"White" and "Red" movement in the Civil War 27.10.2017 09:49
Every Russian knows that the Civil War of 1917-1922 was opposed by two movements - "red" and "white". But among historians there is still no consensus on how it began. Someone believes that the reason was Krasnov's March on the Russian capital (October 25); others believe that the war began when, in the near future, the commander of the Volunteer Army, Alekseev, arrived on the Don (November 2); there is also an opinion that the war began with the fact that Milyukov proclaimed the “Declaration of the Volunteer Army, delivering a speech at the ceremony, called the Don (December 27).
Another popular opinion, which is far from unfounded, is the opinion that Civil War started immediately after February Revolution when the whole society split into adherents and opponents of the Romanov monarchy.
"White" movement in Russia
Everyone knows that "whites" are adherents of the monarchy and the old order. Its beginnings were visible as early as February 1917, when the monarchy was overthrown in Russia and a total restructuring of society began. The development of the "white" movement was during the period when the Bolsheviks came to power, the formation Soviet power. They represented a circle of dissatisfied with the Soviet government, disagreeing with its policy and principles of its conduct.
The "Whites" were fans of the old monarchical system, refused to accept the new socialist order, adhered to the principles traditional society. It is important to note that the "whites" were very often radicals, they did not believe that it was possible to agree on something with the "reds", on the contrary, they had the opinion that no negotiations and concessions were allowed.
The "Whites" chose the tricolor of the Romanovs as their banner. Admiral Denikin and Kolchan commanded the white movement, one in the South, the other in the harsh regions of Siberia.
The historical event that became the impetus for the activation of the "whites" and the transition to their side of most of the former army of the Romanov empire is the rebellion of General Kornilov, which, although it was suppressed, helped the "whites" strengthen their ranks, especially in the southern regions, where, under the command of the general Alekseev began to gather huge resources and a powerful disciplined army. Every day the army was replenished due to newcomers, it grew rapidly, developed, tempered, trained.
Separately, it must be said about the commanders of the White Guards (this was the name of the army created by the "white" movement). They were unusually talented commanders, prudent politicians, strategists, tacticians, subtle psychologists, and skillful speakers. The most famous were Lavr Kornilov, Anton Denikin, Alexander Kolchak, Pyotr Krasnov, Pyotr Wrangel, Nikolai Yudenich, Mikhail Alekseev. You can talk about each of them for a long time, their talent and merits for the "white" movement can hardly be overestimated.
In the war, the White Guards won for a long time, and even brought their troops to Moscow. But the Bolshevik army grew stronger, besides, they were supported by a significant part of the population of Russia, especially the poorest and most numerous sections - workers and peasants. In the end, the forces of the White Guards were smashed to smithereens. For some time they continued to operate abroad, but without success, the "white" movement ceased.
"Red" movement
Like the "whites", in the ranks of the "reds" there were many talented commanders and politicians. Among them, it is important to note the most famous, namely: Leon Trotsky, Brusilov, Novitsky, Frunze. These commanders showed themselves excellently in battles against the White Guards. Trotsky was the main founder of the Red Army, which was the decisive force in the confrontation between the "whites" and the "reds" in the Civil War. The ideological leader of the "red" movement was Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, known to every person. Lenin and his government actively supported the most massive sections of the population Russian State, namely, the proletariat, the poor, land-poor and landless peasants, the working intelligentsia. It was these classes who quickly believed the tempting promises of the Bolsheviks, supported them and brought the "Reds" to power.
The main party in the country was the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party of the Bolsheviks, which was later turned into a communist party. In essence, it was an association of intelligentsia, adherents of the socialist revolution, whose social base was the working classes.
It was not easy for the Bolsheviks to win the Civil War - they had not yet completely strengthened their power throughout the country, the forces of their fans were dispersed throughout the vast country, plus the national outskirts began a national liberation struggle. A lot of strength went into the war with the Ukrainian People's Republic, so the Red Army during the Civil War had to fight on several fronts.
The attacks of the White Guards could come from any side of the horizon, because the White Guards surrounded the Red Army soldiers from all sides with four separate military formations. And despite all the difficulties, it was the “Reds” who won the war, mainly due to the broad social base of the Communist Party.
All representatives of the national outskirts united against the Whites, and therefore they became forced allies of the Red Army in the Civil War. To win over the inhabitants of the national outskirts, the Bolsheviks used loud slogans, such as the idea of "one and indivisible Russia."
The Bolsheviks won the war with the support of the masses. The Soviet government played on the sense of duty and patriotism of Russian citizens. The White Guards themselves also added fuel to the fire, since their invasions were most often accompanied by mass robbery, looting, violence in its other manifestations, which could not in any way encourage people to support the "white" movement.
Results of the Civil War
As has been said several times, the victory in this fratricidal war went to the "Reds". The fratricidal civil war became a real tragedy for the Russian people. The material damage caused to the country by the war, according to estimates, amounted to about 50 billion rubles - unimaginable money at that time, several times higher than the amount of Russia's external debt. The level of industry because of this decreased by 14%, and Agriculture- by 50%. According to various sources, human losses ranged from 12 to 15 million.
Most of these people died from starvation, repression, and disease. During the hostilities, more than 800 thousand soldiers from both sides gave their lives. Also during the Civil War, the balance of migration fell sharply - about 2 million Russians left the country and went abroad.
Every Russian knows that in the Civil War of 1917-1922, two movements opposed - "red" and "white". But among historians there is still no consensus on how it began. Someone believes that the reason was Krasnov's March on the Russian capital (October 25); others believe that the war began when, in the near future, the commander of the Volunteer Army, Alekseev, arrived on the Don (November 2); there is also an opinion that the war began with the fact that Milyukov proclaimed the “Declaration of the Volunteer Army, delivering a speech at the ceremony, called the Don (December 27). Another popular opinion, which is far from unfounded, is the opinion that the Civil War began immediately after the February Revolution, when the whole society split into supporters and opponents of the Romanov monarchy.
In general, the military ranks of junior officers (sergeants and foremen) of the Red Army correspond to the tsarist non-commissioned officers, the ranks of junior officers - to chief officers (statutory appeal to tsarist army- “your honor”), senior officers, from major to colonel - as a staff officer (the statutory address in the tsarist army is “your honor”), senior officers, from major general to marshal - as a general (“your excellency”).
A more detailed correspondence of ranks can only be established approximately, due to the fact that the very number of military ranks varies. So, the rank of lieutenant roughly corresponds to a lieutenant, and the royal rank of captain roughly corresponds to the Soviet military rank of major.
It should also be noted that the insignia of the Red Army of the 1943 model were also not an exact copy of the royal ones, although they were created on their basis. So, the rank of colonel in the tsarist army was designated by shoulder straps with two longitudinal stripes, and without asterisks; in the Red Army - two longitudinal stripes, and three medium-sized stars arranged in a triangle.
The battle flag of one of the units of the Red Army during the Civil War:
The imperialist army is an instrument of oppression, the Red Army is an instrument of liberation.
For each unit or formation of the Red Army, its Battle Banner is sacred. It serves as the main symbol of the unit, and the embodiment of its military glory. In the event of the loss of the Battle Banner, the military unit is subject to disbandment, and those directly responsible for such disgrace are subject to trial. A separate guard post is established to guard the Battle Banner. Each soldier, passing by the banner, is obliged to give him a military salute. On especially solemn occasions, the troops carry out the ritual of the solemn removal of the Battle Banner. To be included in the banner group directly conducting the ritual is considered a great honor, which is awarded only to the most distinguished officers and ensigns.
Mandatory for recruits in any army in the world is to bring them to the oath. In the Red Army, this ritual is usually performed a month after the call, after completing the course of a young soldier. Before being sworn in, soldiers are forbidden to be trusted with weapons; there are a number of other restrictions. On the day of the oath, the soldier receives weapons for the first time; he breaks down, approaches the commander of his unit, and reads out a solemn oath to the formation. The oath is traditionally considered important holiday, and is accompanied by the solemn removal of the Battle Banner.
The text of the oath has changed several times; The first option was as follows:
I, a citizen of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, joining the ranks of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army, take an oath and solemnly swear to be an honest, brave, disciplined, vigilant fighter, strictly keep military and state secrets, implicitly comply with all military regulations and orders of commanders, commissars and chiefs.
I swear to conscientiously study military affairs, to protect military property in every possible way and until last breath to be devoted to his people, his Soviet Motherland and the workers' and peasants' government.
I am always ready, on the orders of the Workers 'and Peasants' Government, to defend my Motherland - the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and, as a soldier of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army, I swear to defend it courageously, skillfully, with dignity and honor, not sparing my blood and life itself to achieve complete victory over the enemy.
If, by malicious intent, I violate this solemn oath of mine, then let me suffer the severe punishment of Soviet law, the general hatred and contempt of the working people.
Late variant
I, a citizen of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, joining the ranks of the Armed Forces, take an oath and solemnly swear to be an honest, brave, disciplined, vigilant warrior, to strictly keep military and state secrets, to unquestioningly comply with all military regulations and orders of commanders and superiors.
I swear to conscientiously study military affairs, to protect military and national property in every possible way, and to my last breath to be devoted to my people, my Soviet Motherland and the Soviet government.
I am always ready, on the orders of the Soviet government, to defend my Motherland - the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and, as a soldier of the Armed Forces, I swear to defend it courageously, skillfully, with dignity and honor, not sparing my blood and life itself in order to achieve complete victory over enemy.
If, however, I break this solemn oath of mine, then let me suffer the severe punishment of Soviet law, the general hatred and contempt of the Soviet people.
Modern version
ContentI (surname, name, patronymic) solemnly swear allegiance to my Motherland - the Russian Federation.
I swear to sacredly observe its Constitution and laws, strictly comply with the requirements of military regulations, orders of commanders and superiors.
I swear to fulfill my military duty with dignity, to courageously defend the freedom, independence and constitutional order of Russia, the people and the Fatherland.
The 20th century for Russia was a time of upheavals and cardinal changes caused by the fall of the era of autocracy, the rise of the Bolshevik party on the political Olympus, participation in a bloody fratricidal war, of course, one should not forget about the two world wars that became a difficult test for the state, especially World War II. We should not, of course, forget about what tense relations were between the USSR and the USA, enclosed in the framework cold war, perestroika, the fall of the great USSR.
Modern academia everyone is plagued by doubts and contradictions when it comes to the Civil War in Russia. Historians still cannot agree among themselves and conclude the past war period within a certain time frame, as a result of which the dates (tentative) for such an event are such dates as October 25, 1917 to July 16, 1923.
This event is essentially a series of armed conflicts that took place between various state entities and groups divided in turn along ethnic, social and political lines. The war was formed from conflicts on the territory of the former Russian Empire by that time during the coming to power of the Bolshevik party in October 1917.
The civil war was the final result of the crisis that arose in the course of revolutionary actions. This event is not only a consequence of political contradictions: life common people in Russia has always been overshadowed by the plight of the plight, the people brought to the extreme by the tsarist regime, class inequality, participation in the First World War.
Transformations in the state could not go unnoticed, against the backdrop of a change of power and the establishment of new orders and rules, there must have been people who were not at all satisfied with the innovations, they showed with their whole appearance that the former life was closer to them in spirit than the Soviet cardinal transformations.
Just as scientists do not have accurate information relating to a specific chronology of hostilities, so there is also no consensus on the causes that influence the incitement of hostilities.
However, many historians are inclined to believe that the war could have arisen due to:
Traditionally, the Civil War is usually divided into 3 stages, enclosed in a certain chronological framework.
Many people, of course, know who the "Reds" are, and who the "Whites" are, and what the Civil War itself was like.
Where did these two politicized camps opposing each other come from: In fact, everything is very simple: the whites are adherents of the old regime, faithful servants of the monarchy, terrible owners of land and all kinds of wealth that are so necessary for ordinary people, and the reds are, in essence, and there is the simple people themselves, the workers, the Bolshevik deputies, the peasants. Such information is available in every history textbook, regardless of who is the author. study guide, and a lot of films were made on this topic in the old days.
In fact, the White Guards were not monarchists as such. Emperor Nicholas II had already abdicated from the throne, his brother Mikhail refused the bequeathed throne himself, so that the entire White Guard movement, which once had a military obligation to the royal family, was deprived of it, because there was no one to swear allegiance to. Due to the fact that the officers and the Cossacks were released from the oath, in fact, although they supported the monarchy, they were opponents of the Bolshevik system and fought first of all for their own property, and only then for the idea.
The color difference is also very interesting fact that took place in history. The Bolsheviks really had a red banner, and their army was called red, but the White Guards did not have a white flag, only the uniform corresponded to the name.
Great revolutionary events have already shaken the world before, what is only worth the French Bourgeois. It was then that the adherents of the king dragged a cloth around with them white color, symbolizing the flag of the monarch. The opposing force, which consisted of the bourgeoisie, the peasantry, the simple plebs, having captured some object, having previously recaptured it from the French military, the supporters of the revolution hung a red canvas under the window, indicating that this building was already occupied.
Here, according to such a similar analogy, it is customary to distinguish between the two opposing forces that operated in Russia during the Civil War.
In fact, the Bolshevik political machine was opposed by supporters of the Provisional Government, wealthy people, and others. political parties represented by anarchists, democrats, socialist-revolutionaries, cadets.
The term "white" was applied to the main enemy of the Bolsheviks in the Civil War.
In February 1917, the Provisional Committee was formed on the basis of the State Duma and the Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies. The simultaneous appearance on the political arena of the state of two powerful government forces could only signify a fierce confrontation in the form of dual power.
The following events took place as follows: on March 2, the emperor abdicates the throne under pressure, and his brother Michael, to whom power was supposed to come as a result of a personal decision (of course, under pressure from certain people), also did not show much interest in the throne and hastened to give it up.
The Provisional Committee, together with the executive committee of the Petrograd Soviet, is in a hurry to form the Provisional Government, which was supposed to concentrate the reins of government in its hands.
Alexander Kerensky tried to take his firm place in the political arena, trying to ban the activities of the Bolshevik Party. Naturally, Ilyich's associates did not tolerate such an attitude towards themselves and began to rapidly develop a plan to disperse the Provisional Government. As soon as the Bolsheviks began their movements, in the South of Russia, a White Guard army began to form in opposition to them, led by the famous officer Lavr Kornilov, an infantry general.
The uprising at the first stage of the war of the Czechoslovak Corps became the starting point of paramilitary actions directed against Bolshevism.
Poor Czechoslovaks, dispersed along almost the entire Trans-Siberian Railway, peacefully headed for the Far East, so that from there they could go to France to fight against tripartite alliance. However, they could not get there without problems. Foreign Minister GV Chicherin, under pressure from the German government, was forced to stop the legionnaires' journey. Those, in turn, decided that the Russian government, instead of the promised shipment, would begin to extradite them to the enemy. The fate of this nature, of course, did not appeal to the Czechoslovaks, they responded to such a decision with an uprising, subsequently undermining the Bolshevik authority. The actions of the legionnaires led to the formation of opposition organizations for the Bolsheviks (the Provisional Siberian Government and so on).
This event is a confrontation between one political force and another. A huge number of people were involved on the sides of both opponents, talented military leaders ruled both armies.
The outcome of these battles could be absolutely anything: up to the victory of the White Guards and the possible establishment of a monarchist system. However, the Bolsheviks won, and new orders began to be established in the state.
A huge number of Soviet historians were inclined to believe that the Bolsheviks were able to win because they were actively supported by the oppressed classes who were trying to find their place in society.
Despite the fact that there were also quite a considerable number of White Guards, their fate turned out to be extremely sad. All the same simple people opposed the landowners, the rich and the usurpers, who only yesterday mocked the peasants and the working class, forcing them to work to the full extent for meager wages. Therefore, in the territories occupied by the whites, for the most part they were met as enemies, they tried with all their might to expel the whites from the occupied territories.
The White Guards did not have a single discipline in the army, there was no chief leader of the army. Generals fought with their troops throughout Russian territory, defending, first of all, with their soldiers their personal interests.
The Red Army soldiers, on the other hand, went into battle with a clearly defined goal, they fought for common views and ideas, defending the rights not of a single person, but of the entire oppressed and disadvantaged people.
The civil war in Russia was a very difficult test for people. In many sources, historians call it "fratricidal". Indeed, hostilities seized people in such a way that adherents of both the Bolsheviks and the White Guards could be in the same family, then often the brother went against the brother, and the father against the son.
The war took a lot human lives, it also caused the destruction of the economic system in the state. People from the cities began to return en masse to the villages, trying to survive and not die of starvation.
One has only to watch a few films about the Civil War, so one can immediately draw the following conclusion from their plot: the Red Army is the true defenders of their Motherland, they are fighters for a brighter future, led into battle by S. M. Budyonny, V. K. Blucher, M V. Frunze and other commanders, and all that sort of thing, but the White Guards, on the contrary, are extremely negative heroes, they live on old remnants, trying to plunge the state into the darkness of the monarchy, and so on.
"White Terror" national history It is customary to name a number of measures aimed at suppressing the activities of the Bolshevik Party, it includes repressed legislative acts and radical measures, which in turn were aimed at:
In modern Russian historiography there is the concept of "white terror", but in fact this phrase is not even a stable term in its essence. The White Terror is a collective image, it was used by the Bolsheviks to refer to the White Guard policy.
Yes, in white army, although fragmented (since there was no single commander in chief), there were cruel measures to combat the enemy.
However, in fact, the White Guards were not such cruel people, or rather, the degree of their cruelty is comparable to the cruelty of the Red Army soldiers and their leaders.
And L. G. Kornilov, and A. D. Denikin, and A. V. Kolchak tried to establish a strict discipline in the armies of their subordinates, which did not tolerate any deviations from the regulations established by them - violations were often punished by death.
The Red Terror is no less cruel policy of the now Bolsheviks, aimed at destroying the enemy. What is worth only the execution royal family in July 1918. Then not only members of the royal family were brutally killed, but also their faithful servants, who wished to remain near their masters and share their fate.
The Bolsheviks who came to power denied religion, which for a large amount of time was an integral part of the state. With the advent of Bolshevism, religion ceased to be quoted in human society, almost all the clergy were persecuted and repressed by the new government. Clubs, reading rooms, libraries, Komsomol headquarters began to be arranged in the buildings of churches and temples. The country was going through terrible times, the mistresses in countryside grieved at the break of power with religion, they, as before, secretly continued to read prayers, hid icons. Being a religious person during the Civil War was extremely dangerous, since one could easily bring trouble for such beliefs.
The scope of the Red Terror also included the forcible taking of bread from wealthy peasants, whom the Bolsheviks called kulaks. These operations were carried out directly by punitive food detachments, which, in case of disobedience, could even kill a person who disobeyed them.
Both whites and reds caused the death of a huge number of people who died not from a bullet or a bayonet in a military clash, but died because of disobedience and disobedience to one or another opposing force.
Standing apart in the Civil War is the army of Nestor Makhno, which was called the green army. Makhno's adherents became an opposing force opposing the Whites and Reds, as well as their sympathizers. The army was made up of peasants and Cossacks, who evaded general mobilization into the ranks of the White Guard or Red Army troops. The Makhnovists (Greens) advocated a state without a monarchy, but under the supervision of an influential anarchist (Nestor Makhno belonged precisely to this political movement).
The civil war in Russia was a catastrophic shock for people. Until recently, they fought on European territory with the Triple Alliance, and today, having returned to their homeland, they were forced to take up arms again and go to fight with a new enemy. The war split not only Russian society, it split many families in which some supported the Red Army, while others supported the White Guards.
The war to establish their personal interests was won by the Bolsheviks thanks to the support of an exceptionally simple people who dreamed of a better life.
Russian Civil War(1917-1922/1923) - a series of armed conflicts between various political, ethnic, social groups and state formations on the territory of the former Russian Empire, which followed the transfer of power to the Bolsheviks as a result of the October Revolution of 1917.
The Civil War was the result of a revolutionary crisis that struck Russia at the beginning of the 20th century, which began with the revolution of 1905-1907, aggravated during the World War and led to the fall of the monarchy, economic ruin, and a deep social, national, political and ideological split in Russian society. The apogee of this split was a fierce war throughout the country between the armed forces of the Soviet government and the anti-Bolshevik authorities.
White movement- military-political movement of heterogeneous in politically forces formed during the Civil War of 1917-1923 in Russia with the aim of overthrowing the Soviet regime. It included representatives of both moderate socialists and republicans, and monarchists, united against the Bolshevik ideology and acting on the basis of the principle of "Great, United and Indivisible Russia" (ideological movement of whites). The White movement was the largest anti-Bolshevik military-political force during the Russian Civil War and existed alongside other democratic anti-Bolshevik governments, nationalist separatist movements in Ukraine, the North Caucasus, the Crimea, and Basmachi in Central Asia.
A number of features distinguish the White movement from the rest of the anti-Bolshevik forces of the Civil War:
The White movement was an organized military-political movement against the Soviet government and its allied political structures, its intransigence towards the Soviet government ruled out any peaceful, compromise outcome of the Civil War.
The white movement was distinguished by the installation of priority in war time sole power over the collegial, and the military - over the civil. White governments were characterized by the absence of a clear separation of powers, representative bodies either played no role or had only advisory functions.
The White movement tried to legalize itself on a national scale, proclaiming its continuity from pre-February and pre-October Russia.
The recognition by all regional white governments of the all-Russian power of Admiral A. V. Kolchak led to a desire to achieve commonality political programs and coordination of military operations. The solution of agrarian, labor, national and other basic issues was fundamentally similar.
The white movement had a common symbolism: a tricolor white-blue-red flag, the official anthem "Glorious be our Lord in Zion."
Publicists and historians who sympathize with the whites name the following reasons for the defeat of the white cause:
The Reds controlled the densely populated central regions. These territories were more people than in areas controlled by whites.
The regions that began to support the Whites (for example, the Don and Kuban), as a rule, suffered more than others from the Red Terror.
The inexperience of white leaders in politics and diplomacy.
Conflicts of whites with the national separatist governments because of the slogan of "One and indivisible." Therefore, the whites repeatedly had to fight on two fronts.
Workers' and Peasants' Red Army- official species name armed forces: ground forces and the Air Force, which, together with the Red Army MS, the troops of the NKVD of the USSR (Border Troops, Internal Guard Troops of the Republic and the State Escort Guard) made up the Armed Forces of the RSFSR / USSR from February 15 (23), 1918 to February 25, 1946.
February 23, 1918 is considered to be the day of the creation of the Red Army (see Defender of the Fatherland Day). It was on this day that the mass enrollment of volunteers in the Red Army detachments began, created in accordance with the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR "On the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army", signed on January 15 (28).
L. D. Trotsky actively participated in the creation of the Red Army.
The supreme governing body of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army was the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR (since the formation of the USSR - the Council people's commissars THE USSR). The leadership and management of the army was concentrated in the People's Commissariat for Military Affairs, in the special All-Russian Collegium created under it, since 1923 the Council of Labor and Defense of the USSR, since 1937 the Defense Committee under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. In 1919-1934, the Revolutionary Military Council carried out direct command of the troops. In 1934, to replace it, the People's Commissariat of Defense of the USSR was formed.
Detachments and squads of the Red Guard - armed detachments and squads of sailors, soldiers and workers, in Russia in 1917 - supporters (not necessarily members) of leftist parties - Social Democrats (Bolsheviks, Mensheviks and "Mezhraiontsy"), Socialist-Revolutionaries and anarchists, as well as detachments Red partisans became the basis of the Red Army detachments.
Initially, the main unit of the formation of the Red Army, on a voluntary basis, was a separate detachment, which was a military unit with an independent economy. At the head of the detachment was a Council consisting of a military leader and two military commissars. He had a small headquarters and an inspectorate.
With the accumulation of experience and after the involvement of military experts in the ranks of the Red Army, the formation of full-fledged units, units, formations (brigade, division, corps), institutions and institutions began.
The organization of the Red Army was in accordance with its class character and the military requirements of the early 20th century. The combined arms units of the Red Army were built as follows:
The rifle corps consisted of two to four divisions;
Division - from three rifle regiments, an artillery regiment (artillery regiment) and technical units;
Regiment - from three battalions, an artillery battalion and technical units;
Cavalry Corps - two cavalry divisions;
Cavalry division - four to six regiments, artillery, armored units (armored units), technical units.
The technical equipment of the military formations of the Red Army with fire weapons) and military equipment were basically at the level of modern advanced armed forces of that time
The USSR Law "On Compulsory Military Service", adopted on September 18, 1925 by the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, determined the organizational structure of the Armed Forces, which included rifle troops, cavalry, artillery, armored forces, engineering troops, signal troops, air and sea forces, troops united state political administration and escort guards of the USSR. Their number in 1927 was 586,000 personnel.
