. P. Demikhov - one of the founders of transplantology. He was the first in the world to perform a lung transplant, and the first to create a model of an artificial heart. Experimenting on dogs in the 1940s was able to transplant a second heart, and then replace the dog's heart with a donor one. Experiments on dogs subsequently saved thousands of lives
5. Fedorov S. N. - radial keratomy. In 1973, for the first time in the world, he developed and performed operations for the treatment of glaucoma in the early stages (a method of deep sclerectomy, which subsequently received international recognition). A year later, Fedorov began to carry out operations for the treatment and correction of myopia by applying anterior dosed incisions to the cornea according to the method he developed. In total, more than 3 million such operations have already been performed worldwide.
Among other things, Academician Fedorov was the first in the country to perform an operation to replace the lens of the eye.
Electricity
1. A. N. Lodygin - electric incandescent light bulb. In 1872, A. N. Lodygin patented the world's first incandescent electric light bulb. It used a carbon rod, which was placed in a vacuum flask.
Lodygin was not only able to develop an incandescent lamp, but also patented it
2. P. N. Yablochkov - invented an arc lamp (went down in history under the name "Yablochkov's candle"). In 1877, Yablochkov's "candles" lit up some streets of European capitals. They were disposable, they burned for less than 2 hours, but at the same time they shone quite brightly.
"Candle" Yablochkov lit up the streets of Paris
3. M. O. Dolivo-Dobrovolsky - three-phase power supply system. At the end of the XIX century. a Russian inventor with Polish roots invented what is now familiar to any electrician and is successfully used all over the world.
The three-phase system developed by Dolivo-Dobrovolsky is still successfully used today.
4. D. A. Lachinov - proved the possibility of transmitting electricity through wires over long distances.
5. VV Petrov - developed the world's largest galvanic battery, discovered the electric arc.
Transport
1. A. F. Mozhaisky - the creator of the first aircraft. In 1882, Mozhaisky built an aircraft, but during tests near St. Petersburg, the aircraft separated from the ground, but, being unstable, rolled over on its side and broke the wing. This circumstance in the West is often used as an argument that the inventor of the aircraft should be considered the one who was able to take off above the ground in a horizontal position, i.e. Wright brothers.
Mozhaisky aircraft model
2. I. I. Sikorsky - the creator of the first serial helicopter. Back in 1908-1910. designed two helicopters, but none of the built helicopters could take off with a pilot. Sikorsky returned to helicopters in the late 1930s, already working in the United States, having designed a model of a single-rotor helicopter S-46 (VC-300).
Sikorsky at the controls of his first "flying" helicopter
01/17/2012 02/12/2018 by ☭ USSR ☭
There were many outstanding figures in our country, which we, unfortunately, forget, not to mention the discoveries that were made by Russian scientists and inventors. The events that changed the history of Russia are also not known to everyone. I want to correct this situation and recall the most famous Russian inventions.
The talented Russian inventor Alexander Fedorovich Mozhaisky (1825-1890) was the first in the world to create a life-size aircraft capable of lifting a person into the air. Before A.F. Mozhaisky, people of many generations, both in Russia and in other countries, worked on the solution of this complex technical problem, they went in different ways, but none of them managed to bring the matter to practical experience with full-scale aircraft. A.F. Mozhaisky found the right way to solve this problem. He studied the works of his predecessors, developed and supplemented them, using his theoretical knowledge and practical experience. Of course, he did not manage to resolve all issues, but he did, perhaps, everything that was possible at that time, despite the extremely unfavorable situation for him: limited material and technical capabilities, as well as distrust of his work on the part of the military bureaucratic apparatus imperial Russia. Under these conditions, A.F. Mozhaisky managed to find the spiritual and physical strength in himself to complete the construction of the world's first aircraft. It was a creative feat that forever glorified our Motherland. Unfortunately, the surviving documentary materials do not allow us to give a description of the aircraft of A.F. Mozhaisky and its tests in the necessary detail.
Boris Nikolaevich Yuryev - an outstanding aviator scientist, full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, lieutenant general of the engineering service. In 1911, he invented the swashplate (the main unit of a modern helicopter) - a device that made it possible to build helicopters with stability and controllability characteristics acceptable for safe piloting by ordinary pilots. It was Yuriev who paved the way for the development of helicopters.
A.S. Popov first demonstrated the operation of his device on May 7, 1895. at a meeting of the Russian Physical and Chemical Society in St. Petersburg. This device became the world's first radio receiver, and May 7th was the birthday of the radio. And now it is celebrated annually in Russia.
On July 25, 1907, he applied for the invention "Method of electrical transmission of images over distances." The beam was scanned in the tube magnetic fields, and signal modulation (brightness change) using a capacitor that could deflect the beam vertically, thereby changing the number of electrons passing to the screen through the diaphragm. On May 9, 1911, at a meeting of the Russian Technical Society, Rosing demonstrated the transmission of television images of simple geometric shapes and receiving them with playback on the CRT screen.
In 1911, the Russian military man, Kotelnikov, impressed by the death of the Russian pilot Captain L. Matsievich, who he saw at the All-Russian Aeronautics Festival in 1910, invented a fundamentally new parachute RK-1. Kotelnikov's parachute was compact. Its dome is made of silk, the lines were divided into 2 groups and attached to the shoulder girths of the suspension system. The dome and slings were placed in a wooden, and later aluminum satchel. Later, in 1923, Kotelnikov proposed a parachute bag made in the form of an envelope with honeycombs for slings. In 1917, 65 parachute descents were registered in the Russian army, 36 for rescue and 29 voluntary.
Launched on June 27, 1954 in Obninsk (then the village of Obninskoye, Kaluga Region). It was equipped with one AM-1 reactor (“peaceful atom”) with a capacity of 5 MW.
The reactor of the Obninsk NPP, in addition to generating energy, served as a base for experimental studies. At present, the Obninsk NPP has been decommissioned. Its reactor was shut down on April 29, 2002 for economic reasons.
Periodic system of chemical elements (Mendeleev's table) - a classification of chemical elements that establishes the dependence of various properties of elements on charge atomic nucleus. The system is a graphical expression of the periodic law established by the Russian chemist D. I. Mendeleev in 1869. Its original version was developed by D. I. Mendeleev in 1869-1871 and established the dependence of the properties of elements on their atomic weight (in modern terms, on atomic mass).
The prototype laser masers were made in 1953-1954. N. G. Basov and A. M. Prokhorov, as well as, independently of them, the American C. Townes and his colleagues. Unlike the Basov and Prokhorov quantum generators, which found a way out in using more than two energy levels, the Towns maser could not operate continuously. In 1964, Basov, Prokhorov, and Townes received the Nobel Prize in Physics for foundational work in the field of quantum electronics, which made it possible to create generators and amplifiers based on the principle of a maser and a laser.
Russian athlete Eugenia Sandov, the title of his book “body building” - bodybuilding was literally translated into English. language.
Andrey Dmitrievich Sakharov(May 21, 1921, Moscow - December 14, 1989, Moscow) - Soviet physicist, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences and political figure, dissident and human rights activist, one of the creators of the first Soviet hydrogen bomb. Winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1975.
Pirogov, for the first time in the history of world medicine, used a plaster cast, which made it possible to accelerate the healing process of fractures and saved many soldiers and officers from ugly curvature of the limbs. During the siege of Sevastopol, to care for the wounded, Pirogov used the help of the sisters of mercy, some of whom came to the front from St. Petersburg. It was also an innovation at the time.
Pirogov invented the stages of military medical service, as well as methods for studying human anatomy. In particular, he is the founder of topographic anatomy.
Antarctica was discovered on January 16 (January 28), 1820 by a Russian expedition led by Thaddeus Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev, who approached it on the sloops Vostok and Mirny at the point 69 ° 21? Yu. sh. 2°14? h. (G) (modern ice shelf Bellingshausen).
Having discovered the phenomena of phagocytosis in 1882 (which he reported on in 1883 at the 7th congress of Russian naturalists and doctors in Odessa), he developed on their basis a comparative pathology of inflammation (1892), and later - the phagocytic theory of immunity ("Immunity in infectious diseases" , 1901 - Nobel Prize, 1908, together with P. Ehrlich).
The main cosmological model, in which the consideration of the evolution of the Universe begins with a state of dense hot plasma, consisting of protons, electrons and photons. The hot universe model was first considered in 1947 by Georgy Gamow. Since the late 1970s, the origin of elementary particles in the hot universe model has been described using spontaneous symmetry breaking. Many shortcomings of the hot universe model were solved in the 1980s as a result of the construction of the theory of inflation.
The most famous computer game, invented by Alexey Pajitnov in 1985.
An automatic carbine designed for firing bursts from the hands. V. G. Fedorov. Abroad, this type of weapon is referred to as an "assault rifle". 
1913 - a prototype for a special intermediate power cartridge (between pistol and rifle).
1916 - adoption (under the Japanese rifle cartridge) and the first combat use (Romanian Front).
The light bulb does not have a single inventor. The history of the light bulb is a chain of discoveries made different people at different times. However, Lodygin's merits in the creation of incandescent lamps are especially great. Lodygin was the first to propose the use of tungsten filaments in lamps (in modern electric light bulbs, filaments are made of tungsten) and twist the filament in the form of a spiral. Also, Lodygin was the first to pump air out of the lamps, which increased their service life many times over. Another invention of Lodygin, aimed at increasing the life of lamps, was filling them with an inert gas. 
In 1871, Lodygin created a project for an autonomous diving suit using a gas mixture consisting of oxygen and hydrogen. Oxygen had to be produced from water by electrolysis.
The first caterpillar mover (without a mechanical drive) was proposed in 1837 by staff captain D. Zagryazhsky. Its caterpillar mover was built on two wheels surrounded by an iron chain. And in 1879, the Russian inventor F. Blinov received a patent for the “caterpillar track” he created for a tractor. He called it "a locomotive for dirt roads"
The Petersburg-Tsarskoye Selo line was built in the 1940s. XIX century and had a length of 25 km. (B. Jacobi)
“A mathematical instrument with a perspective telescope, with other accessories and a spirit level for quick guidance from a battery or from the ground at the indicated place to the target horizontally and along levation.” Andrey Konstantinovich NARTOV (1693-1756).
In 1801, the Ural master Artamonov solved the problem of lightening the weight of the wagon by reducing the number of wheels from four to two. Thus, Artamonov created the world's first pedal scooter, the prototype of the future bicycle.
The method of electric welding of metals was invented and first applied in 1882 by the Russian inventor Nikolai Nikolaevich Benardos (1842 - 1905). "Stitching" of metal with an electric seam he called "electrohephaestus".
The world's first personal computer
was invented not by the American company Apple Computers and not in 1975, but in the USSR in 1968 
year by the Soviet designer from Omsk Arseny Anatolyevich Gorokhov (born 1935). Author's certificate No. 383005 describes in detail the "programming device", as the inventor then called it. On the industrial model didn't give money. The inventor was asked to wait a little. He waited until once again a domestic "bicycle" was invented abroad.
- the father of all digital technologies in data transmission.
The double electric car of I. Romanov, model of 1899, changed the speed in nine gradations - from 1.6 km per hour to a maximum of 37.4 km per hour
Four-engine aircraft "Russian Knight" I. Sikorsky.
A symbol of freedom and the fight against oppression.
